1

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

University College of Engineering & Technology EL-222 Digital Logic Design (4th Semester) LAB EXPERIMENT NO.01
Name: --------------------------Lab Instructor Signature: ---------------------Roll No. -------------------------Date: ---------------------------

Introduction to Basic Logic Gates

PEFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to know The basic gates and their operation Verify the truth table of logic gates EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Digital trainer with adapter Inverter (7404 Hex ) AND gate (7408 2-input Quad) OR gate (7432 2-input Quad) NAND gate (7400 2-input Quad) NOR gate (7402 2-input Quad) X-OR gate (7486 2-input Quad) Bread board LED DISCUSSION Inverter Inverter is a logic gate which takes the complement of the input. F = A AND gate AND is a logic gate which multiply the inputs F = ( A.B ) PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE Insert inverter IC (7404) in bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its inverter operation by applying 0 and 1 on input of each gate and connect the output of each inverter to a LED Fill the following table Insert AND gate IC (7408 2-input Quad) in bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its AND operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Fill the following table

2 Insert OR gate IC (7432 2-input Quad) in the bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its OR operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Fill the following table Insert NAND gate IC (7400 2-input Quad) in the bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its NAND operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Fill the following table Similar steps repeat for every logic IC

S.# 1

Logic Gate Not

A

Symbol
F

Boolean Expression
F =A

AND

A B

F = A.B

OR

F = A+ B

NAND

F =( A.B )

NOR 5

A B

F =( A +B )

X-OR

F = AB

Truth Table A F 1 0 A B F 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 A B F 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 A B F 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 A B F 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 A B F 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

Similarly check inverter in 7404 IC by connecting one by one input output to switch and LED respectively

Similarly check each AND gate in 7408 IC by connecting one by one input output to switch and LED respectively

Similarly check OR gate in 7408 IC by connecting one by one input output to switch and LED respectively

Similarly check NAND gate in 7400 by connecting one by one input output to switch and LED respectively

Similarly check NOR gate in 7402 by connecting one by one input output to switch and LED respectively

Similarly check X-OR in 7486 by connecting one by one input output to switch and LED respectively

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

University College of Engineering & Technology
EL-222 Digital Logic Design (4th Semester)
LAB EXPERIMENT NO.2
Name: ------------------------------------------------------- Roll No. -------------------------Lab Instructor Signature: ----------------------------------- Date: ---------------------------

Implement a given Boolean function on bread board

PEFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to know The circuit connections Verify the operation and truth table of the given function EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Digital trainer with adapter AND gate (7408 2-input Quad) OR gate (7432 2-input Quad) NOT gate (7404 Hex not gate) Bread board LED DISCUSSION Implement the following function on bread board and verify its truth table
F = XY + XZ + X Z
X Y X Z X Z

PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE Insert AND gate IC (7408 2-input Quad) in the bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its AND operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Insert OR gate IC (7432 2-input Quad) in the bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its OR operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Insert NOT gate IC (7404 2-input Quad) in the bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its AND operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Connect the circuit on bread board as shown in above Fill the following truth table

X 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

Y 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

Z 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

F = XY + XZ + X Z

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

University College of Engineering & Technology
EL-222 Digital Logic Design (4th Semester)
LAB EXPERIMENT NO.3
Name: ------------------------------------------------------- Roll No. -------------------------Lab Instructor Signature: ----------------------------------- Date: ---------------------------

Implement a given Boolean function by NAND implementation

PEFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to know The NAND Implementation To convert the a given Boolean function into NAND logic EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Digital trainer with adapter NAND gate (7400 2-input Quad) AND gate (7408 2-input Quad) OR gate (7432 2-input Quad) NOT gate (7404 Hex not gate) DISCUSSION Digital circuit are more frequently constructed with NAND or NOR than with AND and OR gates. NAND and NOR gates are easier to fabricate with electronic components and are the basic gates used in all IC digital logic families.to fabricate with electronic components and are the basic gates used in all IC digital logic families. Implement the following Boolean function by using NAND implementation

F = XY + XZ + YZ

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X Y X Z Y Z

X Y

X Z F

Y Z

NAND Implementation PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE Insert AND gate IC (7408 2-input Quad) in the bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its AND operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Insert OR gate IC (7432 2-input Quad) in the bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its OR operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Insert NOT gate IC (7404 2-input Quad) in the bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its AND operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Connect the circuit on bread board as shown in above Fill the following truth table

X 0 0 0 0

Y 0 0 1 1

Z 0 1 0 1

F = XY + XZ + YZ

9 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

University College of Engineering & Technology
EL-222 Digital Logic Design (4th Semester)
LAB EXPERIMENT NO.04
Name: ------------------------------------------------------- Roll No. -------------------------Lab Instructor Signature: ----------------------------------- Date: ---------------------------

To Design and Implement Half Adder Circuit

PEFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to know The basic operation of Half Adder Circuit Verify the truth table of Half Adder Circuit EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Digital trainer with adapter X-OR gate (7486 2-input Quad) OR gate (7432 2-input Quad) Bread board LED DISCUSSION Adder Digital computers perform a variety of information processing task. Among the basic functions encountered are the various arithmetic operations. The most basic arithmetic operation, no doubt is the addition of two binary digit. The simple addition consist of four possible elementary operations namely 0+0=0, 0+1=1, 1+0=1, 1+1=10. A combinational circuit that performs the addition of two bits is called half adder & addition f three bits is called full adder.

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o Half Adder From the verbal explanation of a half-adder, we find that this circuit needs two binary inputs and two output. It is necessary to specify two output variables because the result may consist of two binary digit. We assign symbol x and y the two input and S (for sum) and C (for carry) to the output. The truth table is shown below The simplified Boolean function for the two outputs can be obtained directly from the truth table. The simplified expressions are:
C = XY
S = XY + X Y

The logic diagram of half-adder is shown below

PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE Insert AND gate IC (7408 2-input Quad) in bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its AND operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Fill the following table Insert XOR gate IC (7486 2-input Quad) in the bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its XOR operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Fill the following table Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1

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Figure 1 Fill the following table. X 0 0 1 1 Y 0 1 0 1 Sum Carry

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The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

University College of Engineering & Technology
EL-222 Digital Logic Design (4th Semester)
LAB EXPERIMENT NO.05
Name: ------------------------------------------------------- Roll No. -------------------------Lab Instructor Signature: ----------------------------------- Date: ---------------------------

To Design and Implement Full Adder Circuit

PEFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to know The basic operation of Full Adder Circuit Verify the truth table of Full Adder Circuit EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Digital trainer with adapter AND gate (7408 2-input Quad) OR gate (7432 2-input Quad) NOT gate (7404 Hex not gate) DISCUSSION Adder Digital computers perform a variety of information processing task. Among the basic functions encountered are the various arithmetic operations. The most basic arithmetic operation, no doubt is the addition of two binary digit. The simple addition consist of four possible elementary operations namely 0+0=0, 0+1=1, 1+0=1, 1+1=10. A combinational circuit that performs the addition of two bits is called half adder & addition f three bits is called full adder. o FullAdder A full adder is a combinational circuit that performs the arithmetic sum of three input bits. It consists of three input and two outputs. Two of the input variables, denoted by x and y. the third input z represents the carry from the previous lower significant position. Two outputs are necessary because the arithmetic sum of three binary digit ranges in value from 0 to3. Two outputs

13 denoted by the symbols S for sum and C for carry. The truth table of full adder is shown below.
X

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

Y 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

Z 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

Truth table of full-Adder

The simplified Boolean function for the two outputs can be obtained directly from the truth table. The simplified expressions are:
S = X Y Z + XY Z + X Y Z + X Z Y

After simplification we obtain the following equation.

S = Z ( X Y )
C =Z ( X Y + X Y )

The logic diagram of full-adder is shown below

PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE Insert AND gate IC (7408 2-input Quad) in bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its AND operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Fill the following table Insert XOR gate IC (7486 2-input Quad) in the bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its OR operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Fill the above table

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The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

University College of Engineering & Technology
EL-222 Digital Logic Design (4th Semester)
LAB EXPERIMENT NO.06
Name: ------------------------------------------------------- Roll No. -------------------------Lab Instructor Signature: ----------------------------------- Date: ---------------------------

To Design and Implement Half Subtractor Circuit

PEFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to know The basic operation of Half Subtractor Circuit Verify the truth table of Half Subtractor Circuit EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Digital trainer with adapter X-OR gate (7486 2-input Quad) OR gate (7432 2-input Quad) Bread board LED DISCUSSION Subtractor The subtraction of two binary numbers may be accomplished by taking the complement of the subtrahend and adding it to the minuend. It is possible to implement subtraction with logic circuit in a direct manner. By this method each subtrahend bit of the number is subtracted from its corresponding significant minuend bit to form a difference bit. If the minuend bit is smaller than the subtrahend bit, a 1 is borrowed from the next significant position the fact that a 1 has been borrowed must be conveyed to the next higher pair of bits by means of a binary signal coming out of a given stage and going into the next higher stage. o Half Subtractor A half subtractor is a combinational circuit that subtracts two bits and produces their difference. It also has an output to specify if a 1 has been borrowed. Designate the minuend bit by x and subtrahend bit by y. to perform x-y, we have to

15 check the relative magnitude of x and y. The half subtractor needs two outputs. One is generate the difference and designate by the symbol D. Second output designates B for borrowed. The truth table for the input-output relationship of a half subtractor is shown below.
X 0 0 1 1 Y 0 1 0 1 B D

Truth table of Half-Subtractor

The simplified Boolean function for the two outputs can be obtained directly from the truth table. The simplified expressions are:
D = XY + X Y B = XY

The logic diagram of half Subtractor is shown below

PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE Insert AND gate IC (7408 2-input Quad) in bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its AND operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Fill the following table Insert XOR gate IC (7486 2-input Quad) in the bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its OR operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Fill the given table

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The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

University College of Engineering & Technology
EL-222 Digital Logic Design (4th Semester)
LAB EXPERIMENT NO.07
Name: ------------------------------------------------------- Roll No. -------------------------Lab Instructor Signature: ----------------------------------- Date: ---------------------------

To Design and Implement Full Subtractor Circuit

PEFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to know The basic operation of Full subtractor Circuit. Verify the truth table of full subtractor Circuit. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Digital trainer with adapter X-OR gate (7486 2-input Quad) OR gate (7432 2-input Quad) Bread board LED DISCUSSION Subtractor The subtraction of two binary numbers may be accomplished by taking the complement of the subtrahend and adding it to the minuend. It is possible to implement subtraction with logic circuit in a direct manner. By this method each subtrahend bit of the number is subtracted from its corresponding significant minuend bit to form a difference bit. If the minuend bit is smaller than the subtrahend bit, a 1 is borrowed from the next significant position the fact that a 1 has been borrowed must be conveyed to the next higher pair of bits by means of a binary signal coming out of a given stage and going into the next higher stage. o Full Subtractor A full subtractor is a combinational circuit that performs a subtraction between two bits taking into account that a 1 may have been borrowed by a lower significant stage. This circuit has three inputs and two outputs. The three inputs x y and z denote the minuend, subtrahend and previous borrow, respectively. The two outputs, D and B represent the difference and outputs borrow respectively. The truth table for the circuit is as follows.

17 The simplified Boolean function for the two outputs can be obtained directly from the truth table. The simplified expressions are:
D = X Y Z
D = X Y Z + X Y Z + X Y Z + XYZ
B = X Y + Z ( X Y )

The logic diagram of half subtractor is shown below

X Y D

Z B

Full Subtractor PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE Insert inverter IC (7404) in bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its inverter operation by applying 0 and 1 on input of each gate and connect the output of each inverter to a LED Insert AND gate IC (7408 2-input Quad) in bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its AND operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Insert OR gate IC (7432 2-input Quad) in the bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its OR operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Insert XOR gate IC (7486 2-input Quad) in the bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Connect the jumpers as shown in the logic diagram Fill the following table X 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Y 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Z 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 D (Difference) B(Borrow)

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The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

University College of Engineering & Technology
EL-222 Digital Logic Design (4th Semester)
LAB EXPERIMENT NO.09
Name: ------------------------------------------------------- Roll No. -------------------------Lab Instructor Signature: ----------------------------------- Date: ---------------------------

To Design BCD to Excess-3 code Converter

PEFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to know The basic operation of BCD to Excess-3 code Converter. Verify the truth table of BCD to Excess-3 code Converter. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Digital trainer with adapter X-OR gate (7486 2-input Quad) OR gate (7432 2-input Quad) Bread board LED DISCUSSION CODE CONVERSION The availability of a large variety of codes for the same discrete element of information results in the use of different codes by different digital system. It is sometimes necessary to use the output of one system as the input to another. A conversion circuit must be inserted between the two systems if each uses different codes for the same information. The design procedure of code conversion will be illustrated by mean of a specific example of conversion from BCD to the excess-3 code. There must be four input variable and four output variables. Let us designate the four input binary variable by the symbol A, B, C and D, and the four output variable by w, x, y, and z. We note that four binary variables may have 16 bit combination, only 10 of which are listed in the truth table. The six bit combination

19 not listed for the input variables are dont-care combination. The truth table of BCD to Excess-3 code conversion is shown below.

Input BCD A
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Output Excess-3 code D

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

B
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

C
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

W
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

X
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

Y
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

Z
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

Truth table of code conversion

The simplified Boolean function by using Kaurnaugh map for the four outputs can be obtained directly from the truth table. The simplified expressions are: W=A+BC+BD = A+B(C+D) X =BC+BD+BCD = B(C+D)+BCD = B(C+D)+B(C+D) Y =CD+CD + CD+(C+D) Z =D The logic diagram of code conversion is shown below

A
A+B(C+D)'

B C D
B'(C+D)+B(C+D)'

CD+(C+D)' D'

y z

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PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE Insert inverter IC (7404) in bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its inverter operation by applying 0 and 1 on input of each gate and connect the output of each inverter to a LED Fill the following table Insert AND gate IC (7408 2-input Quad) in bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its AND operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Fill the following table Insert OR gate IC (7432 2-input Quad) in the bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its OR operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Verify the above table.
Input BCD A
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Output Excess-3 code D

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

B
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

C
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

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The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

University College of Engineering & Technology
EL-222 Digital Logic Design (4th Semester)
LAB EXPERIMENT NO.09
Name: ------------------------------------------------------- Roll No. -------------------------Lab Instructor Signature: ----------------------------------- Date: ---------------------------

To Design Four bit Gray code converter

PEFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to know The basic operation of BCD to Gray Code Converter. Verify the truth table of BCD to Gray code Converter. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Digital trainer with adapter X-OR gate (7486 2-input Quad) OR gate (7432 2-input Quad) Bread board LED DISCUSSION CODE CONVERSION Gray belongs to a class of codes known as minimum change code, in which a number changes by only bit as it proceeds from one number to the next. Hence this code is not useful for arithmetic operations. This code finds extensive use for shaft encoders, in some types of analog-to-digital converters, etc The bit combinations 4-bit binary code and its equivalent bit combinations of gray code are listed in the table in Figure. The four bits of binary numbers are designated as A, B, C, and D, and gray code bits are designated as W, X, Y, and Z. For transformation of binary numbers to gray, A, B, C, and D are considered as inputs and W, X, Y, and Z are considered as outputs.

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A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

. Four Bit Binary Inputs B C 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1

D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Four Bit Gray Code X Y 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

Z 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

From Karnaugh map we get Boolean function for the outputs

W =A
X = AB + A B = A B Y = BC + BC = B C Z = C D +C D = C D

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PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE Insert XOR gate IC (7432 2-input Quad) in the bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its OR operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Assemble the circuit on bread board as shown above Verify the above table.

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The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

University College of Engineering & Technology
EL-222 Digital Logic Design (4th Semester)
LAB EXPERIMENT NO.10
Name: ------------------------------------------------------- Roll No. -------------------------Lab Instructor Signature: ----------------------------------- Date: ---------------------------

To Design and Implement RS Flip Flop

PEFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to know The basic operation of RS Flip Flop. Verify the truth table of RS Flip Flop. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Digital trainer with adapter X-OR gate (7486 2-input Quad) OR gate (7432 2-input Quad) Bread board LED DISCUSSION FLIP FLOP The memory element used in clocked sequential circuits are called flip-flop. These circuits are binary cells capable of storing one bit of information. A flip-flop circuit has two outputs, one for the normal value and one for the complement value of the bit stored in it. The cross coupled connection from the output of one gate to the input of the other gate constitutes a feedback path. For this reason the circuits are classified as asynchronous sequential circuit.

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R
Flip Flop Circuit with NOR gates

R
Flip Flop Circuit with NAND gates

PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE Insert NAND gate IC (7400 2-input Quad) in the bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its NAND operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Fill the following table Insert NOR gate IC (7402 2-input Quad) in the bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its NOR operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Fill the following table S (Set) 0 0 1 1 R (Reset) 0 1 0 1
Q
Q

Table for NOR RS flip flop S (Set) 0 0 1 1 R (Reset) 0 1 0 1

Q
Q

Table for NAND RS flip flop

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The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

University College of Engineering & Technology
EL-222 Digital Logic Design (4th Semester)
LAB EXPERIMENT NO.11
Name: ------------------------------------------------------- Roll No. -------------------------Lab Instructor Signature: ----------------------------------- Date: ---------------------------

To Design and Implement D Flip Flop

PEFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to know The basic operation of RS Flip Flop. Verify the truth table of RS Flip Flop. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Digital trainer with adapter X-OR gate (7486 2-input Quad) OR gate (7432 2-input Quad) Bread board LED DISCUSSION D FLIP FLOP The memory element used in clocked sequential circuits are called flip-flop. The D flip flop is a modification of the RS flip-flop. D F/F has property to send input data as it is on the output.

Q
0 0 1 1

D Q(t+1)
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

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Characteristics Table of D flip-flop

Logic Diagram of D flip-flop

PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE Insert NAND gate IC (7400 2-input Quad) in the bread board Apply Vcc +5V to pin number 14 and connect pin number 7 to ground Verify its NAND operation by applying logic 0 and logic 1 in its both of input as given in following table and check output of each gate LED Connect the circuit on bread board as shown in above