Professional Documents
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The Role of Culture in International Management
The Role of Culture in International Management
HA 390 Module 2
Culture
Helps us organize our world Shared values, understandings, assumptions and goals (values, beliefs, norms) Learned from earlier generation Imposed by present members of society
Stereotyping/ Sociotyping
Mental files Natural Useful Can be misused
Ethnocentrism
Belief that one's cultural values, beliefs and norms are better than those of another culture are
Principles Summary
4 Principles for studying cultures Individuals may not conform Differences may not be culturally based Understand self first Continuums Stereotyping Natural, potentially useful or harmful mental files Ethnocentrism Belief that ones own culture is best
Team Work
Find several examples that demonstrate how culture affects management functions such as planning, organizing, directing and controlling Find examples of how culture affects management style Find several examples of how business practices differ across cultures Prepare to present findings to class
Country Profile
Cultural Characteristics
Understand the ways culture can differ Understand ourselves Understand others Value different points of view Develop shared values, beliefs and norms
Are subordinates the same kind of people as management? Should the boss know all the answers? Is it ok for the boss to have privileges such as drinking coffee on the job that the front line workers do not have? Is it ok to call the boss by his/her first name? Which type of boss do you think is best - one that is autocratic, persuasive or paternalistic, or democratic?
Power Distance
High Power Distance Order of inequality Special privileges Subordinates are different from superiors Boss should know all
Low Power Distance Minimize inequalities Equal rights Subordinates and superiors are equals Ok for boss to ask subordinates for answers
Average = 51
Low
Do you think it is ok for employees to disagree and even argue with their boss? Do you think time has a monetary value or it is something that just exists? Do you prefer a boss who lays out the rules clearly and specifically to you in written format or do you prefer one that only sets out basic rules and assumes you will perform appropriately? Why? If you needed a marketing plan, would you hire a hospitality marketing specialist, a general marketing specialist or would you do it yourself? How do you react when your boss tells you s/he is going to make changes in the way things are done?
Uncertainty Avoidance
High Avoid risks Dissonance is dangerous Time is money Need written rules and regulations Believe in experts
Low Willing to take risks Accept disagreements Time is free Prefer common sense to rules Logic and common sense better than expert opinions
Uncertainty Avoidance
Average=64
46 35 29
South Africa
Taiwan
Great Britain
Netherlands
Hong Kong
USA
Individualism
Collectivism
Responsible for self and immediate family Identity based on the individual Autonomy, variety, pleasure and individual financial security Individual decisions
Extended families, loyalty, protection Identity in the social system Expertise, order, duty, security provided by the ingroup Group decisions
Individualistic
Average =51
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Great B ritain N etherlands Hong Kong M exico 46 30 91 89 80
Collective
25 17
T aiw an
Jap an
U SA
Collective
Individualistic
Career stability Rules, regulations, direction Consistency Avoid conflict/disagreement Resist change Fear of failure
May appear less ambitious
Stable employees
3.
4.
5. 6.
Masculine/Feminine
Masculine Material success Ambition, assertive Competitive Live to work Women are nurturers Achievement Feminine Quality of life Relationships Concern for weak Work to live Men & Women nurture Disapprove of high achievers
100
10 5
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 Japan Mexico Great Britain South Africa USA Hong Kong Taiwan Netherlands Sweden
Masculine
95
69 66 63 62 57 45
Average = 51
Feminine
14
Particularistic
Universalistic
Focus more on relationships than rules Legal contracts easily modified Changing mutualities honored Reality is relative to participant Relationships evolve
Focus on rules rather than relationships Legal contracts should be honored Word and legal contracts honored One reality, one truth A deal is a deal
h So th Ne ut M er
Ja US A UK la nd s
pa
ex
ic o
Team Discussion
How would the expectations of employees from a particularistic culture differ from those of a universalistic culture? Which system do you prefer? Why? What is the value of each of these systems?
Achievement
Ascription
Respected for what you do Respect of superior based on performance Limited use of titles Senior managers vary in age and gender, qualified by achievements
Respected for who you are Respect for superior seen as commitment to the organization Extensive use of titles Senior managers are male, middleaged, qualified by background (who they are)
Ascription
Achievement
2. 3.
4.
Do you believe you can control your life or do you believe you have to accept the ways things are? Is your life pre-destined? Do you have a fate over which you have little or no control? How do other people you know differ in their believes about controlling fate or destiny?
Locus of Control
Internal Belief in ones ability to control fate Respect for conflict and resistance Focus on self rather than others Discomfort with lack of control External Belief that something outside oneself is in control Harmony and responsiveness Focus on other Comfortable with changes
Neutral/Affective
Neutral Hide feelings Tension accidentally revealed Admire poise Avoid hugs, broad smiles and broad gestures Monotone Affective Openly reveal emotions Expressive Animated expressions Touching, and broad gestures admired Expression and emotion
Power Distance how should the boss act Uncertainty Avoidance rules or common sense Masculine/Feminine material rewards or quality of life Individualism/Collectivism I versus we Universalistic/Particularistic treat all equally versus do favors for friends
Achievement/Ascription respect for what you do or respect for who you are Locus of Control I am in control of my destiny versus outside forces are in control Neutral/Affective hide versus display emotions Diffuse/Specific (high/low context) indirect versus direct communication