Lecture 2 Hardware and Software Concepts

By Diana

Operating Systems

Objectives
Evolution of hardware devices Hardware Components Caching Hardware support for operating system Caching and buffering Software overview

Operating Systems

Evolution of hardware devices

Systems programming
referring to operating systems software to perform hardware management and services to programs

Applications programming
referring to the types of software supported by the OS requests services and resources from the OS to perform tasks
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Evolution of hardware devices

Plug-and-play
identifies themselves to the OS once the devices are connected to the system enables the OS to select the appropriate drivers automatically during the installation of the new hardware eg. Windows OS

Operating Systems

Hardware Components
Mainboards
motherboard consisting of:
bus BIOS(basic I/O system)
responsible of bootstrapping

controllers chipsets add-on cards - speaker, Network, etc

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Hardware Components
Processors
CPU
performs fetch and execute process fetch instructions/data execute by performing calculations in ALU

registers
memory to hold data for processing

clocks
refers to computer time (cycles) speed of the bus Operating Systems
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Hardware Components
Memory hierarchy
main memory (real memory)
temporary storage (volatile) RAM

secondary storage
permanent storage (non-volatile) hard disk, CD, WORM(write once read many), DVD

Operating Systems

Hardware Components
Bus
data address port to transfer data IO channel perform IO operations

Operating Systems

Caching
Direct Memory access
enables devices and controllers to transfer blocks of data to and from the memory improves performance in the system which deals a large number of IO operations uses bus mastering to control the data bus to perform the operation

Operating Systems

Caching
Peripheral devices
serial ports parallel ports USB ports SCSI ports

Operating Systems

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Hardware support
Needs:
processor memory protection and management Interrupts (signals) and exceptions (errors) timers and clocks bootscrapping plug-and-play

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Buffering
Is a temporary storage which holds data during transfers between devices that operates at different speed improves system performance by allowing the system to transmit data asynchronously (independent of one another) spooling
eg. If the printer is busy, data will write into a disk. When the printer is free, then data will be printed out Operating Systems 12

Software overview
Machine language and assembly language high level languages
uses interpreters and compilers
to convert high level languages to machine language

eg OOP, COBOL, C# etc

Structured programming
eg. PASCAL, ADA

OOP
uses classes and attributes/properties
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Summary
Evolution of hardware devices
system programming, applications programming and plug-and-play

Hardware Components
Mainboards processors clocks memory hierarchy
RAM and secondary storage

buses
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Summary
Caching
Direct Access Memory peripheral devices

Hardware support for operating system

processor memory protection interrupts and exceptions timers and clocks bootscrapping plug and play

Operating Systems

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Summary
Buffering
definition of buffer SPOOLING

Software overview
Machine language and assembly language interpreters and compilers in high level languages with examples structured programming Object-oriented programming(OOP)
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