Piezoelectrics

Longitudinal
Velocity

d33

g33

Frequency
Constant

(cm/ sec)

R,

(10-12 m/v)

(10-3 vm/n)

(Hz-m)

Density
(g/cm3)

Acustic Impeadance

g/cm3-sec
(x105)

AlN

.488

N/A

N/A

N/A

2440

8.8

42.94

Barium Titanate

.564

1200

149

14.1

2740

5.55

33.5

PZT-2

.441

450

152

38.1

2090

7.6

31.3

PZT-4

.460

1300

289

26.1

2000

7.5

34.5

PZT-5A

.435

1700

380

24.8

1890

7.75

33.7

PZT-5H

.456

3400

593

19.7

2000

7.5

34.2

K180

.400

425

180

41

2006

7.7

31

K270

.406

1300

270

26

2032

7.5

31

K278

.406

1100

240

26

2032

7.5

31

K350

.396

1700

290

25

1981

7.7

30.5

K500

.396

2700

500

20

1981

7.6

30.5

K550

.408

3000

550

20

2032

7.8

31

K NTA

.417

170

62

40

2082

7.5

33

K N3B

.427

215

70

37

2134

7.65

33

K-81

.305

300

85

32

1524

6.2

19

K-83

.548

175

65

42

2743

4.5

24.5

K-85

.335

80

180

27

1676

5.7

18.5

PVDF

.220

12

33

339

1100

1.78

2.5

(Z-cut)

.773

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

4.64

34.0

(Y-cut)

.688

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

4.64

31.9

Lead Zirconate Titanate

Lead Titanate

Lead Metanlobate

Lithium Niobate

Sodium Bismuth
Titanate

140

18

15

2082

N/A

N/A

K15

.417

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

7.2

29

Lithium Sulfate (Ycut)

.546

10.3

15

165

2730

2.06

11.2

Quartz

.566

4.5

2.3

N/A

2830

6.82

15.2

Tourmaline

.754

7.5

N/A

N/A

3770

3.1

23.4

Transducer Characteristics
The sound field of an ultrasonic transducer operating at a single frequency is divided into a near field and a far field zone. The
transition between these zones occurs at a distance Yo+ (or N) and is sometimes referred to as the "natural focus" of a flat ( of
unfocused ) transducer. The near/far distance Yo+ is significant because amplitude variations that characterize the near field
(and can make flaw evaluation difficult) change to a smoothly declining amplitude as the distance from the transducer increases.
The tables presented here for unfocused and focused ultrasonic transducers represents a range of typical transducers. An
important column in the unfocused tables, Normal Range of Focusing, shows the normal range of focusing for immersion
transducers in water for both spherical and cylindrical lenses. The Down Field Focal Zone column shows the start and end of
the Yo+ maxima on the transducer axis as the distance from the transducer increases.
Spherical or cylindrical focusing changes the structure of the transducer field by "pulling" the Yo+ point nearer the transducer, to
the focal point of the transducer. Again, the Down Field Focal Zone column shows the beginning and end of the focal zone,
where the amplitude falls 6 dB below the maxima at the focal point.
It is important to note that the driving excitation normally used in NDT applications are either spike or rectangular pulsars, not
single frequency. They can significantly alter the results shown in both tables. Nonetheless, the supporting analysis is widely
used because it represents a reasonable approximation and a good starting point.

Unfocused
Frequency
(MHz)

Diamet
er (in.)

Focal
Length

6 dB
Spot Size

(in)

(in)

START

END (in)

(in)

Focal
Gain
SPHER.
(dB)

CYL.
(in)

1.00

1.00

2.50

.146

1.9

4.10

11.80

9.3

2.25

.500

1.50

.078

1.10

2.50

10.00

7.5

2.25

.750

2.00

.069

1.50

2.80

24.00

21.5

2.25

.750

3.00

.104

2.20

4.90

13.30

1.8

2.25

1.000

3.00

.078

2.30

3.90

27.90

25.4

2.25

1.000

5.00

.130

3.80

7.90

15.00

12.5

5.00

.250

.75

.035

.60

1.20

12.90

10.4

5.00

.375

1.00

.031

.80

1.30

26.50

24.0

5.00

.375

2.00

.062

1.50

3.50

8.30

5.8

5.00

.500

1.50

.035

1.20

1.90

30.20

27.7

5.00

.500

3.00

.070

2.20

4.90

12.90

1.4

5.00

.750

2.00

.031

1.60

2.20

39.20

36.7

5.00

.750

4.00

.062

3.10

5.40

40

24.0

5.00

.750

6.00

.094

4.60

9.40

16.20

13.7

5.00

1.000

3.00

.035

2.50

3.30

41.40

38.9

5.00

1.000

4.00

.047

3.20

4.60

37.50

35.0

5.00

1.000

6.00

.070

4.70

7.60

3.20

27.7

10.00

.125

.38

.018

.30

.60

12.90

10.4

10.00

.250

.75

.018

.60

1.00

30.20

27.7

10.00

.250

1.50

.035

1.10

2.40

12.90

10.4

10.00

.375

1.00

.016

.80

1.10

39.20

36.7

10.00

.375

2.00

.031

1.50

2.70

26.50

24.0

10.00

.375

3.00

.047

2.30

4.70

16.20

13.7

10.00

.500

1.50

.018

1.20

1.60

41.40

38.9

10.00

.500

3.00

.035

2.30

3.80

30.20

27.7

10.00

.500

5.00

.059

3.80

7.60

17.90

15.4

10.00

.750

3.00

.023

2.50

3.20

42.80

40.3

10.00

.750

4.00

.031

3.20

4.50

39.20

36.7

10.00

.750

6.00

.047

4.70

7.40

32.50

30.0

15.00

.125

.50

.016

.40

.80

16.20

13.7

15.00

.250

.75

.012

.60

.90

37.50

35.0

15.00

.250

1.50

.023

1.20

2.10

23.70

21.2

15.00

.375

1.50

.016

1.20

1.70

39.20

36.7

15.00

.375

2.50

.026

2.00

3.20

30.40

27.9

15.00

.375

4.00

.042

3.10

6.00

19.30

16.8

20.00

.125

.50

.012

.40

.70

23.70

21.2

20.00

.125

.75

.018

.60

1.20

12.90

10.4

20.00

.250

.75

.009

.60

.80

41.40

38.9

20.00

.250

1.50

.018

1.20

1.90

3.20

27.7

20.00

.250

3.00

.035

2.20

4.90

12.90

10.4

Focused Transducers
Frequency

Dia.

Diameter/
wavelength

Beam
Spread

6 dB
Spot
Size at
Yo+
(in)

(MHz)

Near
Field

Normal Range of
Focusing

Down Field Focal Zone

(6dB)

Yo+

MIN

MAX

START

END

(in)

(in)

(in)

(in)

(in)

(Degrees)

(in)

.50

.750

6.410

8.947

.188

1.202

Yo+

Yo+

.719

2.322

.50

1.000

8.547

6.707

.250

2.137

Yo+

Yo+

1.279

4.128

1.00

.750

12.821

4.470

.188

2.404

1.619

1.923

1.438

4.644

1.00

1.000

17.094

3.352

.250

4.274

2.158

3.419

2.557

8.255

2.25

.250

9.615

5.961

.063

.601

Yo+

Yo+

.360

1.161

2.25

.375

14.423

3.973

.094

1.352

.809

1.082

.809

2.612

2.25

.500

19.231

2.980

.125

2.404

1.079

1.9923

1.438

4.644

2.25

.750

28.846

1.986

.188

5.409

1.619

4.327

3.237

10.448

2.25

1.000

38.462

1.490

.250

9.615

2.158

7.692

5.754

18.574

5.00

.250

21.368

2.682

.063

1.335

.540

1.068

.799

2.580

5.00

.375

32.051

1.788

.094

3.005

.809

2.404

1.798

5.804

5.00

.500

42.735

1.341

.125

5.342

1.079

4.274

3.197

10.319

5.00

.750

64.103

.894

.188

12.019

1.619

9.615

7.192

23.218

5.00

1.000

85.470

.670

.250

21.368

2.158

17.094

12.786

41.276

10.00

.125

21.368

2.682

.031

.668

.270

.534

.400

1.290

10.00

.250

42.735

1.341

.063

2.671

.540

2.137

1.598

5.160

10.00

.375

64.103

.894

.094

6.010

.809

4.808

3596

11.609

10.00

.500

85.470

.670

.125

10.684

1.079

8.547

6.393

20.638

10.00

.750

128.205

.447

.188

24.038

1.619

19.231

14.385

46.436

10.00

1.000

170.940

.335

.250

42.735

2.158

34.188

25.573

82.553

15.00

.125

32.051

1.788

.031

1.002

.270

.801

.599

1.935

15.00

.250

64.103

.894

.063

4.006

.540

3.205

2.397

7.739

15.00

.375

96.154

.596

.094

9.014

.809

7.212

5.394

17.413

20.00

.125

42.735

1.341

.031

1.335

.270

1.068

.799

2.580

20.00

.250

85.470

.670

.063

5.342

.540

4.274

3.197

10.319

Metals

Longitudinal
Velocity

Shear
Velocity

Surface
Velocity

Density
g/cm3

Acoustic
Impedance
g/cm2-secx10

cm/
s

in/ s

cm/
s

in/
s

cm/
s

in/
s

Aluminum

.632

.2488

.313

.1232

N/A

N/A

2.70

17.10

AL 1100-0
(2SO)

.635

.25

.310

.122

.290

.114

2.71

17.20

AL 2014
(14S)

.632

.2488

.307

.1209

N/A

N/A

2.80

17.80

AL 2024 T4
(24ST)

.637

.2508

.316

.1244

.295

.116

2.77

17.60

AL 2117 T4
(17ST)

.650

.2559

.312

.1228

N/A

N/A

2.80

18.20

Bearing
Babbit

.230

.0906

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

1.10

23.20

Beryllium

1.29

.5079

.888

.3496

.787

.310

1.82

23.50

Bismuth

.218

.0858

.110

.0433

N/A

N/A

9.80

21.40

Brass

.428

.1685

.230

.0906

N/A

N/A

8.56

36.70

Brass,
Half Hard

.383

.1508

.205

.0807

N/A

N/A

8.10

31.02

Brass, Naval

.443

.1744

.212

.0835

.195

.0770

8.42

37.3

Bronze,
Phospho

.353

.139

.223

.0878

.201

.0790

8.86

31.28

Cadmium

.278

.1094

.150

.0591

N/A

N/A

8.64

24.02

Cesium
(28.5 C)

.0967

.0381

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

1.88

1.82

Columbium

.492

.1937

.210

.0827

N/A

N/A

8.57

42.16

Constantan

.524

.2063

.104

.0409

N/A

N/A

8.88

46.53

Copper

.466

.1835

.0890

.035

.193

.0760

8.93

41.61

Gallium

.274

.1079

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

5.95

16.3

Germanium

.541

.213

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

5.47

29.59

Gold

.324

.1276

.120

.0472

N/A

N/A

19.32

62.6

Hafnium

.384

.1512

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Inconel

.572

.2252

N/A

N/A

.279

.110

8.25

47.19

Indium
(156 C)

.222

.0874

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

7.30

16.21

Iron

.590

.2323

.323

.1272

.279

.110

7.70

45.43

Iron, Cast

.480

.189

.240

.0945

N/A

N/A

7.80

37.44

Lead

.216

.085

.070

.0276

.0630

.0248

11.4

24.62

Lead, 5%
Antinomy

.217

.0854

.081

.0319

.0740

.0291

1.9

23.65

Magnesium

.631

.2484

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

1.74

10.98

Magnesium
(AM-35)

.579

.228

.310

.122

.287

.113

1.74

10.07

Magnesium
(FS-1)

.547

.2154

.303

.1193

N/A

N/A

1.69

9.24

Magnesium
(J-1)

.567

.2232

.301

.1185

N/A

N/A

1.70

9.64

Magnesium
(M)

.576

.2268

.309

.1217

N/A

N/A

1.75

10.08

Magnesium
(O-1)

.580

.2283

.304

.1197

N/A

N/A

1.82

10.56

Magnesium
(ZK-60A-TS)

.571

.2248

.305

.1201

N/A

N/A

1.83

10.45

Manganese

.466

.1835

.235

.0925

N/A

N/A

7.39

34.44

Molybdenum

.629

.2476

.335

.1319

.311

.122

10.2

64.16

Monel

.602

.237

.272

.1071

.196

.0772

8.83

53.16

Nickel

.563

.2217

.296

.1165

.264

.104

8.88

49.99

Platinum

.396

.1559

.167

N/A

N/A

N/A

21.4

84.74

Plutonium

.179

.0705

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

28.2

Plutonium
(1% Gallium)

.182

.0717

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

28.6

Potassium
(100 C)

.182

.0717

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

.83

1.51

Radium

.0822

.0324

.111

.0437

.103

.0404

5.0

4.11

Rubidium

.126

.0496

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

1.53

1.93

Silver

.360

.1417

.159

.0626

N/A

N/A

1.5

37.8

Silver, Nickel

.462

.1819

.232

.0913

.169

.0665

8.75

40.43

Silver,
German

.476

.1874

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

8.70

41.41

Steel, 302
Cres

.566

.2228

.312

.1228

.312

.123

8.03

45.45

Steel, 347
Cres

.574

.226

.309

.1217

N/A

N/A

7.91

45.4

Steel, 410
Cres

.739

.2909

.299

.1177

.216

.0850

7.67

56.68

Steel, 1020

.589

.2319

.324

.1276

N/A

N/A

7.71

45.41

Steel, 1095

.590

.2323

.319

.1256

N/A

N/A

7.80

46.02

Steel, 4150,
Rc14

.586

.2307

.279

.1098

N/A

N/A

7.84

45.94

Steel, 4150,
Rc18

.589

.2319

.318

.1252

N/A

N/A

7.82

46.06

Steel, 4150,
Rc43

.587

.2311

.320

.126

N/A

N/A

7.81

45.84

Steel, 4150,
Rc64

.582

.2291

.277

.1091

N/A

N/A

7.80

45.4

Steel, 4340

.585

.2303

.128

.0504

N/A

N/A

7.80

45.63

Tantalum

.410

.1614

.114

.0449

N/A

N/A

16.6

68.06

Thallium
(302 C)

.162

.0638

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

11.9

19.28

Thorium

.240

.0945

.156

.0614

N/A

N/A

11.3

27.12

Tin

.332

.1307

.167

.0657

N/A

N/A

7.29

24.2

Titanium

.607

.239

.331

.1303

N/A

N/A

4.50

27.32

Titanium
Carbide

.827

.3256

.516

.2031

N/A

N/A

5.15

42.59

Tungsten

.518

.2039

.287

.113

.265

.104

19.25

99.72

Uranium

.338

.1331

.196

.0772

N/A

N/A

18.9

63.88

Uranium
Dioxide

.518

.2039

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

6.03

31.24

Vanadium

.600

.2362

.278

.1094

N/A

N/A

6.03

36.18

Zinc

.417

.1642

.0949

.0374

N/A

N/A

7.10

29.61

Zircaloy

.472

.1858

.093

.0366

N/A

N/A

9.03

42.6

Zirconium

.465

.1831

.0886

.0349

N/A

N/A

6.48

30.1

Liquids

Velocity, Longitudinal

Acoustic
Impedance
Density
(g/cm2-sec (x105)

(g/cm3)

cm/s

in/s

Acetate, Butyl (n)

.127

.05

.871

1.02

Acetate, Ethyl

.118

.0465

.900

1.6

Acetate, Methyl

.115

.0453

.928

1.07

Acetate, Propyl

.118

.0465

.891

1.05

Acetone

.117

.0461

.790

.929

Acetonitrile

.129

.0508

.783

1.01

Acetonyl Acetone

.140

.0551

.729

1.359

Acetylendicloride

.102

.0402

1.26

1.280

Alcohol, Butyl

.124

.0488

.810

1.003

Alcohol, Ethyl

.118

.0465

.789

.93

Alcohol, Furfuryl

.145

.0571

1.135

1.645

Alcohol, Methyl

.112

.0441

.792

.889

Alcohol, Propyl (i)

.117

.0461

.786

.919

Alcohol, Propyl (n)

.122

.048

.804

.983

Alcohol, t-Amyl

.120

.0472

.810

.976

Alkazene 13

.132

.052

.860

1.132

Analine

.169

.0665

1.022

1.675

Benzene

.130

.0512

.870

1.129

Benzol

.133

.0524

.878

1.16

Benzol, Ethyl

.134

.0528

.868

1.16

Bromoform

.092

.0362

2.890

2.670

Butylene Glycol (2.3)

.148

.0583

1.019

1.511

Butyrate, Ethyl

.117

.0461

.877

1.03

Carbitol

.146

.0575

.988

1.431

Carbon Bisulfide

.116

.0457

N/A

N/A

Carbon Disulfide

.115

.0453

1.26

1.449

Carbon Tetracloride

.093

.0366

1.595

1.478

Castor Oil

.148

.0583

.969

1.430

Chlorobenzene

.130

.0512

1.10

1.432

Chloroform

.0987

.0389

1.49

1.471

Cylclohexanol

.145

.0571

.962

1.40

Cyclohexanone

.142

.0559

.948

1.391

Diacetyl

.124

.0488

.990

1.222

Dichloroisobutane (1,3)

.122

.048

1.14

1.390

Diesel Oil

.125

.0492

N/A

N/A

Diethylene Glycol

.158

.0622

1.116

1.770

Diethyl Ketone

.131

.0516

.813

1.07

Dimethyl Phthalate

.146

.0575

1.20

1.758

d-Fenchone

.132

.052

.940

1.241

Dioxane

.138

.0543

.1033

1.425

Dipheynyl in diphenyl oxide

26.5%

.150

.0591

N/A

N/A

Ethanol Amide

.172

.0677

1.018

1.755

Ethyl Acetate

.199

.0783

.90

1.069

Ethyl Ether

.0986

.0388

.713

.702

Ethylene Glycol

.166

.0654

1.113

1.847

Fluorosilicone Oil Dow FS1265

.076

.0299

N/A

N/A

Formamide

.162

.0638

1.134

1.842

Furfural

.145

.0571

1.157

1.670

Gasoline

.125

.0492

.803

1.00

Glycerin

.192

.0756

1.26

2.42

Gravity Fuel Oil AA

.149

.0587

.99

1.472

Isopentane

.0992

.0391

.62

.615

Kerosene

.132

.052

.81

1.072

Linalool

.140

.0551

.884

1.23

Linseed Oil

.177

.0697

.922

1.63

Mercury 20 C

.142

.0559

13.87

19.7

Mesityloxide

.131

.0516

.85

1.115

Methylenthylketone

.121

.0476

.805

.972

Methyl Iodide

.098

.0386

N/A

N/A

Methyl Napthalene

.151

.0594

1.090

1.645

Mathyl Acetate

.121

.0476

.934

1.131

Monochlorobenzene

.127

.05

1.107

1.411

Morpholine

.144

.0567

1.000

1.442

Motor Oil (SAE 20)

.174

.0685

.870

1.51

M-xylol

.132

.052

.864

1.145

n-Hexanol

.130

.0512

.819

1.065

Nitrobenzene

.146

.0575

1.2

1.758

Nitromethane

.133

.0524

1.13

1.504

Olive Oil

.143

.0563

.948

1.391

Paraffin Oil

.142

.0559

.835

1.86

Paraffin (15 C)

.130

.0512

N/A

N/A

Peanut Oil

.146

.0575

.936

1.365

Pentane

.101

.0398

.621

.626

Petroleum

.129

.0508

.825

1.07

Polypropylene oxide (38 C)

Ambiflo

.137

.0539

N/A

N/A

Polypropylene glycol (38 C)

(Polyglycol P-400)

.130

.0512

N/A

N/A

Polypropylene glycol (38 C)

(Polyglycol P-1200)

.130

.0512

N/A

N/A

Polypropylene glycol (38 C)

(Polyglycol P-400)

.157

.0618

N/A

N/A

Pyridine

.141

.0555

.982

1.39

Salt Solution (10%)

.147

.0579

N/A

N/A

Salt Solution (15%)

.153

.0602

N/A

N/A

Salt Solution (20%)

.160

.063

N/A

N/A

Silicone (30 centipoise)

.099

.039

.993

.985

Silicone Oil (25 C) Dow 710 Fluid

.135

.0531

N/A

N/A

Solvessa #3

.137

.0539

.877

.201

Sperm Oil

.144

.0567

.88

1.268

Tallow (16 C)

.039

.0154

N/A

N/A

tert Butyl Chloride

.098

.0386

.84

.827

Tetraethylene Glycol

.158

.0622

1.12

1.784

Transformer Oil

.139

.0547

.92

1.28

Trichlorethylene

.105

.0413

1.05

.413

Triethylene Glycol

.161

.0634

1.123

1.975

Turpentine

.128

.0504

.893

1.14

Univis 800

.135

.0531

.870

1.191

Water (20 C)

.148

.0583

1.00

1.483

Water D2O

.140

.0551

1.104

1.54

Water (Sea)

.153

.0602

1.025

1.572

Xylene Hexaflouride

.088

.0346

1.37

1.205