Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter1 Handout
Chapter1 Handout
ET4270
TS. Nguyn c Minh
[Adapted from Computer Organization and Design, 4th Edition, Patterson & Hennessy, 2008, MK] [Adapted from Computer Architecture lecture slides, Mary Jane Irwin, 2008, PennState University]
T chc lp
S tn ch Ging vin 3 (3-1-1-6) TS. Nguyn c Minh
Vn phng
Email Website
C9-401
minhnd1@gmail,com https://sites.google.com/site/fethutca/home
Sch
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im s
Bi thi cui k
70%
Bi thi gia k
Bi tp Th nghim
30%
20% 10%
Gii thiu
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Lch hc
Thi gian:
T 14h00 n 17h20 15 bui x 135 pht / 1 bui Thay i lch (ngh, hc b) s c thng bo trn website trc 2 ngy
Gii thiu
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Electromechanical
Gii thiu
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Bt u
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Ngy nay
Cameras Media Players
Smart phones
Sensor Nets
Routers
Laptops
Supercomputers
Servers Automobiles
My tnh c mt khp mi ni
7
Gii thiu
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ng dng
Phng tin giao thng
Khi my tnh tr nn r hn, nh hn v c hiu sut cao hn, n c s dng trong t, xe my tng hiu sut s dng nhiu liu, gim nhim, tng an ton.
Bn gen
My tnh tr nn r v mnh hn 10-100 ln so vi cch y 10 nm cho php trang b cc my tnh phn tch v nh x bn gen ngi.
WWW
Nh s ph bin ca my tnh, cc thit b mng, Internet tr thnh mi trng lm th gii trn ngp thng tin (th gii thng tin).
B tm kim
Google tr thnh 1 ng t v 1 ch.
Gii thiu
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Cc loi my tnh
My tnh bn (eng, Desktop computers)
Mt ngi dng; Chy nhiu ng dng khc nhau; i km mn hnh, bn phm v chut; Yu cu gi thnh r, hiu nng cao
My ch (eng, Servers)
Nhiu ngi dng ng thi; Chy cc ng dng ln; Truy cp qua mng, Yu cu n nh v an ton cao.
Gii thiu
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Gii thiu
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c im ca my tnh nhng ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau Yu cu hiu nng rt khc nhau Yu cu hiu nng ti thiu v va . V d? Yu cu kht khe v gi thnh. V d? Yu cu kht khe v nng lng tiu th. V d? t chp nhn hng hc. V d?
Gii thiu
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Mc tiu mn hc
Kin thc v h thng my tnh: Giao din gia phn mm v phn cng Qu trnh bin dch chng trnh phn mm Cu to v hot ng ca phn cng my tnh Phng php nh gi nh lng v hiu nng my tnh nh hng ca cc thnh phn ln hiu nng my tnh K s phn mm: tn dng u im ca phn cng v la chn phn cng ti u K s phn cng: nh hng ca phn cng ln phn mm
Gii thiu 12
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Phn mm
Phn mm ng dng Phn mm h thng Phn cng
Phn mm h thng
H iu hnh gim st, giao tip gia phn cng v phn mm ng dng (nh Linux, MacOS, Windows)
iu khin cc hot ng vo ra c bn Cp pht b nh Cung cp s chia s c bo v gia cc ng dng
B bin dch chuyn i cc chng trnh ngn ng bc cao (nh C, Java) thnh cc cu lnh phn cng c th thc hin
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one-to-many
C compiler
one-to-one
assembler
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u im ca ngn ng bc cao
Ngn ng bc cao
Chng trnh c vit ngn ng t nhin v ph hp vi tng ng dng (V d: Fotran, Lisp, Java) Tng nng sut lp trnh vin m chng trnh d hiu, d g li, d kim tra Tng kh nng bo tr chng trnh
Chng trnh c lp vi phn cng s thc hin chng trnh Chng trnh c ti u ha cho tng loi phn cng nh cc thut ton ti u trong trnh bin dch
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Phn cng
5 thnh phn ca h thng my tnh:
ng d liu (eng, datapath) Khi iu khin B nh Khi vo Khi ra
Phn mm ng dng
Phn cng
Phn mm h thng
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512KB L2
512KB L2
Core 1
Core 2
Northbridge
512KB L2
512KB L2
Core 3
Core 4
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I/O Devices
Bus a ch
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B nh d liu
B x l trung tm CPU
Thit b vo/ra
B nh lnh
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Cu trc ni dung mn hc
Chng 2. Giao din gia phn mm v phn cng
Kin trc tp lnh Biu din d liu T chc v truy cp b nh Lnh vo ra
Chng 3. Cu trc b x l
Thit k b x l trung tm K thut ng ng
Chng 4. B nh
Phn cp v thit k b nh
Chng 5. Vo ra
Thit b, c ch vo ra Cu trc bus
Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh 22
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nh gi v so snh cc my tnh
Quyt nh mua my tnh
Trong s cc my tnh, my no c
hiu nng tt nht? gi thnh r nht? t l gi thnh/hiu nng tt nht?
Yu cu:
Cn c so snh Thng s nh gi
Mc tiu: nm r s nh hng ca cc nhn t trong kin trc my tnh ti hiu nng ton h thng; vai tr quan trng tng i v gi thnh ca cc nhn t ,
Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh 23
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Thng lng (di thng) l tng s nhim v c th c hon thnh trong 1 khong thi gian
Quan trng i vi ngi iu hnh trung tm d liu
Cn cc h o lng khc nhau cho hiu nng ca my tnh cng nh cn 1 tp hp cc ng dng khc nhau kim chun cc my tnh nhng, my tnh bn (thng ch trng n thi gian p ng) v cc my ch (thng ch trng n thng lng
Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh 24
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Tcpu C Tc or Tcpu C / f c
Hiu nng c th ci thin bng cch gim s chu k 1 xung ng h hoc gim s chu k cn thit thc hin chng trnh
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Xung nhp ng h
CPU hot ng ng b theo ng h
1 chu k
ng h Tc
10 nsec clock cycle => 100 MHz clock rate 5 nsec clock cycle => 200 MHz clock rate
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V d 1.3 Ci thin hiu nng My tnh A vi xung ng h 2GHz thc hin 1 chng trnh ht 10 giy. thc hin chng trnh trong 6 giy bng my tnh B, ta cn tng tc xung ng h ca my B. Tuy nhin, tng tc xung ng h cng lm tng s chu k cn thit ln 1,2 ln. Xc nh tc xung ng h my tnh B.
S xung ng h
S xung ng h thc hin 1 chng trnh:
Trong :
C I CPI
I l s ch th my cn thc hin trong chng trnh CPI (eng. Clock cycles per Instruction) l s xung ng h trung bnh cn thc thi 1 ch th my,
CPI c th dng so snh cc my tnh khc nhau cng trin khai 1 kin trc tp lnh. V d: c 3 loi lnh A, B, C khc nhau trong 1 kin trc tp lnh. Mi lnh trong tng loi c CPI tng ng:
A 1
CPI
C 3
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V d 1.4 So snh da trn CPI My tnh A v B cng trin khai 1 kin trc tp lnh. My A c chu k ng h l 250ps, v CPI hiu dng cho 1 chng trnh P l 2,0. My B c chu k ng h l 500ps, v CPI hiu dng cho cng 1 chng trnh P l 1,2. My tnh no nhanh hn v nhanh hn bao nhiu?
Trong :
ICi l t l (%) s ch th thuc lp i c thc thi CPIi l s chu k (trung bnh) cn thc hin 1 ch th thuc thuc lp i N l s lp ch th
CPI hiu dng ph thuc vo t l ch th trong mt chng trnh (tn sut ng ca cc ch th trong 1 hoc nhiu chng trnh)
Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh
Tcpu I CPI Tc
Tcpu
I CPI fc
Cng thc trn phn tch 3 yu t nh hng n hiu nng my tnh Cho php o CPU c o bng cch chy chng trnh:
Tc ng h c cho trc S ch th I c o bng cch dng cng c profilers/m phng s thc hin chng trnh m khng cn trin khai phn cng CPI ph thuc vo loi ch th, trin khai phn cng chi tit
Cho php so snh 2 trin khai phn cng hoc nh gi la chn gia 2 thit k
Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh 35
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Vi 1 cu lnh ngn ng bc cao, ngi vit trnh bin dch c th la chn 2 on ch th my gm c tn sut cc loi ch th nh sau:
on m 1 A 2 B 1 C 2
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CPIi
ICi x CPIi
1 5 3 2 =
Nu ta c b m d liu lm gim thi gian np (Load) xung 2 chu k, my tnh s nhanh ln bao nhiu ln? Nu ta c khi d bo r nhnh cho php tit kim 1 chu k khi r nhnh, hiu nng s th no? Nu ta c 2 khi ALU thc hin 2 ch th ALU ng thi?
Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh
FP benchmarks
Quantum chromodynamics
vpr
gcc
swim
mgrid
mcf
crafty
Combinatorial optimization
Chess program
applu
mesa
Parabolic/elliptic pde
3D graphics library
parser
eon perlbmk gap
galgel
art equake facerec
vortex
bzip2
ammp
lucas
Computational chemistry
Primality testing
twolf
fma3d
sixtrack
apsi
Pollutant distribution
Ix109
2 118 2 389 1 050
CPI
0,75 0,85 1,72
ExTime
637 817 724
RefTime
9 770 9 650 8 050
SPEC ratio
15,3 11,8 11,1
mcf
go hmmer sjeng
336
1 658 2 783 2 176
10,00
1,09 0,80 0,96
1 345
721 890 837
9 120
10 490 9 330 12 100
6,8
14,6 10,5 14,5
libquantum
h264avc omnetpp astar xalancbmk
1 623
3 102 587 1 082 1 058
1,61
0,80 2,94 1,79 2,70
1 047
993 690 773 1 143
20 720
22 130 6 250 7 020 6 900
19,8
22,3 9,1 9,1 6,0
Geometric Mean
Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh
11,7
So snh v tng kt hiu nng Tng kt hiu nng cho 1 tp tiu chun thnh mt s duy nht:
Thi gian thc hin c chun ha thnh SPECRatio (t s ln c ngha l nhanh hn) Ly trung bnh nhn ca cc SPECRatio:
n
GM n
SPEC ratio
i 1
Nng lng tiu th l mt thng s quan trng, c bit vi th trng h nhng (thi lng pin l quan trng vi h thng)
Lut Amdahl
Khi thc hin ci tin mt c im ca h thng, tc dng ca vic ci tin b gii hn bi c im c ci tin
Tcpu sau khi ci tin =
Lut c bn tnh ton nh lng s ci tin Khi ci tin, cn ch trng n cc trng hp thng dng t ra gii hn s lng b x l hot ng song song
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Kt lun chng
H thng my tnh c xy dng t phn cp cc lp tru tng. Cc chi tit trin khai lp di b che khut khi lp trn. Kin trc tp lnh lp giao tip gia phn cng v phn mm mc thp l lp tru tng quan trng trong h thng my tnh. Phn cng my tnh gm 5 thnh phn: ng d liu, khi iu khin, b nh, khi vo, v khi ra. 5 thnh phn kt ni vi nhau bng h thng bus theo m hnh vonNeumann hoc m hnh Havard. Phng php nh gi hiu nng mt h thng my tnh l dng thi gian thc hin 1 chng trnh. Thi gian thc hin chng trnh c tnh bng cng thc:
Tcpu I CPI Tc
Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh 46
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