Management Information Systems

Unit 2. System Development

Modern Information System.
6-1-2010

A Sanjeev raj

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 Today we are going to discuss about..

- Modern Information System.

1. Central tool of Modern Information Systems.
2. Communication: Computers.
3. Inside the Computers.
4. Time Measurements.
5. Computers: Classification.
6. Importance of Standards.

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS
KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS Systems Development
2. Systems Development 2
The Central Tool of Modern Information Systems

• Four Basic Functions of Computers

– Accept data
– Process data
– Store data and instructions
– Output data

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 The Central Tool of Modern Information Systems

Figure 4.1 All computers have the same basic components.

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development
 The Central Tool of Modern Information
Systems

Figure 4.2 Organizations have moved from using large mainframes to using
networked PCs.

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 The Central Tool of Modern Information
Systems

Figure 4.3 A timeline of computing

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 The Central Tool of Modern Information
Systems

Figure 4.3 (continued) A timeline of computing

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 Computers Communicating: Bits And Bytes

• Computer recognizes two states: on or off

– Each on or off signal represents a bit (binary digit)
• Encoding Schemes
– Representation of symbols by unique strings of bits
• Counting Bases
– Decimal system is “base 10”
– Binary system is “base 2”
• Used by computers

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 Computers Communicating: Bits And Bytes

Figure 4.4 Binary encoding

schemes

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 A Peek Inside the Computer

Figure 4.5 A look inside a computer

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development
 A Peek Inside the Computer
• The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
– The brain of the computer
– Microprocessor
• Carries signals that execute all processing
– Two Components:
• Control unit
• Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 A Peek Inside the Computer

• Microprocessor

– Silicon chip embedded with transistors, or

semiconductors

Figure 4.6 Schematic of how circuits on a chip would be

open and closed to represent the letter D in EBCDIC
(11000100)

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 A Peek Inside the Computer

Figure 4.7 What happens inside the CPU in one machine cycle executing the
operation 7 + 5

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 A Peek Inside the Computer

• Machine Cycle
– CPU’s execution of four functions:
• Fetch
• Decode
• Execute
• Store

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 Time Measurements

Functions measured in small fractions of a second

“Clock speed” determines the number of the
smallest operations performed per second

Figure 4.8 Computer time

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development
 Speed Measurements

Measured in terms of cycles per second

1 hertz (Hz) = one clock cycle per second
1 MHz (megahertz) = 1,000,000 clock cycles per
second (1 million)
1 GHz (gigahertz) = 1,000,000,000 clock cycles per
second (1 billion)

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 Moore’s Law
• States that
– Chip density will double every 18 months

• This has driven incredible decreases in cost

per unit of computing power and memory

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 A Peek Inside the Computer
• Memory
– CPU Registers (part of the CPU)
– Internal Memory
• Random access memory (RAM)
• Read-only memory (ROM)

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 A Peek Inside the Computer
• Computer Power
– Clock rate (measured in cycles per second)
– Amount of information the CPU can process
in each cycle
• This is determined by the word length and
bus size
– Effective speed determined only by
combination of both factors

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 Input Devices
• Keyboard
• Mouse, Trackball, and Track Pad
• Touch Screen
• Source Data Input Devices
• Imaging
• Speech Recognition

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 Input Devices

Figure 4.9 Banks use magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) to automate

their input procedures.
KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development
 Output Devices
• Soft-Copy Output Devices
– Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor
– Flat-Panel Monitor
– Speech Output
• Hardcopy Output Devices
– Nonimpact Printers (most common)
– Impact Printers

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 External Storage Media
External Memory (Storage)
• Magnetic disks, magnetic tapes, optical discs
• Important Properties to Consider
– Capacity
– Speed
– Cost
– Reliability and permanence

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 External Storage Media
• Magnetic Tapes
• Magnetic Disks
• Optical Discs (Compact Discs)
• Optical Tapes

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 External Storage Media

Figure 4.11 Characteristics of storage media for business consideration

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 External Storage Media

Figure 4.12 Sequential and random data organization

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development
 Classification of Computers
• Supercomputers
– The largest, most powerful, and most expensive
– Used by universities, research institutions, large
corporations, and the military
• Mainframe Computers
– Less powerful and less expensive than supercomputers
– Used by businesses with large amounts of data that need to
be stored in a central computer

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 Classification of Computers
• Minicomputer
– Often used as the host computer in a
network of smaller computers
– Priced in the tens of thousands to a few
hundred thousand dollars
– Manufacturers: Compaq (VAX), IBM
(AS/400), and Hewlett-Packard

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 Classification of Computers
• Servers
– Minicomputers used for specialized
purposes on a network
– Example: file server, printer server, database
server, web server
– Optimized for processing tasks and I/O with
other computers

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 Classification of Computers
• Personal Computers / Clients

• Laptop and Handheld Computers

Figure 4.13 PC sales continue to grow.

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development
 Importance of Standards
• Compatibility

– Software and peripheral devices from one computer can be used with
another computer.
– In a networked environment, computers need to communicate to share
databases and other computing resources.
– In addition to power and cost, compatibility is an extremely important
factor in purchasing decisions.

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development

 Overview
- Modern Information System.
1. Central tool of Modern Information Systems.
2. Communication: Computers.
3. Inside the Computers.
4. Time Measurements.
5. Computers: Classification.
6. Importance of Standards.

###Thank You###

KVIMIS-MBA0925-MIS 2. Systems Development