Module 1

Radiation Concepts

Radiation Protection and Safety in Industrial Radiography

IR/RC

Atomic structure

proton

neutron

electron

Atomic number (z)

1 6 27 34 70 77

Hydrogen Carbon Cobalt Selenium Ytterbium Iridium

Alpha particle decay

Alpha particle charge +2

Beta particle decay

Beta particle charge -1

Gamma decay

Gamma radiation

Principle of Radiography
Sample Film Developed film

Incident radiation

X-ray production (1)

characteristic X-rays

X-ray production (2)

bremsstrahlung

X-ray tube

anode

cathode

Half Lives
32 days 74 days 119 days 5.25 years 30 years

Ytterbium-169 Iridium-192 Selenium-75 Cobalt-60 Caesium-137

Nuclear fission

Fission fragment heat + gamma + neutrons

Uranium-235

Neutron activation
iridium-192

iridium-191

beta

neutron gamma

Ionization

ionized atom

ejected electron -1

+1

radiation path

Exposure pathways (1)

External exposure

Exposure pathways (2)

Contamination Ingestion Inhalation