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CHNG 3
M HNH HA CC PHN T TRONG H
THNG IN
3.1. GII THIU:
Trong h thng in gm c cc thnh phn c bn sau:
a. Mng li truyn ti gm:
- ng dy truyn ti.
- Bin p.
- Cc b t in tnh, khng in.
b. Ph ti.
c. My pht ng b v cc b phn lin hp: H thng kch t, iu khin....
Cc vn cn xem xt y l: Ngn mch, tro lu cng sut, n nh qu . Mng li
truyn ti c gi thit l trng thi n nh v thi hng ca n nh hn nhiu so vi my
pht ng b.
IS
+
VS
x =1
u cp
I + dI
IR
V
V + dV
dx
+
VR
-
x=0
u nhn
Vi phn t dx ny ta c th vit:
dV = I .z .dx
dV
Hay
= I .z
dx
V
dI = V. y . dx
Vi z: Tng tr ni tip ca mi pha trn mi n v di
y: Tng dn r nhnh ca mi pha trn mi n v di
dI
Hay
= V. y
dx
(3.1)
(3.2)
Trang 29
(3.3)
(3.4)
(3.5)
(3.6)
(3.7)
(3.8)
(3.9)
(3.10)
Trang 30
I S = VR
ZC
(3.16)
Y1 Y2
IR
+
VR
-
Hnh 3.2 : S ca ng dy
truyn ti
T s hnh 3.2 ta c:
VS = VR + Z . I R + VR .Y 2 .Z = (1 + Y 2 .Z )VR + Z .I R
(3.17)
I S = ( I R + VR .Y 2 ) + VSY 1
(3.18)
Thay VS (3.17) vo (3.18) v n gin ha ta c:
I S = [(Y 1 + Y 2 ) + Z .Y 1 .Y 2 ].YR + (1 + Z .Y 1 ) I R
(3.19)
ng nht (3.17) v (3.19) tng ng vi (3.15) v (3.16) ta c:
Z = ZC sh ( .l)
(3.20)
(3.21)
Y1 = Y2 = Y
(1+Z.Y) = ch ( .l)
(3.22)
ch( .l ) 1
1
.l
=
. th
(3.23)
Vy: Y =
ZC .sh( .l ) ZC
2
Vit gn (3.20) v (3.23) li ta c:
sh( .l ) z. l .sh( .l )
=
Z = ZC . y.l
(3.24)
.l
.l
y. l th ( . l ) y.l th ( . l )
2
2.
2 =
(3.25)
Y =
.
l
l
ZC
2
. 2
. 2
S dng s hnh (3.3) v khai trin sh v ch ta c th tnh Y v Z n chnh xc cn
thit. Thng thng trong s ni tip ch cn ly 2 hay 3 phn t l t yu cu chnh xc:
x3 x5
Sh( x) = x +
+
+ ...... + .......
3! 5!
x2 x4
(3.26)
Ch ( x) = 1 +
+
+ ...... + .......
2!
4!
x3
2
17 7
Th ( x) = x
+ x5
x + .........
3 15
315
Trang 31
Is
sh( . l )
.l
IR
+
+
y. ( l ) th ( . l )
2 .
2
Zc
. l 2
VS
-
l
y. l th ( . 2 )
.
2 .( l )
2
VR
-
Nu ch ly hai s hng u.
( . l ) 2
Z z.l . 1 +
.l
2
2
1 .l .l .l
Y
=
1
1
2 3 2 2 2
(3.27)
+
Y/2 Y/2
VR
-
+
VS
-
YT
IR
+
VR
-
Trang 32
IS
Z/2
Z/2
+
VS
-
IR
IS
+
VR
-
IR
+
VS
-
+
VR
-
3.2.4. Thng s A, B, C, D:
Cc thng s A, B, C, D c s dng thit lp cc phng trnh quan h gia in p v
dng in u cung cp v u nhn ca ng dy truyn ti.
Bng 3.1 : Tham s A, B, C, D cho tng loi s
Loi ng dy
-ng dy di
ng nht
-ng dy trung
bnh
.S i xng T
.S i xng p
-ng dy ngn
B
C
D
Y.Z ZC .sh( . l ) = Z(1 + sh( . l )
ch( . l ) = A
ch ( . l ) = 1 +
= Y(1 +
2
2
2 Y .Z Y .Z
ZC
+
+
...
2
2
Y .Z
6
240
Y .Z Y 2 . Z 2
+
+ ...
+
+ ...
24
6
120
Y.Z
1+
2
1+
Y.Z
2
Y.Z
Z (1 +
)
4
Y.Z
Y (1 +
)
4
A
A
A
1
V d: ng thc 3.15 v 3.16 c vit li nh sau:
VS = A.VR + B.IR
IS = C.VR + D.IR
Bng 3.1 cho gi tr A, B, C, D ca tng loi ng dy truyn ti. ng dy di, ng dy
trung bnh v ng dy ngn, cc thng s ny c c tnh quan trng l:
A.D - B.C = 1
(3.28)
iu ny c chng minh.
Trang 33
Z SR I S
Z RR I R
Vi ZSS = A/C; ZSR = -1/C; ZRS = 1/C; ZRR = -D/C
Cng thc (3.30) c vit di dng k hiu:
V = Z.I
Thm mt cch biu din IS, IR theo bin VS, VR nh sau:
I S YSS YSR VS
I = Y
R RS YRR VR
(3.30)
(3.31)
(3.32)
Hay
I = Y. V
Vi: YSS = D/B; YSR = -1/B; YRS = 1/B; YRR = -A/B
y ma trn Z l ma trn tng tr mch h, ma trn Y l ma trn tng dn ngn mch v m
bo Z = Y-1 ca mng hai ca. chng sau s tnh m rng cho mng n ca.
3.3. MY BIN P:
3.3.1. My bin p 2 cun dy:
S tng ng ca my bin p (MBA) nh hnh 3.8. Cc tham s c quy v pha s
cp (pha 1).
I1
R1
X1
N1
N2
R2 1
N2
2
I2 +
+
V1
-
X 2
Rm
Xm
V2
-
Trang 34
I1
N
R1 + 1 R2
N2
N
X 1 + 1
N2
X 2
I2
+
V1
-
+
V2
-
I1
+
V1
-
I2
+
V2
-
n gitr
no
S tng ng ca MBATN c m phng
nh 3hnh
Zexngltng
c pha h khi pha cap p ngn mch.
Hai tng tr ngn mch na c tnh l:
- ZeH: Tng tr o c pha cao p khi s vng N1 b ngn mch ni tt cc a-n. V d
dng chng minh t hnh 3.12 (php quy i)
(3.34)
ZeH = Zex N2
- ZeL: Tng tr o c pha h p khi s vng N2 b ngn mch ni tt cc a-a
Trang 35
Zex
1:N
Ia
a
Va
-
Va
-
Ia
a
+ I1
Va
-
1:N
Zex
Ia
a
+
Va
T s hnh 3.13 ta c:
Va = Va
V
( N 1)
I 1 = (Va a' ) / Z ex = Va
/ Z ex
N
N
i vi my bin p l tng s ampe vng bng zero cho nn chng ta c:
I1 = Ia N
Hay Ia = I1/N
Vi: Ia + Ia = I1
V vy:
N 1
I a = I1 .
N
Tng tr :
2
V
V
N
N
Z eL = a = a
=
Z ex
Ia
I 1 ( N 1) N 1
Do :
(3.35)
N 1
(3.36)
Zex =
ZeL
N
S dng (3.34) ta c:
ZeH = (N-1)2 Z eL = a2ZeL
* Nhc im ca MBATN:
- Hai pha cao v h p khng tch nhau v in nn km an ton
- Tng tr ni tip thp hn MBA 2 cun dy gy ra dng ngn mch ln
* u im ca MBATN:
- Cng sut n v ln hn MBA 2 cun dy nn ti c nhiu hn
- li cng ln khi t s vng l 2:1 hoc thp hn
V d minh ha: Cho mt MBA 2 cun dy c thng s nh mc l 22KVA, 220/110V, f =
50Hz. Cun A l 220V c Z = 0,22 + j0,4 () cun B l 110V c tng tr l Z = 0,05 + j0,09
().
MBA u theo dng t ngu cung cp cho ti 110V vi ngun 330V. Tnh Zex, ZeL, ZeH dng
ph ti l 30A. Tm mc iu tit in p.
Gii:
Cun B l cun chung c N1 vng, cun A l cun ni tip c N2 vng.
Vy N2 /N1 = 2 = a v N = a+1 = 3, do ZA = 0,24 + j0,4 (), ZB = 0,05 + j0,09 ()
Nn:
ZeH = ZA + a2ZB = 0,44+ j0,76 ()
ZeL = ZB + ZA/a2 = 0,11+j0,19 ()
Trang 36
N 1
= Z eL
= 0,049 + j 0,08 ()
N
N
I . R. cos + I . X . sin
Mc iu chnh in p =
.100%
V
30 0,44 . 0,9 + 0,76 . 0,437
= .
.100% = 2,21%
3
330
Z ex =
Z eH
2
3.3.3. My bin p c b iu p:
Do ph ti lun thay i theo thi gian dn n in p ca h thng in cng thay i theo.
gi cho in p trn cc dy dn nm trong gii hn cho php ngi ta iu chnh in p
mt hoc hai pha ca MBA bng cch t b phn p vo MBA ni chung l t pha cao p
iu chnh mm hn. Khi t s vng N bng t s in p nh mc ta ni l t l ng
nht. Khi chng khng bng ta ni t l l khng ng nht. B iu p c hai loi:
-B iu p di ti
-B iu p khng ti
B iu p di ti c th iu chnh t ng hoc bng tay, khi iu chnh bng tay phi da
vo kinh nghim v tnh ton tro lu cng sut trc . T s u phn p c th l s thc
hay s phc trong trng hp l s phc in p hai pha khc nhau v ln v gc pha.
MBA ny gi l MBA chuyn pha.
Y1
q
(1)
a:1
Y1
p
q
(2)
Y1
q
a
Trang 37
V pY1
a2
nt q:
'
= (Vq
I pq
Vp
= Vq .Y1
Ipq
+
Vp
0 -
(3.37)
VqY1
a
)Y
a 1
V p .Y1
(3.38)
Y1
Ipq
Y2 Y3
q
+
Vq
- 0
Y1/a
Ipq
+
Vp
-
Y1
(1 a)
a2
(a)
Y1
Ipq
(a 1)
a2
q
+
Vq
- 0
(b)
Ipq
p
+
Vp
0-
aY1
(1-a)Y1
a(a-1)Y1
Ipq
q
+
Vq
- 0
(c)
Hnh 3.16 : S tng ng ca MBA khng ng nht
s hnh 3.16a ta c:
(3.39)
Ipq = VpY2 + (Vp-Vq)Y1
(3.40)
Ipq = VqY3 + (Vq-Vp)Y1
ng nht (3.39) v (3.40) vi (3.37) v (3.38) ta c:
Y1 + Y2 = Y1/a2
Y1 =Y1/a
Y1 + Y3 = Y1
Y
Y Y
Y
Gii ra ta c: Y1 = 1 ; Y2 = 12 1 ; Y3 = Y 1 1
a
a
a
a
S l hnh 3.16b. Ch tt c tng dn trong s tng ng l hm ca t s vng a. V
du lin hp gia Y2 v Y 3 lun ngc. V d: Nu Y1 l in khng a > 1; Y2 l in khng;
Y3 l in dung; nu a < 1; Y2 l dung khng v Y3 l in khng.
S hnh 3.16c l s tng ng theo Y1 khi a 1 th tng tr mch r v tng
dn ni tip tin n Y1.
Trang 38
R
A
b
c
c
(b)
(a)
Nh hnh 3.17 ta thy rng in p cun ni tip cao hn bnh thng cho php cng sut ln
hn chy trn ng dy ngha l: Thay v lp my bin p thng ta lp my bin p chuyn
pha s cho php nng cao in p cp v ng dy mang ti nhiu hn.
d
Hnh 3.18 : My bin p ba
cun dy
Cc tham s o c t th nghim l:
ZPS: L tng tr cun s cp khi ngn mch cun 2 v h mch cun 3
ZPT: L tng tr cun s cp khi ngn mch cun 3 v h mch cun 2
ZST: L tng tr cun th cp khi cun s cp h mch v cun 3 ngn mch
2
N
quy i v pha s cp l: Z ST = P . Z ' ST
NS
S tng ng ca MBA ba cun dy hnh 3.19 ZPS, ZPT, ZST, quy i v pha s cp.
Theo cch o ngn mch ta c:
ZPS = ZP + ZS
(3.41)
(3.42)
ZPT = ZP + ZT
ZST = ZS + ZT
(3.43)
Tr (3.42) i (3.43) ta c:
ZST
Trang 39
ZPT - ZST = ZP - ZS
T (3.41) v (3.44) ta c:
ZP =1/2 (ZPS + ZPT -ZST)
ZS =1/2 (ZPS + ZST -ZPT)
ZT =1/2 (ZST + ZPT - ZPS)
(3.45)
(3.46)
(3.47)
Zp
ZS
ZT
e
e
3.3.7. Ph ti:
Chng ta nghin cu v ph ti lin quan n tro lu cng sut v n nh. iu quan trng l
phi bit s thay i ca cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng theo in p. cc nt
in hnh cc loi ti gm c:
- ng c khng ng b 5070 %
- Nhit v nh sng
2030 %
- ng c ng b
510 %
tnh chnh xc ngi ta dng c tnh P-V v Q-V ca tng loi ti nhng x l phn tch
rt phc tp. V vy ngi ta a ra ba cch gii thiu chnh v ti dng cho mc ch phn
tch.
- Gii thiu theo cng sut khng i: C lng MVA v MVAR u bng hng s
thng dng nghin cu tro lu cng sut.
- Gii thiu theo dng in khng i: Dng in ti I trong trng hp ny c tnh
P jQ
I=
| V | ( )
V
V = |V|q v = tan-1 (Q/P) l gc h s cng sut, ln ca I c gi khng i.
- Gii thiu theo tng tr khng i: y l cch gii thiu thng xuyn khi nghin
cu n nh nu lng MVA v MVAR bit v khng i th tng tr ti tnh nh sau:
V
| V |2
Z= =
I P jQ
V tng dn:
1 P jQ
Y= =
Z
| V |2
3.4. KT LUN:
Trong chng ny ta xem xt cc phn t ca h thng in nh ng dy truyn ti, bin p,
ph ti. M hnh ha chng trong h thng in vi trng thi n nh nghin cu cc
trng thi c bn ca h thng: Ngn mch, phn b dng chy cng sut, v n nh qu .
Trang 40