AOTRANGTB.

COM
S
S SA
A AI
I I L
L LA
A A
M
M M T
T TH
H H


N
N NG
G G G
G GA
A A
P
P P
T
T TR
R RO
O ON
N NG
G G G
G GI
I IA
A A
I
I I T
T TO
O OA
A A
N
N N
I. Sai lam trong cac bai toan tm Max, Min:
Can nh:
1.



= $
"
=
) 2 ( , ) ( : ] , [
1) ( ], , [ , ) (
)) ( (
0 0
] , [
c x f b a x
b a x c x f
c x f Max
b a
2.



= $
"
=
) 4 ( , ) ( : ] , [
3) ( ], , [ , ) (
)) ( (
0 0
] , [
c x f b a x
b a x c x f
c x f Min
b a
V du 1: Tm Max, Min cua x Cos x Sin y
2006 2006
+ =
Sai lam thng gap:
Ta co:
2 2 1 1
0 0
2006 2006
2006 2006
= = + + =
= + =
Max
Min
y x Cos x Sin y
y x Cos x Sin y
Nguyen nhan sai lam:

Min
Sinx 0
y 0
Cosx 0
=
=

=

, Vo l v Sin
2
x + Cos
2
x= 1 dau bang khong xay ra
ieu kien (2) khong thoa.

=
=
=
1
1
0
2006
2006
x Cos
x Sin
y
Max
, Vo l v Sin
2
x + Cos
2
x= 1
Giai ung:
1003 2 1003 2
) ( ) ( x Cos x Sin y + =
1 0 1 ) (
) ( ) 1 (
2 1003 1003
1003 2 1003 2
= + - =
+ - =
x Cos t t t y
x Cos x Cos y
Vi ,
0 1003 1 ) ( 1003 '
1002 1002
= + - - = t t y
2
1
1
1
1 ) (
1002 1002
=



- = -
= -

= -
t
t t
t t
t t
) 1 ( = 0 y
1002
2
1
2
1
) 1 1 (
=

=
y
y
Download ti liu hc tp, xem bi ging ti : http://aotrangtb.com
Vay:
1002
2
1
1 = = Miny Maxy
V du 2: Tm Max, Min cua
2
2
+ +
+
=
Cosx Sinx
Cosx
y
Sai lam thng gap:
4
1
2 1 1
1
2
1 ) 1 (
=
+ +

+ +
+ +
=
Min
y
Cos Sinx
Cosx
y
Nguyen nhan sai lam:





=
=
= +
=
1
1
0 1
4
1
Cosx
Sins
Cosx
y
Min
, Vo l v dau bang khong xay ra.
Giai ung:
TX:
2
2
+ +
+
=
Cosx Sinx
Cosx
y
(*) , 0 2 2 ) 1 ( = - + - + y Cosx y ySinx
e co Max, Min th (*) phai co nghiem x, ieu nay tng ng vi:
2 2 2
) 2 2 ( ) 1 ( - - + y y y
2
3 3
2
3 3
0 3 6 2
2
+

-

+ -
y
y y
2
3 3

2
3 3 +
=
-
=
Max Min
y y
Chu y:
nghiem co , C BCosx ASinx = +
2 2 2
C B A +
II. Sai lam trong cac bai toan dung tnh n ieu:
V du 1: (H khoi A, 2003)
Giai he phng trnh





+ =
- = -
) 2 ( 1 2
) 1 (
1 1
3
x y
y
y
x
x
Sai lam thng gap:
Xet ham so 0
1
) ( - = t
t
t t f vi
0 ) (
0
1
1 ) ( '
2

> + =
t t f
t
t f
vi tang
y x y f x f = = ) ( ) ( ) 1 (
Nguyen nhan sai lam:
V ham ) (t f gian oan tai t = 0, nen khong the dung tnh n ieu.
Giai ung:
He



+ =
- = =






+ =
=








+ -

1 2
1 1
1 2
0
1
1 ) (
3
3
x y
xy y x
x y
xy
y x










+ =
- =



+ =
=

1 2
1
1 2
0
3
3
x y
xy
x y
y x









- -
= =
+ -
= =
= =















= +





+ +





-
- =



= + -
=

2
5 1
2
5 1
1
0
2
3
2
1
2
1
1
0 1 2
0
2 2
2
3
y x
y x
y x
VN
x x
xy
x x
y x
V du 2: Tm m e ham so
m x
m x
y
-
+
= ong bien tren ) , 1 ( +
Sai lam thng gap:
YCBT 0 0 2 ) , 1 ( , 0
) (
2
'
2
- + "
-
-
= m m x
m x
m
y
Nguyen nhan sai lam:
Khong giai ) , 1 ( , + " x m x
Giai ung:
YCBT ) , 1 ( , 0
) (
2
'
2
+ "
-
-
= x
m x
m
y
0
1
0
) , 1 ( ,
0 2










+ "
-
m
m
m
x m x
m
Chu y:






0
0
0
B
A
2
B
A
III. Sai lam trong cac bai toan giai Bpt can thc:
V du 1: (H khoi D, 2002)
Giai bat phng trnh:
0 2 3 2 ) 3 (
2 2
- - - x x x x
Sai lam thng gap:
0 2 3 2 ) 3 (
2 2
- - - x x x x




-







-







- -
-

2
1
3
2
1
2
0 3
0 2 3 2
0 3
2
2
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
Nguyen nhan sai lam:






0
0
0
B
A
B A , Sai lam bi v neu B = 0, th Bpt ung vi moi A, ma khong
can 0 A
Giai ung:
v Cach 1: 0 2 3 2 ) 3 (
2 2
- - - x x x x










-
> - -
= - -

0 3 2
0 2 3 2
0 2 3 2
2
2
2
x x
x x
x x







-

=














- < >
- = =

2
1
3
2
0 3
2
1
2
2
1
2
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
Chu y:









>
=

0
0
0
0
2
A
B
B
B A
n
v Cach 2: Co the xet dau:
Vay nghiem la:







-

=
2
1
3
2
x
x
x
Bai tap: Ap dung giai cac Bpt sau:
1) 0 2 5 2 ) 5 2 (
2
+ - - x x x
2) 0 ) 1 (log 1 3 . 4 3
2
3
1 2
- + -
+
x
x x
3) 0 ) 4 2 )( 27 (log 1 2 3
3
2
- - + + -
x
x x x
4) 0
5
9
5
14
2 log
2
5
1






+ - - x x x
V du 2:
Giai bat phng trnh:
0
4 2
1
2

-
-
- x
x
Sai lam thng gap:
3
3
1
0 4 2
0 1
0
4 2
1
1 2
>



>





> -
-

-
-
- -
x
x
x x
x
x x
Nguyen nhan sai lam:



>


0
0
0
B
A
B
A
, Sai lam bi v neu A = 0, th Bpt ung vi moi B, ma khong
can 0 > B
Giai ung:



>
=









>
>
=









> -
> -
= -

-
-
-
-
3
1
3
1
1
0 4 2
0 1
0 1
0
4 2
1
1
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Chu y:








>
>
=

0
0
0
0
2
B
A
A
B
A
n
V du 3:
Giai bat phng trnh:
5 4 3 2 2
2 2 2
- + - + + - + x x x x x x
Sai lam thng gap:
ieu kien:



-







-
-
-






- +
- +
- +
5
1
5 1
3 1
2 1
0 5 4
0 3 2
0 2
2
2
2
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
Bpt ) 1 ( , ) 5 )( 1 ( ) 3 )( 1 ( ) 2 )( 1 ( + - + - + + - x x x x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x x x x
- + +
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+ - + - + + -
3 2 2
5 3 2 2 5 2
5 3 2
5 1 3 1 2 1
Nguyen nhan sai lam:
V B A AB = sai khi A, B eu am.
Giai ung:
ieu kien:



-

5
1
x
x
TH 1: x = 1, the vao (1): 0 0 ung 1 = x nhan
TH 2: x > 1
5 1 3 1 2 1 ) 1 ( + - + - + + - x x x x x x
1 3 2 2
5 3 2 2 5 2
5 3 2
> - + +
+ + + + +
+ + + +
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
v nghiem Vo
TH 3: 5 - x
5 3 2 ) 1 ( - - - - + - - x x x
5 3 2 2
5 3 2 2 5 2
- - - - -
- - - - - - + - -
x x x x
x x x x
v nghiem Vo
Vay nghiem cua Bpt la x = 1.
Chu y:












- -





=
0
0
,
0
0
,
.
B
A
B A
B
A
B A
B A
neu
neu
Bai tap: Ap dung giai cac Bpt sau:
1) 18 18 4 15 2 15 8
2 2 2
+ - - + + + - x x x x x x
2) 4 5 2 3 4 2 3
2 2 2
+ - + - + + - x x x x x x
S:




=
4
1
x
x
IV. Sai lam trong viec dung phng trnh he qua:
V du:
Giai phng trnh:
) 1 ( , 1 3 2 2
3 3
= - + - x x
Sai lam thng gap:
Luy tha 2 ve cua (1), ta co:
1 ) 3 2 2 .( 3 2 . 2 3 3 2 2
3 3 3 3
= - + - - - + - + - x x x x x x



=
=

- = - -
- = - -
= - - + -
1
2
) 2 ( ) 3 2 )( 2 (
2 3 2 . 2
) 2 ( , 1 3 2 . 2 3 5 3
3
3 3
3 3
x
x
x x x
x x x
x x x
Vay nghiem la:



=
=
1
2
x
x
Nguyen nhan sai lam:
Pt (2) la pt he qua cua pt (1), do o khi giai ra nghiem ta phai th lai.
Giai ung:
Th lai, bang cach the x = 2, x = 1 lan lt vao (1), ta ch nhan mot nghiem x = 2.
Bai tap: Ap dung giai cac phng trnh sau:
1)
5
6
, 3 , 0 , 9 2 2 2
3 3 3
- = - + + : S x x x
2) 61 , 30 , 1 3 34
3 3
- = - - + : S x x
V. Sai lam trong cac bai toan Lagarit:
V du 1:
Giai phng trnh:
3 log
2
1
log
2
1
) 6 5 (
3
3
2 2
9
- +
-
= + - x
x
x x Log
Sai lam thng gap:
ieu kien: 3
3
1
0 3
0
2
1
0 6 5
2
>



>
>








> -
>
-
> + -
x
x
x
x
x
x x
Pt 3 log
2
1
log ) 6 5 (
3 3
2
3
- +
-
= + - x
x
x x Log
nghiem vo Pt
V
, 3
2
1
2
3 , 3
2
1
) 3 )( 2 (
3
2
1
6 5
2
=
-
= -
> -
-
= - -
-
-
= + -
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x x
Nguyen nhan sai lam:
Sai lam 1: at ieu kien khong ung
Sai lam 2: S dung cong thc khong ung
Chu y:
) ( log )) ( (
0 0
0 0
2
x f
n
k
x f Log
A A
A A
a
k
a
n
n
=
>
>
Giai ung:
ieu kien:





>








-
>
+ -








> -
>
-
> + -
1
2
3
0 3
1
0 6 5
0 3
0
2
1
0 ) 6 5 (
2
2 2
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
Pt 3
2
1
log 6 5
3
2
3
-
-
= + - x
x
x x Log




=
=







-
- = -
-
= -

-
= -
-
-
= - - -
-
= + -
3
5
3
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
3
2
1
3 2 3
2
1
6 5
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x x
Vay nghiem cua phng trnh la:
3
5
= x
V du 2:
Giai phng trnh:
3
4
1
3
4
1
2
4
1
) 6 ( log ) 4 ( log 3 ) 2 ( log
2
3
+ + - = - + x x x
Sai lam thng gap:
ieu kien:



< < -







> +
> -
> +
4 6
2
0 ) 6 (
0 ) 4 (
0 ) 2 (
3
3
2
x
x
x
x
x
Pt
3
4
1
3
4
1
3
4
1
) 6 ( log ) 4 ( log 3 ) 2 ( log + + - = - + x x x
2 x : nghiem Vay =



=
- =

= - +
+ - = +
+ - = +
+ - =














+
,
2
8
0 16 6
) 6 )( 4 ( 4 ). 2 (
) 6 ( ) 4 ( 4 . ) 2 (
) 6 ( ) 4 ( log
4
1
: ) 2 ( log
2
3 3 3 3
3 3
4
1
3
3
4
1
x
x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
Nguyen nhan sai lam:
Cong thc
m
a a
x x m log log = , ch ung khi m nguyen, bai tren giai sai, bi v
2
3
= m khong phai la so nguyen.
Giai ung:
ieu kien:



< < -

4 6
2
x
x
Pt ) 6 ( log 3 ) 4 ( log 3 3 2 log 3
4
1
4
1
4
1
+ + - = - + x x x



+ = - =
- = =





= - -
= - +




+ - - = +
+ - = +

+ - = +
+ - = +
+ + - = - +
33 1 33 1
8 2
0 32 2
0 16 6
) 6 )( 4 ( ) 2 ( 4
) 6 )( 4 ( ) 2 ( 4
) 6 )( 4 ( 4 . 2
) 6 )( 4 ( log 4 . 2 log
) 6 ( log ) 4 ( log 1 2 log
2
2
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
Vay nghiem cua phng trnh la: 33 1 2 - = = x x

Sai lm khi gii cc bi ton tam thc bc hai
hi gii ton tam thc bc hai, cc sai lm xut hin do khng ch n gi thit ca cc nh l
m vi vng p dng hoc lm dng suy din nhng mnh khng ng hoc xt thiu
cc trng hp cn bin lun.
Th d 1: Tm m biu thc sau c ngha vi mi x:

2
( 1) 2( 1) 3 3 m x m x m + + .
Biu thc c ngha vi mi x khi v ch khi
2
( ) ( 1) 2( 1) 3 3 0 f x m x m x m x = + + >
' 2
0 1 0
0 ( 1) 3( 1)( 1) 0
x
a m
m m m
> + >


A s + s


1
1
1 1
2( 1)( 2) 0
2
m
m
m m
m m
m
>
>
> >
+ >

s

.
Ta c kt qu 1 m >
Nh rng
2
( ) 0 f x ax bx c x = + + >

'
0
0
0
0
a b
c
a
= =

>

>

A s

. Li gii xt thiu trng hp 0 a = .
Li gii ng l:
Biu thc c ngha vi mi x ( ) 0 f x x >
- Trng hp 1:
1 0 1
0
2( 1) 0 1
0
3 3 0 1
m m
a b
m m
c
m m
+ = =
= =
= =

>

> >

, khng c m tho mn.
- Trng hp 2:
'
0
1
0
a
m
>
>

A s

Tm li kt qu l 1 m > .
Th d 2: Tm m sao cho:
2
2
2 3 2
1 x R
2 2
x mx m
x mx
+ +
s e
+
(*).
(*)
2 2
2 3 2 2 2 x mx m x mx x R + + s + e
2 2
3 0 x R 0 m 12 0 12 0 x mx m m m + > e A s + s s s
Sai lm l nhn hai v vi
2
2 2 x mx + khi cha bit du ca biu thc ny.

Li gii ng l: V tri tn ti x R e
2
2 2 0 x mx x R + = e
2
2 2 0 x mx + = v nghim
2
0 16 0 4 4 m m A < < < < .
Khi
2
2 2 0 x mx x R + > e nn:
(*)
2 2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4
0 2 3 2 2 2 3 0
x m m
x mx m x mx x R x mx m x R
< < < < < <


A s + + s + e + > e


2
4 4 4 4
4 0
12 0 12 0
m m
m
m m m
< < < <
< s

s s + s



K
?
!
?
!
w
w
w
.
l
a
i
s
a
c
.
p
a
g
e
.
t
l

Th d 3: Bit rng (x;y) l nghim ca h:
2 2 2
6
x y m
x y m
+ =

+ = +

.
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc 6( ) F xy x y = + .
Ta c ( )
2
2 2 2 2
6 2 6 x y m x y xy m + = + + = +
2 2 2
2 6 3. m xy m xy m = + =
Do
2 2
3 6 ( 3) 12 F m m m = = .
Vy min 12 3. F m = = Khng c maxF v F l hm bc hai vi h s bc hai dng.
Li gii khng t iu kin tn ti x v y. Do xt F vi mi m R e .

Li gii ng l:
Ta c
2 2 2 2
6 3
x y m x y m
x y m xy m
+ = + =

+ = + =

.
Theo nh l Vit o th x, y l cc nghim ca phng trnh
2 2
3 0 t mt m + = (*).
Ta thy x, y tn ti khi v ch khi (*) c nghim
2
1
0 3 12 0 2 2 m m A > + > s s .
Khi
2
3 6 F m m = vi
| | 2; 2 me .
Lp bng bin thin ca F vi
| | 2; 2 me :
m -2 2 3
F







T ta c: min 11 = 2 F m =
max 13 2 F m = = .

Th d 4: Tm m sao cho phng trnh:
2 2
(2 1) 0 x m x m + + = ch c mt nghim tho mn 3 x >
Cch 1: Phng trnh c nghim duy nht 0 A = . Khi phng trnh c nghim
1 2
.
2
S
x x = = Do phng trnh ch c mt nghim tho mn 3 x >
2 2
1
4 1 0 (2 1) 4 0
4
5 2 1
5
3
2 2
2
m m m m
m
m
m

+ = = + =



+
> >

>

, khng c m tho mn bi ton.

Cch 2: Xt 3 trng hp:
- Trng hp 1:
1 2
1
0
4
3
5 3
2
2
m
x x
S
m

A = =


< =

>

>

, khng c m tho mn T.H ny.

- Trng hp 2:
2
1 2
(3) 0 6 6 0 3 3 3 3
5
3 3 3
2 1 5
2 3 3
2 2 2
af m m m
x x m
S m
m
s + s s s +

s < < s +
+
< > >


.
Tm li
5
; 3 3
2
m
| (
e +

(
\

?
!
13
-11
?
!

Cch 1 t ra ngi gii cha hiu cm t "ch c mt nghim" nn "phin dch" tng on
theo yu cu, thnh ra khc vi ngha ca bi ton. Nh cho: phng trnh ch c mt nghim x > 3
khng c ngha l phng trnh khng c c 2 nghim ! Cch 2 l li gii ca ngi hiu ng bi
ton nhng c gng lm gn 2 trng hp x
1
< 3< x
2
v 3 = x
1
< x
2
thnh mt trng hp
1 2
3 x x s < .
Tic rng khi vit iu kin "tng ng" vi yu cu ny li khng ng. Nh vy s b st trng
hp
1 2
3
2
S
x x < < < . Chnh v vy m vi m = 2 phng trnh tr thnh
2
1
5 4 0
4
x
x x
x
=
+ =

=

tho
mn bi ton, nhng m = 2 khng c trong kt lun ca cch gii th 2.
Li gii ng l:
Xt 3 trng hp:
- Trng hp 1:
1 2
1
0
4
3
5 3
2
2
m
x x
S
m

A = =


< =

>

>

, khng c m tho mn T.H ny.

- Trng hp 2:
2
1 2
(3) 0 6 6 0 3 3
3 3 3
2 1 5
3 3
2 2 2
f m m m
x x m
S m
m
= + = =

= < = +
+
< > >


.
- Trng hp 3:
2
1 2
3 (3) 0 6 6 0 3 3 3 3 x x af m m m < < < + < < < + .
Tm li:
(
3 3; 3 3 . m
(
e +



- Trng hp 3:
2
1 2
3 (3) 0 6 6 0 3 3 3 3 x x af m m m < < < + < < < + .
Tm li:
(
3 3; 3 3 . m
(
e +



Th d 5: Tm m sao cho phng trnh
2
2( 1) 1 0 mx m x m + + + = khng c nghim ngoi (-1; 1).
Phng trnh khng c nghim ngoi (-1; 1)
1 2
1 1 x x < s <
' 2
1
0 ( 1) ( 1) 0 0
(4 3) 0 ( 1) 0 3
3
1
0 4 (1) 0
4
0
1
1 1 1 1
1 2
1 1
x
m
m m m m
m m af
m
m
m af
m
m S
m m
m
>

A > + + > >

+ > >


<
s <
> >

<
+

< < < <
+
< <

C th thy vi m = 0 th phng trnh tr thnh ( )
1
2 1 0 1;1
2
x x + = = e nn m = 0 tho
mn. Ngoi ra li gii cn thiu c trng hp phng trnh v nghim.
Nh vy c li gii ng phi b sung thm trng hp a = 0 (th trc tip) v trng hp
'
0
0
x
a =

A <

.
p s ng l
3
4
m < hoc 0 m =



?
!
Vn 1: Sai lm khi tnh tch phn
1. i bin s nhng khng i cn.
VD1: tnh tch phn
4
2
0
1 I x dx

=
}
Gii:
Li gii sai: t sin x t = suy ra dx=costdt
4 4 4
2 2
0 0 0
1 cos 2 1
1 sin .cos . cos .
2 8 4
t
I t t dt t dt dt

+
= = = = +
} } }
Li gii ng:
t x = sint suy ra dx=costdt
0 0
sin
4 4
x t
x t arc

= =

= =

arcsin arcsin arcsin

4 4 4
2 2
0 0 0
1 cos 2
1 sin .cos . cos .
2
1 1
arcsin sin 2arcsin
2 4 4 4
t
I t t dt t dt dt


+
= = =
| |
= +
|
\ .
} } }
2. Khi i bin khng tnh vi phn
VD2: tnh
1
5
0
(2 1)
dx
I
x
=
+
}
Gii:
Li gii sai:
t t = 2x + 1
1 3
0 1
x t
x t
= =

= =

3 4
5 4
1
3
1 1 20
1
1 4 4 3 81
dt t
I
t

| |
= = = =
|
\ .
}
Li gii ng:
t t= 2x+1 suy ra dt= 2dx
1 3
0 1
x t
x t
= =

= =

3 4
5 4
1
3
1 1 10
1
1 2 8 8 3 81
dt t
I
t

| |
= = = =
|
\ .
}
3. Tnh nguyn hm sai, hiu sai bn cht cng thc
VD1: Tnh
2
0
.
x
I x e dx =
}
Gii:
* li gii sai:
t
' 1
'
x x
u x u
v e v e
= =

= =

,
2
2
0
2
1
0
x x
I xe e dx e = = +
}
*Li gii ng:
t
x x
u x du dx
dv e v e
= =

= =

,
2
2
0
2
1
0
x x
I xe e dx e = = +
}
Vn 2: sai lm khi chng minh ng thc tch phn
v d 1: cho n N e ; CMR ,
2
0
sin sin 0 I x nx dx

= + =
}
* Li gii sai:
xt f(x)=sin(sinx+nx) trn j 0; 2 ta c:
f(x) l hm lin tc trn j 0; 2 v
f(-x) = sin(sin(-x)-nx) = - f(x)
vy f(x) l hm l I=0
*Nguyn nhn sai lm: Hc sinh hiu sai nh l. Nu hm s f(x) l hm l,lin tc trn
[-a;a] th ,
a
a
f x dx

}
=0
* Li gii ng: t x y = +
, ,
2
0
sin sin sin sin I x nx dx y ny n dx

= + = + +
} }
=, , 1 sin sin
n
ny y dx

}
Mt khc ta c: g(y)=sin(ny-siny) xc nh trn j , l hm lin tc va
g(-y)=sin(-ny-sin(-y))=-sin(ny-siny)=-g(y) g(y) l hm l.
Vy th I=0
V d 2: cho hm s f lin tc trn j 0, . Hy so snh
,
0
sin I xf x dx

=
}
v ,
0
sin J f x dx

=
}
*Li gii sai:
Tch phn tng phn:
, , sin cos
u x du dx
dv f x dx v f x
= =

= =


, ,
0
cos cos
0
I xf x f x dx

= +
}
Do f lin tc /[0; ] , , ,
0
cos 0 0 cos f f I f x dx

= = =
}
(1)
M ,
0
sin
2
J f x dx

=
}
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c I J =
* Nguyn nhn sai lm:
Hc sinh khng hiu v hm lin tc, tch phn v vi phn.
* Li gii ng:
t x t = ta c:
, , , ,
0
0
sin sin I xf x dx t f t dt

= =
} }
, ,
0 0
sin sin f x dx xf x dx

=
} }
, ,
0 0
2 sin sin
2
I f x dx I f x dx

= =
} }
Vy ta c I=J
v d 3: Cho hm s f lin tc trn [a,b]. CMR tn ti t nht 1 im j , C a b e sao cho:
, , , ,
c b
a c
f x f c dx f c f x dx = ( (
} }
* Li gii sai.
Do f lin tc trn [a,b] f(x)-f(c)/ [a,c] bng f(x)-f(c) trn [b,c] vy ta c:
, , , , , ,
c c b
a b c
f x f c dx f x f c dx f c f x dx = = ( ( (
} } }
* Nguyn nhn sai lm:
Khng hiu v hm lin tc ln tnh tch phn sai.
* Li gii ng:
p dng nh l v gi tr trung bnh ca tch phn -t nht mt im j , C a b e sao cho:
, , , ,
b b
a a
f x dx f c b a f c dx = =
} }
, , , , , , 0
b c b
a a c
f x f c dx f x f c dx f x f c dx = + = ( ( (
} } }
Hay ta c: , , , ,
c b
a c
f x f c dx f c f x dx = ( (
} }
(PCM).
Vn : Sai lm khi tnh din tch hnh phng bng tch
phn
I. Kin thc chung
- Cho hm s , y f x = kh tch trn j ; a b . Khi din tch hnh phng gii hn bi: ox,
y = f(x) , x = a, x = b l : ,
b
a
S f x dx =
}
II. Nhng sai lm thng gp
1. S dng sai cng thc
VD1: tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi
2
9
0; 1; 4
y x
y x x
=

= = =

Li gii sai:
Din tch hnh phng l:
4
2 3
1
4
1
(9 ) 9 7
1 3
S x dx x x
| |
= = =
|
\ .
}
Sai lm: p dng sai cng thctnh din tch y
Li gii ng:
Din tch hnh phng l: 9
3
2
1
9 S x dx =
}
,
3 4
2 2
1 3
3 3
(9 ) 9
3 4
1 1 65 38
9 9 9
1 3 3 3 2 3
x dx x dx
x x x x
= +
| | | |
= + = =
| |
\ . \ .
} }
o 1 3 4 x
2. Xc nh khng chnh xc hnh cn tnh gii hn
VD: tnh din tch hnh gii hn bi:
2
0; 1
1; 0
y y
y x x
= =

= =

Li gii sai:
2
1 1 y x y x = =
0 1
1 2
y x
y x
= =
= =
Vy din tch hnh phng cn tm l:
,
2
3
2
1
2
2 2
1 1
1 3 3
S x dx x = = =
}
Sai lm: xc nh sai hnh cn tnh din tch do khng v ng gii hn
Li gii ng:
V hnh gii hn:
Vy din tch hnh gii hn l:
1 2
S S S = + vi :
2
1
1 1 S = =
,
,
2
3
2
2
1
2
2 1
1 1 1
1 3 3
4
3
S x dx x x
S
(
= = =
(

=
}
3. Xc nh sai hnh cn tnh gii hn.
VD: Tm din tch hnh gii hn bi:
,
,
2
1
2
2
2 1
6 9
3 5
;
2 2
y x x C
y x x C
x x

= + +

= + +

= =

y
Li gii sai:
,
1 2
2;1 C C =
1 2 3 x
Vy din tch ca hnh gii hn l:
, ,
, ,
5
2 2
2 2
3 2
2
3 3
1 3
2 5
1 1
2
1 3
3
3 3
2
2
1 1 1 1 7
3 24 24 3 12
S x dx x dx
x x
= +
= +
| | | |
= + + =
| |
\ . \ .
} }
Sai lm: Xc nh sai hnh cn tnh gii hn y=(x-1)
2
y=(x-3)
2
Li gii ng:
,
1 2
2;1 C C =
Din tch hnh gii hn l:
1 2
S S S = +
1 3 x
, ,
, ,
2
2 2
1
3
2
2
2
3
2
3 1
2
1
4 8 2 8
3
2
2
S x x dx
x dx x x
(
=

= + = + =
}
}
, ,
,
5
2
2 2
2
2
5
2
2
2
1 3
5
1
2
4 8 (2 8 )
2
2
S x x dx
x dx x x
(
=

= = =
}
}
Vy S =
1 1
1
2 2
+ =
Vn : D kin sai lm khi tnh th tch khi trn xoay bng tch phn.
I, cng thc:
1 2
Cho hnh phng gii hn bi
,
,
,
2
0
0
0
2
b
b
y f x
Vox f x dx
y
x a
Voy xf x dx
x b

=
=

=

=

=

=

}
}
Nu hnh phng gii hn bi
,
,
, ,
1
2 2 2
1 2
. 0
d
c
x f y x
x g y x
Voy x x dx
c y d
f y g y

= =

= =

s s

>

}
II, Mt s sai lm thng gp:
1. S dng cng thc b gi tr tuyt i:
v d 1: Tnh th tch hnh xuyn gy bi hnh trn , ,
2
2 2
0 x y b a a b + s < < quay
quanh trc 0x.
* Li gii sai: y
Phng trnh ng trn (C): ,
2
2 2
x y b a + = c th vit
,
,
,
,
2 2
2 1
2 2
2 2
2
y b a x C
y b a x x a
y b a x C

= +

= s

Vy th tch ca hnh xuyn l: x

, ,
2 2
2 2 2 2
a
a
Vox b a x b a x dx

| |
= +
|
\ .
}
2
2 a b =
* Sai lm: mc d kt qu ng nhng sai cng thc th tch:
,
2 2
1 2
b
a
Vox y y dx =
}
m
2 2
1 2
b
a
Vox y y dx =
}
.
* Li gii ng:
, ,
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
a
a
Vox b a x b a x dx a b

= + =
}
2. S dng nhmVoy
v d: Tnh Voy ca hnh
2
1
2
y x
x
x
=

* Li gii sai:
2 5
4
1
2
31
1 5 5
x
Voy x dx

= = =
}
* Sai lm: s dng cng thc
2
b
a
Voy y dx =
}
y l cng thc tnh din tch Vox. Vy
li gii b sai.
* Li gii ng.
2
2
1
15
2 .
2
Voy x x dx

= =
}


i vi cc bn hc sinh khi mi hc v ton t hp th t nhiu cng gp nhng kh khn
nht nh. Kh khn u tin gp phi l mt bi ton khng bit khi no s dng t hp,
khi no s dng chnh hp, tuy nhin kh khn ny s nhanh chng c gii quyt nu
ta bn cht ca t hp l sp xp tu ko c th t, cn chnh hp th c th t. Vn
ti nu trong bi vit ny l mt s sai lm c bn khi gii ton v t hp.

1. Sai lm 1: Nhm ln gia chnh hp v t hp.

Bi s 1: Mt t c 12 hc sinh n v 10 hc sinh nam. Cn chn ra 6 hc sinh ( 3 nam, 3
n) ghp thnh 3 i biu din vn ngh. Hi c bao nhiu cch ghp?

Li gii 1: - S cch chn th t 3 n trong 12 n l
3
12
A (cch)
- S cch chn th t 3 nam trong 10 nam l
3
10
A (cch)
- Vy s cch chn 3 i nam n l:
3
12
A
3
10
A (cch)
Li gii 2: - S cch chn 3 n trong 12 n l (cch)
3
12
C
- S cch chn 3 nam trong 10 nam l (cch)
3
10
C
- Vy s cch chn 3 i nam n l: (cch)
3
12
C
3
10
C

Li gii 3: - S cch chn 3 n trong 12 n l (cch)
3
12
C
- S cch chn 3 nam trong 10 nam l (cch)
3
10
C
- Do s cch chn 6 hc sinh ( 3 nam, 3 n) l: (cch)
3
12
C
3
10
C
- V mt i c hai bn ( 1 nam, 1 n) nn chn ra 1 bn nam(trong 3 bn nam) v
mt bn n( trong 3 bn n) th c: 3.3 = 9(cch)
- Vy s cch chn tho mn l: 9 (cch)
3
12
C
3
10
C

Li gii 4: - S cch chn 3 n trong 12 n l (cch)
3
12
C
- S cch chn 3 nam trong 10 nam l (cch)
3
10
C
- Do s cch chn 6 hc sinh ( 3 nam, 3 n) l: (cch)
3
12
C
3
10
C
- Trong 6 hc sinh chn ra th c 3! (cch) ghp gia cc i ny vi nhau(l hon
v ca 3 hc sinh nam hoc ca 3 hc sinh n)
- Vy s cch chn tho mn l: 3! (cch)
3
12
C
3
10
C

u l li gii ng?
Phn tch: - Li gii 1: R rng l sai v bi ton ko yu cu th t
- Li gii 2: Thiu s cch chn ghp thnh cc i
- Li gii 3: C v nh ng, tuy nhin bc cui nhm ln vic chn ra 3
i vi vic ch n thun chn ra 1 nam v 1 n
- Li gii 4: L li gii ng.
Upload by wWw.chuyenhungvuong.net

2. Sai lm 2: Cc phn t cn li tu trong tp cn li

Xin nu ra mt bi ton v cng n gin , nhng li c cc cch lm nh sau:

Bi s 2: Mt nhm 5 bn hc sinh A,B,C,D,E. Cn ch ra 3 bn th c bao nhiu cch chn?

Li gii 1: Chn 3 bn trong 5 bn l mt t hp chp 3 ca 5. S cch chn l (cch)
3
5
C

Li gii 2: - u tin chn 1 bn th c (cch)
1
5
C
- Tip theo chn 1 bn trong 4 bn cn li c (cch)
1
4
C
- Cui cng chn 1 bn cn li trong 3 bn th c (cch)
1
3
C
- Vy c (cch)
1
5
C
1
4
C
1
3
C
-
Li gii 3: - u tin chn 1 bn th c (cch)
1
5
C
- Tip theo chn 2 bn cn li trong 4 bn c (cch)
2
4
C
- Vy c (cch)
1
5
C
2
4
C

Li gii 4: - u tin chn 2 bn th c (cch)
2
5
C
- Tip theo chn 1 bn cn li trong 3 bn c (cch)
1
3
C
- Vy c (cch)
2
5
C
1
3
C

u l li gii ng?

Phn tch: Li gii 1: Tt nhin l li gii ng
Vy sai lm l g khin cc li gii cn li u sai?

Xin phn tch ci sai ca li gii 2:

u tin chn 1 bn trong 5 bn, d nhin l c 5 cch ri
+ Nu ln u chn A ( cn li B,C,D,E), ln 2 chn B( cn li C,D,E), ln 3 chn C th ta c
3 bn l A,B,C
+ Nu ln u chn B ( cn li A,C,D,E), ln 2 chn C( cn li A,D,E), ln 3 chn A th ta li
c 3 bn l A,B,C
.
Nh vy s cch chn ra 3 bn A,B,C b lp

Cc li gii cn li gii thch tng t. OK?






Bi s 3: Mt lp c 30 HS nam, 15 HS n. Chn ra mt nhm gm 6 HS sao cho c t nht 2
n th c bao nhiu cch chn?
Li gii 1 ( trc tip): Chia c th cc trng hp:
- TH1: 2 n, 4 nam: (cch)
2
15
C
4
30
C
- TH2: 3 n, 3 nam: (cch)
3
15
C
3
30
C
- TH3: 4 n, 2 nam: (cch)
4
15
C
2
30
C
- TH4: 5 n, 1 nam: (cch)
5
15
C
1
30
C
- TH5: 6 n: (cch)
6
15
C
Vy c tt c( cng 5 TH li)
Li gii 2 (gin tip)
- Bc 1: Chn 6 HS bt k: (cch)
6
45
C
- Bc 2: Chn 5 HS nam, 1 HS n: (cch)
5
30
C
1
15
C
- Bc 3: Chn 6 HS nam:
6
30
C
- vy s cch chn tho mn l: -( + ) (cch)
6
45
C
5
30
C
1
15
C
6
30
C
Li gii 3 ( C v hay v rt ngn v c o)
- Bc 1: Chn ra 2 n ( v c t nht l 2 n) c: (cch)
2
15
C
- Bc 2: Chn 4 bn cn li trong 43 bn c: (cch)
4
43
C
( Khi 6 bn c chnh lun tho mn c t nht 2 n)
- Vy c (cch)
2
15
C
4
43
C
u l li gii ng?
Phn tch: ( Xin dnh cho c gi, OK?)
3. Sai lm 3: Xt thiu cc trng hp trong bi ton gii bng phng php gin tip.
Bi s 4: T 20 cu hi trc nghim gm 9 cu d, 7 cu trung bnh v 4 cu kh ngi ta
chn ra 10 cu lm kim tra sao cho phi c c 3 loi d, trung bnh v kh.
Hi c th lp c bao nhiu kim tra ?
Gii
+ Loi 1: chn 10 cu ty trong 20 cu c C cch.
10
20
+ Loi 2: chn 10 cu ko tho mn u bi( c khng qu2trong 3 loi d, trung bnh v kh).
- Trng hp 1: chn 10 cu d v trung bnh trong 16 cu c cch.
10
16
C
- Trng hp 2: chn 10 cu d v kh trong 13 cu c cch.
10
13
C
- Trng hp 3: chn 10 cu trung bnh v kh trong 11 cu c cch.
10
11
C
Vy c kim tra.
10
( )
10 10 10
20 16 13 11
+ + = C C C C 176451
Tt nhin li gii trn l mt li gii ng. Tuy nhin ti mun chng ta bn lun cc sai lm
trong bi di y :
Bi s 5 : T 20 cu hi trc nghim gm 9 cu d, 7 cu trung bnh v 4 cu kh ngi ta
chn ra 7 cu lm kim tra sao cho phi c c 3 loi d, trung bnh v kh.
Hi c th lp c bao nhiu kim tra ?
Download ti liu hc tp, xem bi ging ti : http://aotrangtb.com
Ch rng so vi bi s 4 th bi s 5 ch thay i mt cht l thay v chn ra 10 cu th
chn ra 7 cu. Nghe qua th c v cch lm chng c g khc, tuy nhin s thay i c th
gy sai lm. Hy xem cc li gii sau :
Li gii 1 :
+ Loi 1: chn 7 cu ty trong 20 cu c cch.
7
20
C
+ Loi 2: chn 7 cu khng tha yu cu.
- Trng hp 1: chn 7 cu d trong 9 cu c cch.
7
9
C
- Trng hp 2: chn 7 cu trung bnh c 1 cch.
- Trng hp 3: chn 7 cu d v trung bnh trong 16 cu c cch.
7
16
C
- Trng hp 4: chn 7 cu d v kh trong 13 cu c cch.
7
13
C
- Trng hp 5: chn 7 cu trung bnh v kh trong 11 cu c cch.
7
11
C
Vy c
( )
7 7 7 7 7
20 9 16 13 11
C 1 C C C C 63997 + + + + = kim tra!
Li gii 2 :
+ Loi 1: chn 7 cu ty trong 20 cu c cch.
7
20
C
+ Loi 2: chn 7 cu khng tha yu cu.
- Trng hp 1: chn 7 cu d v trung bnh trong 16 cu c cch.
7
16
C
- Trng hp 2: chn 7 cu d v kh trong 13 cu c cch.
7
13
C
- Trng hp 3: chn 7 cu trung bnh v kh trong 11 cu c cch.
7
11
C
Vy c kim tra.
( )
7 7 7 7
20 16 13 11
C C C C 64034 + + =
Li gii 3 :
+ Loi 1: chn 7 cu ty trong 20 cu c cch.
7
20
C
+ Loi 2: chn 7 cu khng tha yu cu.
- Trng hp 1: 7 cu chn ra ch c 1 loi : ( l mt loi d hoc trung
bnh)
7
9
C C +
7
7
7
)
- Trng hp 2: 7 cu chn ra c hai loi :
* D v trung bnh : ( trong 16 cu d v TB th khi chn ra 7 cu
7 7
16 7 9
C (C C +
th 7 cu hoc thuc c 2 loi hoc ch thuc mt loi)
* D v kh :
7 7
13 9
C C
* Trung bnh v kh :
7 7
11 7
C C
Vy c kim tra.
( )
7 7 7 7 7
20 16 13 9 11
C C C C C 1 64071 + + =
u l li gii ng?


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