COMPUTER ORGANISATION

& ARCHITECTURE
UNIT-1
UNIT-1- COMPUTER EVOLUTION
❖Structure of computer
❖Building Blocks
❖Von Neumann Model
❖Stored program execution
❖Evolution of computer history
❖Number system
❖Binary codes
❑ Introduction
• Computers have become a part and parcel of our lives
- They are everywhere(embedded systems
- Laptops , mobile phones ,tablets , intelligent appliances.

• It is required to understand how a computer works

- What are there inside a computer?
- How does it work?
What is a computer basically?
• The word computer consists of “Compute”- which means to compute
or to calculate something

• There are basically three things in a computer

-Processor- memory-I/O

MAN-MACHINE
INTERFACE
❑ Computer organisation vs Architecture
• Computer Organisation
-Design of the components and functional blocks using which
computers are built
ex. Civil engineer’s task during construction(cement , bricks , iron rods
other building materials)

• Computer Architecture
-How to integrate the components to build a computer system to
achieve a desired level of performance.
Ex. Architect’s task during the planning of building
Computer Organisation Computer Architecture

programmers Designers
Internal parts of CPU
Architecture of a computer

• Harvard architecture Von Neumann Architecture

• Von Neumann architecture:

• was developed by great mathematician and scientist –Von Neumann
• Most of the computers today runs on Von-Neumann architecture-
whether personal computers or mainframe computers.
Von-Neumann Architecture
❑ STRUCTURE OF COMPUTER
• Input Unit
• This unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data into
computer. This unit makes link between user and computer. The input
devices translate the information into the form understandable by computer.

• CPU (Central Processing Unit)

• CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of
data processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results and
instructions(program). It controls the operation of all parts of computer.
• CPU itself has following three components
• ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
• Memory Unit
• Control Unit
• Output Unit
Output unit consists of devices with the help of which we get the information from computer. This unit is a link between computer and users. Output devices
translate the computer’s output into the form understandable by users.

Sr. No. Operation Description

The process of entering data and instructions into the

1 Take Input
computer system

Saving data and instructions so that they are available for

2 Store Data
processing as and when required.

Performing arithmetic, and logical operations on data in

3 Processing Data
order to convert them into useful information.

Output The process of producing useful information or results for

4
Information the user, such as a printed report or visual display.

Control the Directs the manner and sequence in which all of the above
5
workflow operations are performed.
History of Computers
• I Generation of Computers
• The period of first generation was 1942-54
• The first generation of computer started with using vacuum tubes as the
basic as the components for memory and circuitry for CPU(Central
processing Unit) . These tubes like electric bulbs produced a lot of heat and
were prone to frequent fusing of the installations , therefore were very
expensive and could be afforded by large organizations.
• In this system mainly batch processing system were used. In this generation
punched cards , paper tape and magnetic tape input and output devices
were used
• Example-IBM700series,EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer)and IBM-701,IBM-650
Main features of machine language
• Vacuum tube technology
• Unreliable
• Generates a lot of heat
• Very costly
• Slow input/output device
• Supported machine language only
• Non portable
• Requires AC
• Consumed a lot of electricity.
Generation-Second
• Year-1952-64
• This generation started using transistor were cheaper , consumed less power ,
more compact in size , more reliable and faster than the first generation machine
made of vacuum tubes.
• In this magnetic cores were used as primary , and magnetic tapes and disks were
used as secondary storage.
• In this assembly language and high level programming language like FORTRAN ,
COBOL were used.
• There were batch processing and multiprogramming language operating system
were used.

• Extensive business, engineering design optimization, scientific research.

• Example-IBM-1620,CDC 3600,PDP1,PDP5,PDP8IBM1620etc.
Features of 2 nd generation computers
• Use of transistors.
• Reliable as compared to first generation computers
• Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
• Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation computers.
2 nd generation computers
Generation-Third
• Year-1964-72
• The third generation computer was marked by the use of Integrated
Circuits (Ic’s) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors and
capacitors along with the associated circuitry.
• The I.C was invented by Jack Kilby.
• This development made computers smaller in size and , reliable and
efficient.
• In this generation Remote processing , Time sharing , Real time ,Multitime
programming operating system were used.
• High level language (FORTRAN-II to IV , PASCAL, ALGOL -68 etc)
• Example-CDC’sCYBER-175,STAR-100,PDP11,IBM/370series
Features of third generation
• IC used
• More reliable
• Smaller size
• Faster
• Generate less heat
• Requires lesser maintainence
• Less electricity required.
• Lesser maintainence
• Still costly
• Support high level language
• IBM -360 , HONEYWELL -6000 series , pdp etc .
Generation-Fourth
▪ Year-1972 to mid90’s
▪ The fourth generation of computers is marked by the use of very large scale
integrated circuits (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors
and other circuit elements and their associated circuit on a single chip
made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation.
▪ Fourth generation computers became more powerful , compact , reliable
and and affordable.
▪ As a result it gave rise to personal computer revolution
▪ All the higher languages like c , c++ , dbase etc were used in this
generation.
Features of 4 th generation
• VLSI technology used
• Very cheap
• Portable and reliable
• Use of PC’s
• Very small size
• NO A.C needed
• Computers became easily available
• Concept of internet was introduced
• Computers became easily available.
• Ex. CRAY-I (Super computer) ,DEC 10, CRAY-X-MP(Super computer) etc
Generation-Fifth
• The period of fifth generation is 1990-till date
• In the fifth generation , the VLSI technology became ULSI (ULTRA
LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION) technology , resulting in the production
of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components.
• This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI.
• AI is an emerging branch in computer science which interprets means
and methods of making computers think like human beings.
• All the higher languages like c ,c ++ , java . Dot net are used in this
generation.
• AI includes Robotics , gaming , neural networks etc
Features of 5 th generation computers
• ULSI technology
• Development of true artificial intelligence
• More user friendly features with multimedia features
• Availability of more powerful and compact computers at cheaper
rates.
• Advancement in parallel processing .
• Some computers of this generation are : Desktop , Laptop , Notebook
etc.
Types of Computers
• Computes are classified on the basis of
• 1.Type
• 2.Size
• 3.Purpose

• On the basis of Type three types of computer exists

• 1.Digital computers
• 2.Analog Computers
• 3.Hybrid computers

• On the basis of Purpose two computers exists

• 1.General Purpose computer
• 2.Special purpose computer
On the basis of size following computer exists

• 1.Mainframe computers
• 2.Micro computer/Personal
• 3.Mini computer
• 4.Super Computer
• 5.Palm Top Computer
• 6.Laptop computer
 Super Computers
• Most powerful Computer system - needs a large room
• Minimum word length is 64 bits
• CPU speed: 100 MIPS
• Equivalent to 4000 computers
• High cost: 4 – 5 millions
• Able to handle large amount of data
• High power consumption
Large and fast memory (Primary and Secondary)
• Uses multiprocessing and parallel processing
• Supports multiprogramming
E.g.:- CRAY Research :- CRAY-1 & CRAY-2, Fujitsu (VP2000), Hitachi (S820), NEC
(SX20), PARAM 10000 by C-DAC, Anupam by BARC, PACE Series by DRDO
Applications
• In petroleum industry - to analyze volumes of seismic data which are gathered during oil seeking explorations to identify areas where
there is possibility of getting petroleum products inside the earth
• Meteorological centers use super computers for weather forecasting
Main Frame Computers
• Able to process large amount of data at very high speed
• Supports multi-user facility
• Number of processors varies from one to six.
• Cost: 3500 to many million dollars
• Kept in air conditioned room to keep them cool
• Supports many I/O and auxiliary storage devices
• Supports network of terminals

• E.g.:- IBM 3000 series, Burroughs B7900, Univac 1180, DEC

Applications for mainframe
• Used to process large amount of data at very high speed such as in
the case of Banks/ Insurance Companies/ Hospitals/ Railways…which
need online processing of large number of transactions and requires
massive data storage and processing capabilities
• Used to mange large centralized databases
Mainframe computers
Mini Computers

Perform better than micros

• Large in size and costlier than micros
• Designed to support more than one user at a time
• Posses large storage capacities and operates at higher speed
• Support faster peripheral devices like high speed printers
• Can also communicate with main frames

• E.g.:- Digital Equipments PDP 11/45 and VAX 11)

• These computers are used when the volume of processing is large for e.g. Data processing for
a medium sized organization
• Used as servers in LANs (Local Area Networks)
Micro Computers
E.g.:- IBM PC, PS/2 and Apple Macintosh
• A microcomputer uses a microprocessor as its central Processing Unit.
Microcomputers are tiny computers that can vary in size from a single chip to
the size of a desktop model
• They are designed to be used by only one person at a time
• Small to medium data storage capacities 500MB – 2GB
• The common examples of microcomputers are chips used in washing
machines, TVs, Cars and Note book/Personal computers.
Applications and examples of micro
computers
• Applications
• Used in the field of desktop publishing, accounting, statistical analysis, graphic designing,
investment analysis, project management, teaching, entertainment etc.

• The different models of microcomputers are given below:-

• Personal computers:- The name PC was given by the IBM for its microcomputers. PCs are used for
word processing, spreadsheet calculations, database management etc.
• Note book or Lap Top:- Very small in terms of size – can be folded and carried around – Monitor is
made up of LCD and the keyboard and system units are contained in a single box. Got all the
facilities of a personal computer (HDD, CDD, Sound card, N/W card, Modem etc) and a special
connection to connect to the desktop PC which can be used to transfer data.
• Palm Top:- Smaller model of the microcomputer- size is similar to that of a calculator – pocket
size- It has a processor and memory and a special connection to connect to the desktop PC which
can be used to transfer data.
• Wrist PC:- Smallest type of microcomputer – can be worn on our wrist like a watch- It has a
processor and memory and a wireless modem
Cost Speed Applications

Superfast Weapon design

Weather forecasting Super Computers
Aircraft design
fast Biomedical applications

Scientific calculations Main frame computers

Data Processing for large business
Teaching systems in Universities
medium
Large multi-user systems
Manufacturing processes Mini Computers
Hospital Administration
Teaching systems in Colleges