Huerta, Sanchez 1 Primary Sources: Ronan, Colin. Galileo. New York: G.P. Putnam's Son, 1974. Print.

Colin Ronan details the life and legacy of Galileo Galilei. We found this book helpful because it had some of Galileo Galileis letters, writings, quotes, and ideas. The book also provided many pictures which helped us see Galileos inventions, drawings, and discoveries. Ronan analyzed the initial revolution and the reaction the Church had when Galileo presented his findings that the earth revolved around the sun. This book offers context for analyzing the scope and legacy of Galileo and his monumental contribution to modern science. Helden, Albert. The Galileo Project, 1995. Web. 21 Oct. 2011. This website was useful to us because it had detailed information regarding the two main systems of the world. Albert Helden compared the Churchs thoughts about Galileo Galilei to the peoples beliefs in the Church. This information will help us explain how other theories went against Galileo Galilei. Linder, Douglas. Famous Internet Trials, 2002. Web. 9 Oct. 2011. This was a valuable source, because it showed the reaction of others to Galileos findings. The website included many of Galileos writings and quotes. It also provided letters from Galileo to Johannes Kelper. At the time Johannes Kelper was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. The letters facilitated our understanding of the despair of Galileo and provided proof that Johannes Kelper agreed with Galileos theory. The information will help us show that Galileo Galilei had followers and that

Huerta, Sanchez 2 Galileo wasnt the only one that disagreed with the Roman Catholic Church. Sis, Peter. Starry Messenger. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1996. Print. Peter Sis wrote of the initial revolution and reaction that was based on Galileo Galileis telescope and describes how Galileo found out many new things about our solar system. The author details Galileos confusion when he was ordered to stop believing what he could see with his own two eyes. His new discoveries were in direct opposition with the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church. This information supports what we have read and will help us describe how Galileo was feeling during this time and what a major contribution Galileo played in the field of science. Rosen, Edward. Keplers Conversation with Galileo's Sidereal Messenger. New York: Johnson Reprint Corp, 1965. Print. This source was not all that useful because it only gave a minimal amount of the information that we needed, but at least it gave us a quote from Galileo Galilei to Johannes Kelper. The quote was still very important, because it showed how Johannes Kepler was almost the only one who believed in Galileo Galileis theory. It also made us realize that German scientist Johannes Kelper was able to announce his beliefs publicly without fear of the Church. Galileo, an Italian scientist, was not free to do this because he lived in Italy which is the home of the Roman Catholic Church. Rowland, Wade. Galileos Mistake. New York: Arcade Publishing, 2001. Print. This book was helpful because it showed the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church. Galileo Galilei sent a letter to the Popes nephew, Cardinal Francesco Barberini,

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one of the most powerful members of the Roman Catholic Church. In the letter Galileo wrote that he could not believe that after all the years of intense scientific research that he was now being brought before the Holy Office for a grave offense of heresy. This book was one that describes a lot about Galileos thoughts and feelings. The disagreement between Galileo and the Church seemed to center on Galileo's belief in the Copernican theory, which holds that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun, something we know to be true today. Galileo strayed from purely scientific inquiry into the theological world, an act that put him on a trial with the Church. The outcome changed the world. Galileo's mistake was to insist that science, and only science, provided the truth about reality. The Church rejected this idea, declaring that while science is valid, it provided only small models for reality, models that enabled people to better understand and manipulate the world around us.

Sobel, Dava. Galileo's Daughter. New York: Walker Publishing, 1999. Print.

Dava Sobel provided a minimal amount of information that we needed for our project, but at least it gave us quotes from Galileo Galileis daughter. This book helped us explain what Galileos thoughts were while Galileo was being questioned. Sobel also writes that other scientists, from other countries, were beginning to speak publicly regarding their observations. Secondary Sources Cohen, I. Bernard. Revolution in Science. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1985. Print.

Huerta, Sanchez 4 Cohen was the first American to receive a Ph.D. in history of science, was a Harvard undergraduate ('37) and then a Ph.D. student and protg of George Sarton who was the founder of Isis and the History of Science Society. Cohen taught at Harvard from 1942 until his death in 2003, and his tenure was marked by the development of Harvard's program in the history of science. This book was not the best because the writing was hard to understand, but according to Cohen, many physicists and other scientists consider Galileo the originator of modern science and of the scientific or experimental method and the discoverer of the first two Newtonian laws of motion. Cohen was a firm believer that Galileo easily passed all the tests for having produced a revolution in science. He praised Galileo for transforming his visual experiences into intellectual conclusions about the heavens. This book also provided important dates in the life of Galileo Galilei. Campanella, Thomas. History, Philosophy and Sociology of Science. New York: New York Times Company, 1975. Print. Campanella illuminates the thinking at the time on matters of scriptural authority and intellectual freedom. He describes the plea for freedom of thought by all people. This book detailed the confrontation that Galileo had with the Roman Catholic Church. This book will help us explain how the Church felt about Galileo Galilei and how his theories contradicted scripture. Campanella explains the complicated feelings of other astronomers versus the very powerful Roman Catholic Church. Fisher, Leonard Everett. Galileo. New York: MacMillan, 1992. Print. Leonard Everett Fisher provided information about Galileo Galilei and the

Huerta, Sanchez 5 Inquisition that threatened him with torture. This book helped us show the reaction that the Church and their followers had against Galileo Galilei. Fisher detailed Galileo Galilei's inventions, including the microscope and a telescope, and his discoveries, like the law of the pendulum, and the influence they had on modern science. This book strengthened our understanding of Galileos conclusions that ultimately put him in conflict with the political and religious leaders of his time. Fortey, Jacqueline. Great Scientist. New York: DK Publishing, 2007. Print. Jacqueline Fortey provided information on great scientists throughout the years. Her book had a small section about Galileo Galilei and the secrets of the solar system. She explained Galileos discoveries that he made with his powerful telescope. She described his quest to improve his telescope. Hightower, Paul. Galileo-Astronomer and Physicist. Springfield: Enslow Publishers, 1997. Print. Paul Hightower provided a lot of information about the scientific revolution, the reaction, and the reform made by the Roman Catholic Church. Hightower wrote that it took a strong public movement and Pope John Paul II to force the Church to confess that Galileo was right and that the Church finally recognized their mistakes. On October 31, 1992, more than three and a half centuries later, the crimes against Galileo were erased. This book helped us explain that Galileo Galilei even had followers within the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic Church disagreed with Galileo regarding Earth's position in the universe. The Church punished him and he spent the rest of his life under house arrest.

Huerta, Sanchez 6 Hofstadter, Dan. The Earth Moves. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2009. Print. Dan Hofstadter explained a lot about Galileo Galileis telescope that he made and improved. The other books that we used didnt give that much of information about Galileos telescope. The book helped us by telling us how Galileo could see all the things about the sky. Suplee, Curt. Milestones of Science. Washington: National Geographic Society, 2000. Print. Curt Suplee analyzed a lot of Galileo Galileis writings, ideas, and discoveries that showed the revolution, reaction and reform. Suplee wrote that many people believed in Galileo Galilei and his theory, but many were afraid to admit openly that they believed his theory. This book expressed Galileos human intellect versus the strong Church orthodoxy. In 1633, Galileo was persecuted by the Catholic Church for his defense of the Copernican cosmology. This book helped us explain that some of Galileo Galileis followers were scared to admit that they believed his theory. White, Michael. Galileo Galilei-Inventor, Astronomer, and Rebel. Woodbridge: Black Birch Press, 1999. Print. Michael White wrote this book in an easy to read format. White gave good facts about Galileo Galileis theory: about the stars and how they orbited the huge sun, how the Roman Catholic Church didnt agree with his theory, and how Galileo Galilei got in trouble with the Roman Catholic Church. This book had the beginning of the scientific revolution, the reaction, and the reform that was made. Galileo Galileis work laid the foundation for the development of many branches of science. This book also will help us explain that the Roman Catholic Church refused to believe Galileo Galileis theory.

Huerta, Sanchez 7 Galileo Galilei's work ranged through mechanics and motion, to sound, speech and light, and the system of the universe. His discovery of the pendulum, and his development of the telescope, made him famous throughout Europe. This book tells the story of Galileo Galilei's fight for scientific proof instead of blind belief. Whitehouse, David. Renaissance Genius. New York: Sterling Publishing, 2009. Print. Whitehouse explains the importance of the Renaissance period. He described it as a time of re-awakening in the arts and sciences. The improvement of printing methods caused an increase in publishing and communication of ideas, especially scientific developments. During the Renaissance, people were eager for information, for reality instead of religious symbols. Before the Renaissance, there had been an unquestioning acceptance of medieval ideas. Whitehouse states that this was the atmosphere into which Galileo was born. He was born with a thirst for knowledge and to challenge unsubstantiated beliefs. The author explained a lot about Galileo Galileis life, observations and his theories. Galileo pushed science into a new era. Whitehouses book agrees with the other sources that we used in regards to the life of Galileo and his scientific method.