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RECENT RESULTS ON CHARGE DENSITY WAVES: tunneling via quantum interference eect and Zeeman splitting of soliton dipoles

logo_cnrs1.jpg (JPEG Image, 147x76 pixels)

Rgis Mlin

http://neel.cnrs.fr/IMG

Seminar is divided in two parts related to experiments on CDWs carried out in Grenoble in the group of

P. Monceau

A) Results obtained in collaboration with carried out by

S. Duhot CDW nanoscale experiments Yu. I. Latyshev, A.A. Sinchenko

on

J.C. Lasjaunias (Grenoble), S. ble), K. Biljakovic (Zagreb). Red: collaboration; Blue: discussions

B) Discussion of recent results on the

heat relaxation experiments carried out by: Sahling (Dresden), G. Remenyi (Greno-

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E 1D metal 0 E 1D metal + lattice distorsions = charge density wave Small density Large density 0 Gapped excitations Ground state No gap in the excitation spectrum

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Introduction: what about a SQUID with CDWs ?

Let's rst look at a squid with superconductors within lowest order processes in the Josephson junction transparencies:
e e e e FLUX e e e e
Pair phase factor

e e e e e e e e

Z Z Z A.dr ie/h A.dr = exp 2ie/h A.dr exp ie/h

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Squid with a CDW ?

e h e h FLUX e h h e
Electron-hole phase factor

e h h h h e
A.dr + ie/h

e e

exp ie/h

A.dr = exp (0) = 1

Somewhat heuristic naive picture because the current-phase relation is dierent in superconductors and CDWs + geometrical constraints.

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OK, let's look at the Latyshev experiment !

Columnar defects

Direction of current flow

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Top view of the Latyshev experiment

Nanoholes

Columnar defects

Direction of current flow

Direction of current flow

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More realistic point of view

Damaged area Nanoholes

Columnar defects

Direction of current flow

Direction of current flow

Level spacing P eierls of the normal damaged region because

Nanohole diameter CDW coherence length 10 nm

8

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Experimental data

Latyshev, Laborde, Monceau, Klaumnzer, PRL 78, 919 ('97)

h/2eperiodic
something else ?

oscillations.

So, is it a SQUID (ie phase coherence + collective motion) or

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Any manifestation of a collective quantum mechanical ground state in charge density waves ? Question 1: Any signature of quantum mechanics at very low temperature ? Answer 1: Specic heat experiments, excitations of CDW as classical, no genuine evidence of
tunneling (exp: Lasjaunias et al.).

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Any manifestation of a collective quantum mechanical ground state in charge density waves ? Question 1: Any signature of quantum mechanics at very low temperature ? Answer 1: Specic heat experiments, excitations of CDW as classical, no genuine evidence of
tunneling (exp: Lasjaunias et al.).

Question 2: Answer 2:
over current beyond

What about probing phase coherence in a CDW by the Josephson eect in

S-CDW-S junctions ? Mesoscopic CDW can be depinned by the Josephson eect ? Connection with crossed Andreev reection in N-S-N junctions

no

Josephson

through a CDW (exp on CDWs: Sinchenko and Monceau), Josephson current

SDW

through a SDW.

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Any manifestation of a collective quantum mechanical ground state in charge density waves ? Question 1: Any signature of quantum mechanics at very low temperature ? Answer 1: Specic heat experiments, excitations of CDW as classical, no genuine evidence of
tunneling (exp: Lasjaunias et al.).

Question 2: Answer 2:
over current beyond

What about probing phase coherence in a CDW by the Josephson eect in

S-CDW-S junctions ? Mesoscopic CDW can be depinned by the Josephson eect ? Connection with crossed Andreev reection in N-S-N junctions

no

Josephson

through a CDW (exp on CDWs: Sinchenko and Monceau), Josephson current

SDW

through a SDW. Any signature of the CDW condensate in transport properties, maybe in the

Question 3: Answer 3:

Latyshev experiment ? Not a 1D ring geometry ! Weak localization-like eects

h/2e

oscillations the magnetoresistance. Con-

nection with non standard features of localization, and with superconducting hybrids.

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Outline
A) NIN and NSN structures beyond lowest order perturbation in the interface transparencies A.1. Normal tunnel junctions: already a collective channel A.2. Weak localization-like tunneling in NSN trilayers: collective channel probed by a phase gradient B) Subgap tunneling via quantum interference eect in charge density waves B.1. Weak localization-like subgap tunneling picture B.2. Comparison with the Latyshev experiment, main results on the Delft experiment with superconductors C) Josephson eect through a charge density wave B.1. Charge density wave B.2. Spin density wave D) Energy relaxation in spin density waves D.1. A single strong pinning impurity: two level systems versus Schottky anomaly D.1.1 Experiments (Lasjaunias, Biljakovic, Monceau et al): Cp (T ) T 2 specic heat as for two-level systems D.1.2 Theory: Generalization of the Larkin-Ovchinnikov level splitting for local defects in a CDW. D.2. Coupling to a magnetic eld in a commensurate spin density wave D.2.1 Recent experiments (Lasjaunias, Sahling, Remenyi): evidence of a new ground state after the application of a magnetic eld D.2.2 Theory: transition to a density wave glass with a random phase and spin degrees of freedom on the solitons

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A) NIN and NSN structures beyond lowest order perturbation in the interface transparencies A.1. Normal tunnel junctions: already a collective channel A.2. Weak localization-like tunneling in NSN trilayers: collective channel probed by a phase gradient B) Subgap tunneling via quantum interference eect in charge density waves B.1. Weak localization-like subgap tunneling picture B.2. Comparison with the Latyshev experiment, main results on the Delft experiment with superconductors C) Josephson eect through a charge density wave B.1. Charge density wave B.2. Spin density wave D) Energy relaxation in spin density waves D.1. A single strong pinning impurity: two level systems versus Schottky anomaly D.1.1 Experiments (Lasjaunias, Biljakovic, Monceau et al): Cp (T ) T 2 specic heat as for two-level systems D.1.2 Theory: Generalization of the Larkin-Ovchinnikov level splitting for local defects in a CDW. D.2. Coupling to a magnetic eld in a commensurate spin density wave D.2.1 Recent experiments (Lasjaunias, Sahling, Remenyi): evidence of a new ground state after the application of a magnetic eld D.2.2 Theory: transition to a density wave glass with a random phase and spin degrees of freedom on the solitons

Outline

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A.1.) Normal tunnel junctions

Hypothesis about the insulator: BCS-like dispersion relation populated by genuine electrons and holes
Empty states

Energy

Wavevector

k F

Filled states

kF

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Let' come back to the Caroli et al. transport formula: an electron can be transmitted from left to right across the insulator, and at the same time a hole is transmitted from right to left.
e
time t1
A G,

time t2

a,a h N a

GR , I b

b,b h N

The electron and hole can bounce at the interfaces

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N e

I e

N
Local

bouncing at one interface

+ N I N
Boucing involving + ... both interfaces

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A) Processes not coupling to a magnetic ux

Direct propagation, no bouncing e h Local bouncing at one interface

e h N Magnetic flux

B) Weak localization-like processes with h/2e-periodic magnetoconductance

The hole bounces between the two interfaces e h h N I h N

Weak localization-like loops across the entire structure. Advanced-Advanced and Retarded-Retarded transmission modes. h/2e modulations of the conductance.
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A) NIN and NSN structures beyond lowest order perturbation in the interface transparencies A.1. Normal tunnel junctions: already a collective channel A.2. Weak localization-like tunneling in NSN trilayers: collective channel probed by a phase gradient B) Subgap tunneling via quantum interference eect in charge density waves B.1. Weak localization-like subgap tunneling picture B.2. Comparison with the Latyshev experiment, main results on the Delft experiment with superconductors C) Josephson eect through a charge density wave B.1. Charge density wave B.2. Spin density wave D) Energy relaxation in spin density waves D.1. A single strong pinning impurity: two level systems versus Schottky anomaly D.1.1 Experiments (Lasjaunias, Biljakovic, Monceau et al): Cp (T ) T 2 specic heat as for two-level systems D.1.2 Theory: Generalization of the Larkin-Ovchinnikov level splitting for local defects in a CDW. D.2. Coupling to a magnetic eld in a commensurate spin density wave D.2.1 Recent experiments (Lasjaunias, Sahling, Remenyi): evidence of a new ground state after the application of a magnetic eld D.2.2 Theory: transition to a density wave glass with a random phase and spin degrees of freedom on the solitons

Outline

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B.1.) Tunneling via quantum interference eect in CDWs

B z y 0 x current flow

chain (3)

(a)

0 nanohole

x (b)

chain (2) chain (1)

Sliding motion far away from the nanohole converted in electron tunneling around the nanohole Charge accumulation in the interrupted chains
e I= h
0

T ( )d( ) with > subgap tunneling for < .

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Subgap tunneling transmission coecient

chain (3) chain (2) chain (1)
x

y(2) x(2) 0 0 A R A

A A

(2) x1 y1(2)

A R

R
h/2eperiodic. What about small interchain couplings ?

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Normal region around a nanohole

As pointed out by Visscher et al. in their '00 Random Matrix Theory paper, the damaged normal region around the nanohole is normal.

Nanohole A R R

Normal region around the nanohole A A R R A R

A R A A

Advancedretarded transmission mode Advancedadvanced transmission mode

The level spacing plays the role of a gap and the previous model still applies. for a normal region of size . Moreover even with disoder, Hikami boxes contain advanced-advanced and retarded-retarded diusion modes standard weak localization does not apply.
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B.2.) Comparison with the Latyshev experiment

1. Absence of magnetoresistance oscillations without nanoholes 2. Absence of magnetoresistance oscillations with nanoholes but without sliding motion 3. h/2e magnetoresistance oscillations with nanoholes and with sliding motion 4. Positive magnetoresistance at low eld with nanoholes 5. Magnetoresistance oscillations at high temperature (52 K) because the energy/temperature scale is or .

Conclusion:
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The model of 1D insulators and the model of normal region suggest that the CDW condensate is not involved.
23

To conclude this part of the seminar:

It looks like weak localization-like subgap tunneling is the clue to the Latyshev

experiment. The mechanism relies on the sliding motion (emission of quasiparticles) and on the quasi-one dimensionality (charge accumulation). But the tunneling event in itself does not couple to collective motion (tunneling through the damaged region of size ).

So, the Latyshev experiment does not probe the quantum mechanical CDW ground state. Any possibility of probing phase coherence of a CDW: Josephson eect through a CDW (or a SDW) ?

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A) NIN and NSN structures beyond lowest order perturbation in the interface transparencies A.1. Normal tunnel junctions: already a collective channel A.2. Weak localization-like tunneling in NSN trilayers: collective channel probed by a phase gradient B) Subgap tunneling via quantum interference eect in charge density waves B.1. Weak localization-like subgap tunneling picture B.2. Comparison with the Latyshev experiment, main results on the Delft experiment with superconductors C) Josephson eect through a charge density wave B.1. Charge density wave B.2. Spin density wave D) Energy relaxation in spin density waves D.1. A single strong pinning impurity: two level systems versus Schottky anomaly D.1.1 Experiments (Lasjaunias, Biljakovic, Monceau et al): Cp (T ) T 2 specic heat as for two-level systems D.1.2 Theory: Generalization of the Larkin-Ovchinnikov level splitting for local defects in a CDW. D.2. Coupling to a magnetic eld in a commensurate spin density wave D.2.1 Recent experiments (Lasjaunias, Sahling, Remenyi): evidence of a new ground state after the application of a magnetic eld D.2.2 Theory: transition to a density wave glass with a random phase and spin degrees of freedom on the solitons

Outline

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Absence of Josephson current through a charge density wave

CDW chains S CDW or SDW

What is the distance between the superconductors for establishing a Josephson effect ?
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Andreev reection at a NS interface

h Normal metal * * h * * * e * * h e * * e Superconductor

Energy of an electron-hole pair arriving on an impurity at zero bias: Vimp(e, h,) = 0 electron-hole pairs do not dephase at zero bias

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S-CDW-S junction
A maximum in the electron density corresponds to a minimum in the hole density:
e, = 0 + 1 cos(Qx + ) and h, = 0 1 cos(Qx + )

We deduce Vimp(e, h,) = 0 dephasing of electron-hole pair by a single impurity. Conrmed by microscopic calculations of the diusion modes.

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e h

e h

*
SPINDOWN HOLE

time t1

g ,
R g , SPINUP ELECTRON

time t2

IS

a,a a

b,b

=0

CDW

What about spin density waves ?

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Spin density waves

e,(x) = 0 + 1 cos(Qx + ) e,(x) = 0 1 cos(Qx + )

(x)

spinup

spindown x
Therefore e,(x) = h,(x) Andreev pairs do not dephase. The two superconducting electrodes can be separated by SDW .
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Comparison with experiments (Synchenko, Monceau, JPCM '03)

Maximum of resistance for a S-CDW junction without insulating barriers (curves c, d, e) no penetration of Andreev pairs in a CDW.
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Conclusion of this part of the seminar:

What about going to very low temperatures ?

.... The Josephson eect provides no evidence of phase coherence of a CDW.

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A) NIN and NSN structures beyond lowest order perturbation in the interface transparencies A.1. Normal tunnel junctions: already a collective channel A.2. Weak localization-like tunneling in NSN trilayers: collective channel probed by a phase gradient B) Subgap tunneling via quantum interference eect in charge density waves B.1. Weak localization-like subgap tunneling picture B.2. Comparison with the Latyshev experiment, main results on the Delft experiment with superconductors C) Josephson eect through a charge density wave B.1. Charge density wave B.2. Spin density wave D) Energy relaxation in spin density waves D.1. A single strong pinning impurity: two level systems versus Schottky anomaly D.1.1 Experiments (Lasjaunias, Biljakovic, Monceau et al): Cp (T ) T 2 specic heat as for two-level systems D.1.2 Theory: Generalization of the Larkin-Ovchinnikov level splitting for local defects in a CDW. D.2. Coupling to a magnetic eld in a commensurate spin density wave D.2.1 Recent experiments (Lasjaunias, Sahling, Remenyi): evidence of a new ground state after the application of a magnetic eld D.2.2 Theory: transition to a density wave glass with a random phase and spin degrees of freedom on the solitons

Outline

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D.1.1. A single strong pinning impurity. D.1.1 The experiments: The sample is connected to a thermal reservoir by a weak link
used to warm the system. The temperature of the sample measured as a function of time for dierent values of a the heat pulse

Q(t)

Thermometer

Sample

weak link Q(t)

Reservoir

0 T(t) T0

Thermal

tw
Experimental signal

time

0
The system is equilibrated at

tw

tw +

time

T0

! (interrupted ageing). The waiting time

tw

can be longer than

the longest relaxation time (equilibrium relaxation).

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Pinning of a CDW (or SDW)

At low temperature the phase of the CDW is frozen except for localized phase defects. energy is the result of 1. The elastic energy that penalizes large phase gradients. 2. The commensuration energy that tends to x the phase to the discrete values The

..., 0, 2, 4, ...
With 1. and 2. we have a at phase in the ground state: The excitations are pairs of solitons / antisolitons

(x) = 2n

with

an integer.

( x) 2 (n+1) Soliton 2 n Antisoliton x

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3. However the impurities tend to x locally the value of the phase. This can result in a dipole (or bisoliton)=bound state of a soliton and an antisoliton. The symmetry (xi) (xi) is broken by the impurity pinning term
(x ) 2(n+1)
Impurity unphysical

E[(xi ) ]

Dipole Antidipole x Antidipole

E0 + E E0

2 n

(xi ) Dipole

2(n1)

This denes an eective two-level system with a splitting E 4ES , with ES the energy of a 2 soliton. E is independent on the pinning energy. The barrier is roughly the pinning energy.

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D.2. Eect of a magnetic eld in a commensurate SDW

D.2.1 Experimental study (by J.C. Lasjaunias, G. Remenyi, S. Sahling) of the equilibrium heat relaxation of (TMTTF)2 Br in a magnetic eld (possible because of the narrow relaxation time spectrum).

(T

= 92 mK):

Evidence of a very stable new branch in the specic heat

104 10
3

Specific heat (mJ/mol K)

Branch 2 Bisolitons (total)

102 10 1 10-2 Branch 1 Bisolitons (spin-up) 1 10-1 Magnetic field (T) hc 10

R. Mlin, J.C. Lasjaunias, S. Sahling, G. Remenyi and K. Biljakovic PRL explanation ?

97, 227203 ('06).Any

37

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D.2.2 A single 2 soliton in a Zeeman eld Solitons and antisolitons carry a spin !
spin soliton Energy (x ) 2 spin or spin 0 x ES 0 0 hc no soliton spin soliton h

The SDW ground state is unstable for h > hc.

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Nucleation of deconned pairs of soliton and antisoliton at a strong pinning impurity

h=0T 0.25 Potential energy (K) 0 -0.25 -0.5 -0.75 0.25 0
(1) (2)

h = 7.3 T

(b)

-0.25 -0.5
(3)

(a)
-2 -1 0 i / 2 1

-0.75

-2 2

-1

0 i / 2

(1) (2): transition between an antibisoliton and a bisoliton. (2) (3): nucleation of an additional soliton-antisoliton pair (gain in Zeeman energy).
(x ) (1) (x ) (2) 2 (x ) (3)

x
Antibisoliton Bisoliton

x
Antibisoliton+ soliton/antisoliton pair

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(x )

Spin entropy of a SDW glass

Bisolitons x h<h c

(x )

spin polarized CDW glass x h>h c

(x )

x h=0 CDW glass + "spin paramagnet"

The larger specic heat in branch 2 is explained by the spin entropy of the CDW glass with interactions among the spin-1/2 moments.

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General conclusions 1. Tunneling via weak localization-like quantum interference eect through any
gapped system.

2.

Provides an explanation to the Latyshev experiment on CDWs (and to the Delft experiment

on crossed Andreev reection).

3. Charge accumulation 4. 5.

couples subgap transport to the CDW sliding motion. Quantum

interference eect via the damaged region around a nanohole condensate is not involved in the experiment.

suggests that the CDW

Phase coherence of a charge density wave cannot be probed by the Josephson eect. Description of energy relaxation in CDWs and SDWs on the basis of the Larkin-Ovchinnikov

level splitting mechanism. Transition to a

density wave glass upon applying a magnetic eld

(th). Very persistant metastable branch in the specic heat (exp).

So, no evidence of the quantum mechanical features of the CDW ground state in the discussed situations. Final transparency
not to be forgotten ..........
41

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References
on the Latyshev experiment: S. Duhot, R. Mlin, Phys. Rev. B 76, 184503 (2007) on S-CDW junctions: S. Duhot, R. Mlin, EPJB 55 (2007) on soliton dipoles: R. Mlin, J.C. Lasjaunias, S. Sahling, G. Remenyi, K. Biljakovic, PRL 97, 227203 (2006).

Acknowledgments

The Monceau team + S. Brazovskii + J.P. Brison, P. Rodire (on-going project). The Grenoble theoreticians: R. Whitney+ many discussions with B. Douot, D. Feinberg, S. Florens, M. Houzet, F. Pistolesi, J. Ranninger on the superconducting side of the problem

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