Chapter 04

Hardware and Software

By: Widia Resti Fitriani

CSIM601280 - Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi

Program Sarjana Sistem Informasi

Tim Pengajar: Heri, Mita, Nabila, Widia

Rev: 02-Feb-2023
Principle 01
Hardware and Software
Principles Learning Objectives
The computer hardware • Describe the functions of the four fundamental
industry is rapidly changing hardware components of every computer.
and highly competitive, • Explain the difference between multiprocessing,
creating an environment parallel processing, and grid computing.
ripe for technological
breakthroughs.
Why Learn About Hardware and Software?
• Organizations invest in computer hardware and software
• to improve worker productivity
• increase revenue
• reduce costs
• provide better customer service
• speed up time to market
• facilitate collaboration among employees.
• Obsolete hardware and software can serve as an anchor to progress
and can place an organization at a competitive disadvantage
Anatomy of a Computer
Four fundamental computer system hardware components
1. Processor (also known
as the CPU)
2. Memory
3. Bus
4. Input/output devices.
Computer Hardware Components
1. Processor: Receives instructions and performs calculations, or
actions, based on those instructions.
2. Memory: A component of the computer that provides the
processor with a working storage area to hold program instructions
and data.
3. Bus: A set of electronic circuits used to route data and instructions
to and from the various components of a computer.
4. Input/output devices: A computer component that provides data
and instructions to the computer and receives results from it.
Processor (1/4)
• Multicore processor is a processor that has two or more independent
processing units, called cores.
• Example: dual core and quad-core processor
• The more cores enable the more sets of instructions to receive and
process at the same time enabling it to complete more work.
• The faster the clock speed of the processor, the more heat the
processor generates. Therefore, processors need heat sinks, fans, and
other components to eliminate the excess heat.
Processor (2/4)
• Multiprocessing involves the simultaneous execution of two or more
instructions at the same time.
• One form of multiprocessing uses coprocessors.
• Coprocessor (can be internal or external to the CPU) speeds
processing by executing specific types of instructions.
• Example
• A math coprocessor chip speeds mathematical calculations, while a
graphics coprocessor chip decreases the time it takes to
manipulate graphics.
Processor (3/4)
• Parallel processing is the simultaneous execution of the same task on
multiple processors to obtain results more quickly.
• Massively parallel processing systems is a system that speeds
processing by linking hundreds or thousands of processors to operate
at the same time.
• The most frequent uses for parallel processing include modelling,
simulation, and analyzing large amounts of data.
• Example
• Parallel processing is used in medicine to develop new imaging systems that
complete ultrasound scans in less time and with greater accuracy.
Processor (4/4)
• Grid computing is the use of a collection of computers, often owned
by multiple individuals or organizations, that work in a coordinated
manner to solve a common problem.
• Grid computing is a low-cost approach to parallel processing.
• Key to the success of grid computing is a central server.
• A controlling server divides the computing task and assigns the work to
computers on the grid that have surplus processing power.
• When all the subtasks are completed, the controlling server combines the
results and advances to the next task until the whole job is completed.
Memory (1/2)
• For their systems to run efficiently, organizations must invest in a
sufficient amount of main memory that provides the CPU with a
working storage area.
• Computer memory can take several forms.
• Random access memory (RAM) is a form of memory in which instructions or
data can be temporarily stored.
• Cache memory is a type of highspeed memory that a processor can access
more rapidly than main memory.
• Read-only memory (ROM) is a non-volatile form of memory that provides
permanent storage for data and instructions that do not change. Its contents
are not lost if the power is turned off or interrupted.
Memory (2/2)
• Secondary storage offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater
capacity, and greater economy compared with primary memory.
• The selection of secondary storage media and devices must consider
the access method, capacity, portability, and security.
• Secondary storage devices:
• Magnetic tape, such as cassettes and cartridges
• Hard disk drive (HDD)
• Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID)
• Virtual tape
• Solid state storage device (SSD), e.g., universal serial bus (USB)
Input/Output Device (1/2)
• Input & output devices are the gateways to the computer—to provide
data/instructions to the computer and to receive results from it.
• Input device:
• Keyboard, touch pad, and mouse of a PC
• Optical Data Readers
• e.g., for grading tests and scanning forms
• Bar-Code Scanners
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
• use a microchip with an antenna to broadcast unique ID and location.
• Pen input devices and touch screens
Input/Output Device (2/2)
• Output device:
• Display screens
• e.g., LCD, LED, OLED, Plasma
• Printers
• Plotters
• to generate paper or acetate blueprints, schematics, and drawings of
buildings or new products
• 3D Printers
• commonly used by aerospace firms, auto manufacturers, and other
design-intensive companies.
• Bioprinting: The use of 3D printers to build human parts and organs from
actual human cells.
Principle 02
Hardware and Software
Principles Learning Objectives
Computer hardware • Describe how each of the three
must be carefully primary classes of computers is used
within an organization.
selected to meet the
evolving needs of the • Identify the three or four subclasses
organization and its associated with each primary class of
supporting computer.
information
systems.
Computer System Classes
In general, computers can be classified as:
1. Special-purpose computers: used for limited applications,
• e.g., by military, government, and scientific research groups such
as the CIA and NASA.
2. General-purpose computers: used for a variety of applications and
can be divided into three primary classes.
a) portable computers used by one user at a time
b) nonportable computers used by one person at a time, and
c) systems used by multiple concurrent users.
Portable Computer
• Portable computers are small enough to carry easily.

Smartphone A portable small device with various features and capabilities.

Laptop A personal computer designed for use by mobile users.
Notebook A portable computers that are smaller than the typical laptop.
Tablet A portable, lightweight computer that can come with or without a keyboard.
Nonportable, Single-User Computers

Thin client A centrally managed computer with no internal/external attached drives for data
storage.
Desktop computers nonportable computer that fits on a desktop and can provide sufficient computing
power, memory, and storage for most business computing tasks.
Nettop computers A very small desktop computer used for Internet access, email, Web-based applications,
document processing, and audio/video playback.
Workstations a more powerful PC used for mathematical computing, computer assisted design, and
other high-end processing but still small enough to fit on a desktop.
 Multiple-User Computers

Server • A computer employed by many users to perform a specific task, e.g., running network or
Internet applications.
• Offer great scalability, the ability to increase the processing capability of a computer system
so that it can handle more users, more data, or more transactions in a given period.
Mainframe • A large, powerful computer often shared by hundreds of concurrent users connected to the
machine over a network.
• A key feature is backward compatibility or the ability of current mainframes to run software
created decades ago.
Supercomputers A special-purpose machines designed for applications that require extensive and rapid
computational capabilities. E.g., climate modelling, nuclear research, product development.
Principle 03
Hardware and Software
Principles Learning Objectives
The computer • Identify three primary features
hardware industry that distinguish tier 1, 2, 3, and 4
data centers.
and users are
implementing green • State the three primary goals of
computing designs the “green computing” program.
and products.
Server Farm
• Server farm is a facility that houses a large number of servers in the
same room, where access to the machines can be controlled and
authorized support personnel can more easily manage and maintain
the servers.
• Low power usage is a critical factor for organizations that run server
farms made up of hundreds or even thousands of servers.
• Server farm operators are also looking for low-cost, clean, renewable
energy sources. For example, Google purchases renewable energy
from wind and solar farms.
Data Center (1/2)
• A data center is a climate-and-access-controlled building or a set of
buildings that houses the computer hardware that delivers an
organization’s data and information services.
• Traditional data centers consist of warehouse-size buildings filled with row
upon row of server racks and powerful air-conditioning systems.
• About half the energy usage goes to operate its computers and the other
half goes to cooling the computers, removing dust and humidity from the
air, and lighting the facility.
• To lower operating costs, many organizations are locating their data centers
in areas with milder climates and lower energy rates and land costs.
Data Center (/2)
• Classification of data centers by tiers
Tier 1 and 2
Appropriate for small organizations where:
• a business disruption of several hours to a
few days would not have a serious business
impact
• critical activities could be managed manually
without computer assistance.
Tier 3 and 4
Needed by large organizations where:
• a business disruption of a few hours would have
serious financial consequences due to the
inability to process customer orders, shipments,
production, and other critical activities.
Employ redundant hardware, power related
devices, and alternate power sources.
Green Computing
• Electronic devices contain components composed of many different
materials, that are potentially harmful to humans and the environment.
• Green computing is concerned with the efficient and environmentally
responsible design, manufacture, operation, and disposal of IT-related
products.
• Green computing has three goals:
1. Reduce the use of hazardous material
2. Allow companies to lower their power-related costs
3. Enable the safe disposal or recycling of computers and computer-
related equipment.
Principle 04
Hardware and Software
Principles Learning Objectives
Software is valuable in • List the two basic kinds of software and
helping individuals, their associated subclasses.
workgroups, and entire
• Describe the role of the operating system.
enterprises achieve
their goals. • State three cost savings benefits
associated with server virtualization.

• Describe how the service-oriented

architecture approach is used to build
software and microservices.
Software
• Software consists of computer programs that control the workings of
computer hardware.
• Software can be divided into two types:
1. System software
2. Application software
System Software
• Control the operations of computer hardware.
• Supports the problem-solving capabilities of application programs.
• Types of systems software:
1. Operating systems
2. Utility programs
3. Middleware
Operating System (1/6)
• Set of programs that controls a
computer’s hardware and acts as an
interface with application software
• Kernel:
• The heart of the OS and controls
its most critical processes
• Ties all components of the OS
together and regulates other
programs
Operating System (2/6)
Combinations of OSs, computers, and users:
• Single computer with a single user
➢ OS for PC, tablet, and smartphone, e.g., Microsoft Windows, macOS, and
Android
• Single computer with multiple simultaneous users
➢ Used in large computers/mainframe, e.g., UNIX, z/OS, and HP-UX
• Multiple computers with multiple users
➢ Used in computer networks, e.g., Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server, Windows
Server, and Mac OS X Server
• Special-purpose computers
➢ Used in computers with specialized functions, e.g., Windows Embedded,
Symbian, and some distributions of Linux
Operating System (3/6)
• Activities performed by the operating system:
• Perform common computer hardware functions
• Provide a user interface and input/output management
• Provide a degree of hardware independence
• Manage system memory
• Manage processing tasks
• Provide networking capability
• Control access to system resources
• Manage files
Operating System (4/6)
OS use five approaches to task management to increase the amount of
processing that can be accomplished in a given amount of time.
• Multiuser. Enables two or more users to run programs at the same
time on the same computer.
• Multiprocessing. Supports running a program on more than one
CPU.
• Multitasking. Enables more than one program to run concurrently.
• Multithreading. Enables different threads of a single program to run
concurrently.
• Real-time. Responds to input instantly.
Operating Systems (5/6)
Operating System (6/6)
• Server virtualization is an approach to improving hardware utilization by
logically dividing the resources of a single physical server to create multiple
logical servers called virtual machines.
• Each virtual machine includes its own operating system.
• Thus, several different operating systems can run on a virtualized server.
• Server virtualization provides three benefits:
1. Lower capital costs for hardware
2. Savings in energy costs to operate and cool the data center
3. Savings in software licenses and personnel costs.
Utility Programs
• Help to perform maintenance or correct problems with a computer
system
• Common types of utilities:
• Hardware utilities
• Security utilities
• File-compression utilities
• Network and system management utilities
• Mobile device management (MDM)
Middleware
• Software that provides messaging services that allows different systems
to communicate and exchange data
• Can be used as interface between the Internet and older legacy systems
• Service-oriented architecture (SOA):
• A software design approach based on the use of discrete pieces of software
(modules) to provide specific functions as services to other applications.
• Allow users to interact with systems, and systems to interact with each other.
• Application programming interfaces (API):
• A set of programming instructions and standards that enable one microservice to
access and use the services of another microservice.
Principle 05
Hardware and Software
Principles
Organizations typically use
off-the-shelf application
software to meet common
business needs and
proprietary application
software to meet unique
business needs and provide
a competitive advantage.
Learning Objectives
• Identify three advantages of off-the-shelf versus
proprietary software.
• State four key advantages of the software as a
service model.
• Give an example of how application software is
used in the personal, workgroup, and enterprise
sphere of influence.
• Identify five tasks for which programming
languages are commonly used.
• Identify the three primary types of end-user license
agreements.
• Compare open-source software to licensed
software in terms of how each is used and
supported.
Application Software
• The primary function is to apply the power of a computer system to
enable people, workgroups, and entire enterprises to solve
problems and perform specific tasks.
• Some of the dozens of categories of applications:
Overview of Application Software (1/2)
Two important types of application software
1. Proprietary software:
• One-of-a-kind program for a specific application and for an individual
company, organization, or person that uses it.
• Can give a competitive advantage by providing services or solving problems in
a unique manner—better than methods used by a competitor.
2. Off-the-shelf software:
• Software produced by software vendors to address needs that are common
across businesses, organizations, or individuals.
• For example: many companies use SAP to support their routine business
processes, reporting and data analysis.
Overview of Application Software (2/2)
Software as a Service (SaaS)
• Allows businesses to subscribe to Web-delivered business application
software by paying a monthly service charge or a per-use fee
• Advantage:
✓ Available from any device, anytime,
anywhere.
✓ No software patches for customers to
download or install
✓ Lower upgrades/new releases cost than
the traditional software licensing model
✓ No need to add hardware, software, or
communications capacity as the number of
users increases.
Personal Application Software

Application software
to meet the needs of
individuals.
Software Suites and Integrated Software Packages
• A collection of programs packaged together and sold in a bundle.
• The software programs within a suite have been designed to work
similarly—easy to learn and use.
• Buying software in a bundled suite is cost effective.
• Most popular general-purpose software suites:
 Mobile Application Software
• The number of applications (apps) for smartphones and other mobile
devices has exploded in recent years.
• Hundreds of thousands of mobile apps have been developed by third
parties.
• As of April 2018, Apple’s App Store had over 2.1 million apps available for iOS
device users.
• Android users could choose from over 2.8 million mobile apps on Google’s Play
Store.
• The Windows store had 700,000 apps.
• Amazon had 400,000 apps available.
Workgroup Application Software
• Software designed to support teamwork, whether team members
are in the same location or dispersed around the world.
• For example: group-scheduling software, electronic mail, instant
messaging, project management, etc.
• Personal application software can extend into the workgroup
application arena.
• For example, Apple, Google, and Microsoft all provide workgroup options of
its online applications.
Enterprise Application Software
• Software used to meet organization-wide business needs and
typically shares data with other enterprise applications used within
the organization.
• Support processes in logistics, manufacturing, human resources,
marketing and sales, order processing, accounting, inventory control,
customer relationship management, and other essential business
functions.
• These processes require cross-functional collaboration with
employees from multiple organizational units, and even people
outside the organization such as customers, suppliers, and
government agencies.
Programming Languages
• Sets of keywords, commands, symbols, and rules for constructing statements
by which humans can communicate instructions to a computer.
• Popular programming languages and what they are used to build:
Software Licenses
• When people purchase software, they do not own the software, but
rather they are licensed to use the software on a computer.
• Three primary types of end user licenses:
1. A single-user license
Only installed and used on one CPU that is not accessed by other users over a
network.
2. Individual/multiuser licenses
Allow the licensee to install the software on a certain number of computers.
3. Network/multiuser licenses
A single copy of the software residing on a file server can be accessed by a limited
number of client access licenses (CALs) purchased for that server.
Open-Source Software
• Software that is distributed, typically for free, with the source code also
available so that it can be studied, changed, and improved by its users.
• Advantages:
• Users can fix any problems they discover
• The chances of a bug being discovered and fixed are much greater than with
traditional software packages
• Software support can be obtained through open-source community lives on the
Internet
• Disadvantages:
• May contain many hidden costs, particularly in terms for user support and
debugging.
The End