Chapter 3: Amino acids and the primary structure of proteins. What do proteins do?

They are the tools of the cell. Tools must have the correct shape or they will not function. Functions: 1. Enzymes (biological catalysts) 2. Bind molecules for storage & transport O2 binds to Hemoglobin. 3. Support and shape of cells: Tubulin, collagen and actin. 4. Mechanical work: flagella, muscle movement, movement of chromosomes. 5. Transcription and translation. 6. Regulation: hormones and hormone receptors.

1. General properties of amino acids. 2. Chirality 3. The 20 amino acids. 4. Ionization of amino acids.

1. General properties of amino acids. E R | NH3+ C COO| H R = H; glycine H | NH3+ C COO| H

Symmetric

Fischer projection.



Chirality Alanine F R = CH3; alanine CH3 | NH3+ C COO| H

asymmetric

From Campbell and Farrell

Space-filling

From Campbell & Farrell Cysteine

3. The 20 amino acids. Know these. Amino acids

Nonpolar side chains

Polar side chains

Aromatic

Aliphatic

Positive

Negative

Uncharged

Nonpolar - aromatic

Nonpolar aliphatic - hydrocarbons

Aliphatic - S containing.

Disulfide bonds.

The odd one.

Polar: positively-charged

Polar: negatively-charged

Polar: uncharged

Amides

Amino acid derivatives

Ionization of the amino acids

-soionic point

- Isoelectric point.