BASICS OF HYDRAULICS

BASICS OF HYDRAULICS
1) DEFINITIONS 1.1) HYDRAULICS 1.2) CLASSIFICATION 1.2.1) HYDROSTATICS 1.2.2) HYDRODYNAMICS 1.3) FORCE , PRESSURE , AREA 1.4) PASCALS LAW 2) MULTIPLICATION OF FORCES 2.1) BRAMAHS PRESS 2.2) LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 3) HYDRAULIC POWER TRANSMISSION 3.1) LINEAR ACTUATOR 3.2) ROTARY ACTUATOR BASIC DEFINITIONS & FORMULAE

USES OF HYDRAULICS

BASICS OF HYDRAULICS
4) ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS 4.1) SPEED CONTROL 4.2) DIRECTION CONTROL 4.3) FORCE CONTROL 4.4) OVERLOAD PROTECTION 4.5) COMPACTNESS ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS

5)

HOW PRESSURE IS CREATED PRACTICAL DETAILS IN HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS
HYDRO
( meaning Water ) HYDRAULICS :
Work done by fluids in pipes.

AULUS
( meaning Pipe )

Hydraulics is Classifed as
HYDROSTATICS HYDRODYNAMICS

HYDROSTATICS
HYDROSTATICS
Eg.:F1 = 1 Kg A1 = 1 Cm2 P = F1 = 1 Kg A1 1 Cm2 = 1 Kg / Cm2 FORCE F1

AREA A1

( Same Pressure P )

A2 = 10 Cm2 F 2 = P x A2 = 1 x 10 = 10 Kg FORCE F2 AREA A2

HYDRODYNAMICS
LIQUID AT HIGH VELOCITY

NOZZLE

TURBINE

PRESSURE
IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE TOTAL FORCE EXERTED ON A SURFACE WE NEED TO KNOW THE PRESSURE OR FORCE PER UNIT AREA. PRESSURE = FORCE AREA FORCE IN p KILOGRAMS ( Kg ) AREA IN p SQ. CM ( Cm2 ) PRESSURE IN p KILOGRAM / SQ.CM (Kg / Cm2 )

F A P

F A

FORCE = PRESSURE x AREA

THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR EXERTS UNIFORM PRESSURE ALL ROUND. THIS PRESSURE IS APPROX. 1 Kg / Cm2 AND IS DENOTED AS 1 BAR ( BAROMETER )

PASCALS LAW
PRESSURE APPLIED ON A CONFINED FLUID IS TRANSMITTED UNDIMINISHED IN ALL DIRECTIONS AND ACTS WITH EQUAL FORCE ON EQUAL AREAS AND AT RIGHT ANGLES TO THEM. PRESSURE APPLIED ON A CONFINED FLUID IS TRANSMITTED UNDIMINISHED IN ALL DIRECTIONS ACTS WITH EQUAL FORCE ON EQUAL AREAS AND AT RIGHT ANGLES TO THEM
FRENCH SCIENTIST PASCAL DISCOVERED THIS LAW IN THE 17th CENTURY.
RELATES TO USE OF CONFINED FLUID IN j TRANSMITTING POWER j MODIFYING MOTION j MULTIPLYING FORCE.

PASCALS LAW
FORCE F1 SMALL AREA A1

P = F1 A1 F2 = P x A2

PRESSURE P

LARGE AREA FORCE F2 A2

BRAMAHS PRESS
HYDRAULIC LEVERAGE
10 Kg ON A 1Cm2 AREA
10 kg
1Cm2

PRESSURE DEVELOPED THROUGHOUT IS 10 Kg / Cm2

100 kg

THIS PRESSURE SUPPORTS A WT OF 100 Kg IF AREA IS 10 Cm2

10 Cm2

INPUT

THE FORCES ARE PROPORTIONAL TO THE PISTON AREAS 100 Kg 10 Kg = 10 Cm2 1 Cm2 A LOAD OF 10 Kg HERE
10

OUTPUT

MECHANICAL LEVERAGE
100 Kg 10 Kg

WILL BALANCE A LOAD OF 100 Kg HERE

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

MOVING THE SMALL PISTON 10 Cm DISPLACES 1 Cm2 x 10 Cm = 10 Cm3 OF LIQUID
10 kg 10 Cm 1Cm2

10 Cm OF LIQUID WILL MOVE LARGER PISTON ONLY 1Cm. 10 Cm2 x 1 Cm = 10 Cm3

100 kg 10 Cm2 1 Cm

Q=Axh

WORK DONE = FORCE x DISTANCE MOVED

W=Fxd

W=Fxd

W=Fxd = 100 Kg x 1 Cm = 100 Kg-Cm

= 10 Kg x 10 Cm = 100 Kg-Cm

ENERGY CAN NEITHER BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED. WHAT IS GAINED BY FORCE IS SACRIFICED IN THE DISTANCE MOVED.

HYDRAULIC POWER TRANSMISSION

LINEAR ACTUATOR
PUMP
LOAD

PISTON & ROD TO RESERVOIR

ROTARY ACTUATOR
PUMP

HYDRO MOTOR

ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS
 SPEED CONTROL MAXIMUM SPEED (No speed control ) 10 lpm Q=AxV Flow (Cm3/min) A Area ( Cm2 ) V Velocity (Cm/ min ) (Speed control ) Q
PUMP THIS VOL. IS 10 Lts. PISTON MOVES X Cm IN 1 min.

10 lpm PUMP
RELIEF VALVE

FLOW CONTROL VALVE

5 lpm

ACTUATOR GETS ONLY 5 LPM AND TRAVELS X/2 Cm IN ONE MIN.

ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS
 HYDRAULIC DRIVES ARE REVERSIBLE DIRECTION CONTROL
PUMP
RELIEF VALVE

DIRECTIONAL VALVE

THE CYLINDER ROD EXTENDS

PUMP

RELIEF VALVE

DIRECTIONAL VALVE

THE CYLINDER ROD RETRACTS

ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS
 OVER LOAD PROTECTION
RELIEF VALVE PROTECTS THE SYSTEM BY MAINTAINING THE SYSTEM SET PRESSURE.

ANY INCREASE IN PRESSURE IN SYSTEM IS RELEAVED TO TANK . ( MOMENTARILY DIVERTING FLOW TO THE TANK. )

THUS OVERLOAD PROTECTION IS ACHIEVED.

PRESSURE HEAD
PUMP INLET LOCATIONS
OIL LEVEL ABOVE PUMP CHARGES INLET PRESSURE HERE IS 0.85 x 100 gm / Cm2
100 Cm

= 0.085 Kg / Cm2

PUMP

INLET INLET OIL LEVEL BELOW PUMP REQUIRES VACUUM TO LIFT OIL
PUMP

OUTLET OUTLET

100 Cm

THERE MUST BE A VACUUM EQUIVALENT TO 0.085 Kg / Cm2 TO LIFT THE OIL PUMP MECHANISM CREATES THE LOWER PRESSURE CONDITION.

HOW PRESSURE IS DEVELOPED

NO PRESSURE

NO RESTRICTION

PUMP
RELIEF VALVE

Set at 100 Kg/Cm2

PRESSURE BUILDS UP

WITH RESTRICTION

PUMP
RELIEF VALVE

Set at 100 Kg/Cm2

PRESSURE BUILDS UPTO RELIEF VALVE SETTING (100 Kg / Cm2)

CLOSING

PUMP
RELIEF VALVE

Set at 100 Kg/Cm2

PARALLEL FLOW PATHS

10 A
PUMP 10 BAR OPENS VALVE A

THE OIL CAN CHOOSE 3 PATHS

20 BAR OPENS VALVE B

30 BAR OPENS VALVE C

OIL TAKES THE PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE

IF FLOW IS BLOCKED BEYOND A

20
OIL WILL FLOW THRO B WHEN PRESSURE REACHES 20 BAR

PUMP

SERIES RESISTANCE ADD PRESSURE

A 10 BAR 0 P1 = 0

P2 = ( P1 + 10 ) B 20 BAR 10 = 0 + 10 = 10 BAR P3 = ( P2 + 20 ) C 30 BAR 30 = 10 + 20 = 30 BAR P = ( P3 + 30 )

PUMP

60

= 30 + 30 = 60 BAR

PRINCIPLES OF FLOW
j HOW FLOW IS MEASURED ?  VELOCITY  FLOW ( FLOW RATE ) j FLOW RATE AND SPEED j FLOW AND PRESSURE DROP j LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW j BERNOULLIS PRINCIPLE FLOW IS THE ACTION IN THE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM THAT GIVES THE ACTUATOR ITS MOTION. PRESSURE GIVES THE ACTUATOR ITS FORCE , BUT FLOW IS ESSENTIAL TO CAUSE MOVEMENT. FLOW IN THE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM IS CREATED BY THE PUMP PRESSURE INDICATES WORK LOAD.

VELOCITY : IS THE AVERAGE SPEED OF THE FLUIDS

PARTICLES PAST A GIVEN POINT OR THE AVERAGE DISTANCE THE PARTICLES TRAVEL PER UNIT OF TIME. Unit :m/Sec or m / min ( Metres / Sec or Metres/min )

FLOW RATE : IS THE VOLUME OF FLUID PASSING A POINT

IN A GIVEN TIME. Unit: Cm3 / min or l / min ( cc / minute or litres / min )

SPEED OF AN ACTUATOR DEPENDES ON THE ACTUATOR

SIZE AND RATE OF FLOW INTO IT. Q=AxV FLOW IN Cm3 / min : AREA IN Cm 2
:

VELOCITY IN Cm / min

FLOW AND PRESSURE DROP

MAX. PRESSURE HERE BECAUSE OF THE HEAD OF THE FLUID SUCEEDINGLY LOWER LEVEL OF LIQUID SHOWS PRESSURE IS REDUCED AT POINTS DOWNSTREAM FROM SOURCE.

PRESSURE GRADIENT

FRICTION IN PIPE DROPS PRESSURE

PRESSURE IS ZERO HERE AS THE FLUID FLOWS OUT UNRESTRICTED

DUE TO EFFECT OF FRICTION RECOMMENDED VELOCITY RANGES ARE : 1.) PUMP INLET LINE  0.6 ~ 1.2 metres / Second 2~6 metres / Second

2.) WORKING LINE ( PR. LINES) :

LAMINAR FLOW

NOR DOES A GRADUAL CHANGE IN DIRECTION.

LOW VELOCITY FLOW IN A STRAIGHT PIPE IS STREAMLINED. THE FLUID PARTICLES MOVE PARALLEL TO FLOW DIRECTION.

TURBULENT FLOW

SO DOES AN ABRUPT CHANGE IN DIRECTION.

THE FLOW MAY START OUT STREAMLINED.

AN ABRUPT CHANGE IN CROSSSECTION MAKES IT TURBULENT.

NON PARALLEL PATHS OF PARTICLES INCREASE RESISTANCE TO FLOW.