CT Dimension Ing

CT Dimensioning
For internal use only / Copyright Siemens Australia & NZ 2007. All rights reserved.
Siemens. Innovation for generations.
Current Transformers Dimensioning
Protection CT
Measuring CT
CT Magnetising Curve
10
CT Excitation - BH Curve
Flux Density - B (tesla)
Measured Knee Knee' 0 0 1

Exciting Current (A-tuns/cm)
10
V = 2 f A N B = 4.44 f A N B V = induced voltage f = frequency A = cross sectional area of magnetic core N = number of secondary turns B = flux density L I = H N I = magnetising current L = mean magnetic path H = magnetising force
Es tim ate d CT Excitation Cur ve 35
30
25 E c tio V lta e(V x ita n o g )
20
15
10
Knee Point
0 0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Excitation Cur re nt (A)
CT Measuring vs Protection Measuring CT Under over current, the CT should limit the secondary current to avoid thermal overload of the connected equipment At rated burden (cos = 0.8) and rated security factor, the composite error should be > 10% Protection CT In case of over current, the CT should maintain the secondary current within the rated limit to enable proper protection operation At rated burden (cos = 0.8) and rated accuracy limit factor, the composite error should be less than 5% or 10%
excitation limiting voltage (TPS Class) 10%
100%
CT Saturation
Factors affecting CT saturation
CT ratio Core cross-sectional area Core design Connected burden B-H characteristic of core Amount of remanent flux Fault current & DC offset System time constant
CT Saturation
Steady-state saturation with a.c. current
Transient saturation with offset current
d di e = n = L dt dt
CT Saturation
IP
saturation flux
IS
CT Saturation
Transient CT saturation due to DC component
ISC
Short circuit current
DC flux non-saturated
AC flux
Im
Magnetising current
CT Standards IEC/AS 60044-1: Instrument transformers - Part 1 Current transformers (ed. 1.2 2003) IEC/AS 60044-6: Instrument transformers - Part 6 Requirements for protective current transformers for transient performance IEC/AS 60044-8: Instrument transformers -Part 8 Electronic current transformers AS 1675: Current Transformers Measurement & Protection (now superseded) BS7626 (BS 3938): Specification for current transformers (now superseded)
CT Equivalent Circuit
n2Zpri 1:n Ideal Tx Iexcitation ZCT Zwire
Zburden
Xm
Rm
Zburden
Ipri/n
ZCT
Zwire
n:1 Ideal CT Iexcitation
Zburden
Xm
Rm
Zburden
CT AS 60044 - 1
Definition of Ratio Error
rerror = 100
I sec nr I prim I prim
Ratio Error (pu)
rerror
where
I s Z slcore sin( + ) 2fAcore N s I p N p
= permeabili ty = atan
Xs + Xz Rs + R z
= phase angle of excitation

(+ error due to stray capacitance)
CT AS 60044 - 1
Definition of Angle Error
= angle( I sec ) angle( I prim )

Phase Angle Error (radians)
I s Z slcore cos( + ) 2fAcore N s I p N p
where
= permeabili ty = atan
Xs + Xz Rs + R z
= phase angle of excitation

CT AS 60044 - 1 Class P
Rated Composite Error at ALF (turn ratio error, iron / copper losses, saturation) IEC/AS 60044-1 / BS3938: multiple of rated current at which, with rated burden, will maintain the accuracy IEC/AS 60044-1 / BS3938 specify Rated Burden
AS 60044: AS 1765:
5P20 5VA 5P 100 F20
Rated Secondary Reference Voltage Vref (the RMS secondary voltage upon which the performance is based)
Conversion: Vref I sec = VA ALF

Accuracy Limit Factor (ALF) (the factor which, when applied to at rated primary current, gives the accuracy limit primary current)
(Appendix H, AS1675)
Composite Error:
Max. Composite Error at Rated Accuracy Limit 5% 10%
Accuracy Class
Max. Current Error at Rated Primary Current 1% 3%
Phase Displacement at Rated Primary Current
5P 10P
60 min. -
1.8 centiradians -
Accuracy limit based on steady state symmetrical primary current
AS 1675: Current error at rated current with Rb < 0.04 ohm: Ipri > 100A 1% Ipri 100A 2%
CT AS 60044 - 1 Class PR New to AS, e.g. 5PR 10VA Ts Rct Intended for limiting the remanence Additional requirements: Saturation flux (s) Remanent flux (r) Remanence factor (Kr =100r /s < 10%) Rated secondary loop time constant (Ts=Ls/Rs) (to be specified by purchaser) Secondary winding resistance (Rct) at 75oC Application: current differential protection for generators, motors, transformers, busbars and transmission lines.
CT AS 60044 - 1 Class PX Low leakage flux Marking, e.g. 5PX 10VA Ek Ie Rct Kx Rb Rated turns ratio, turns ratio error < 0.25% Rated knee point e.m.f. (Ek) Maximum exciting current (Ie) at rated knee point e.m.f. and/or at stated percentage thereof Maximum resistance of the complete secondary winding at a temperature of 75 (Rct) C Purchaser may also specify: Dimensioning factor (Kx) Rated resistive burden (Rb)
CT AS 60044 - 1 Class PX
(similar to BS 3938 Class X AS 1675 Class PL)
0.05PX 450 R3 10VA Kx Rb

Max. exciting current (Ie) at rated knee point voltage Dimensioning Rated resistive factor (Kx) burden (Rb)
Rated knee point Max. secondary winding o voltage (Ek or Vk) resistance (Rct) at 75 C
Turn ratio error within 0.25%

AS 1675: or 50/Ns whichever the greater, where Ns = number of secondary turns
CT AS 60044 - 1 Class PX
Ek = K x ( Rct + Rb ) I sn
Ek = rated knee point emf Kx = multiple of Isn at which the CT must perform satisfactorily Isn = rated secondary current Rb = rated resistive burden Rct = winding dc resistance at 75oC
CT AS 60044 - 1 Class PX Conversion from Class P to Class PX

( Rb + Rct ) I sn K ssc Vk = 1.3 Example
600/1, 5P10, 15VA, Rct = 4

(15 + 4) 1 10 Vk = = 146V 1.3
, Rb = 15
3000/5, 5P10, 15VA, Rct = 4

(15 / 25 + 4) 5 10 Vk = = 177V 1.3
, Rb = 15/25
CT AS 60044 - 1 Class PX Conversion from Class PX to Class P

K ssc = 1.15 Vk ( Rb + Rct ) I sn
Example
600/1, 0.05PX 150, 15VA, Rct = 4

K SSC = 1.15 150 1 = 9.1 (15 + 4)
, Rb = 15
CT AS 60044 - 6 Class TP
At rated primary current Class Ratio error Phase Displacement Min. 60 Centered 1.8 At rated accuracy limit Peak instantaneous error 10% during specified duty cycle 10% (ac) during single energization with max. d.c. offset at specified secondary loop time constant 10% during specified duty cycle Remanence
TPY (anti-remanence air gap)
1.0%
<10%
TPZ (linear core)
1.0%
180 18
5.3 0.6
negligible
TPX (closed iron core, low leakage flux) TPS (closed iron core, low leakage flux)
0.5%
30
0.9
no limit
0.25%
specify excitation current limit at excitation limiting secondary voltage (if not, then < excitation current at 10% peak instantaneous error of TPX class)
no limit
CT Dimensioning
Operational Accuracy Limit Factor ALF
ALF' = ALF Pi + PN Ri + RN = n Pi + PB Ri + RB
P + PB Ri + RB ALF = ALF' i = ALF' Pi + PN Ri + RN
Rated CT burden: Internal CT burden: Actually connected burden :
PN Pi=Ri I2N2 PB= RB I2N2
with: RB=RL+RR= total burden resistance RL= resistance of connecting cable RR= relay burden resistance
CT Dimensioning
Operational Accuracy Limit Factor ALF
I ALF ' K OD SC IN
Where KOD is the total over-dimensioning factor:
Theory:
No saturation during BMax XN K' TF = = 1 + TN = 1 + total fault duration:
B~
RN
K OD K TF K Rem
K Rem % remanence = 1+ 100
No saturation for the specified time tM:
tM tM TN TS TN K ' 'TF = 1+ (e e TS TN TS
Practice:
K OD = KTF
Remanence only considered in extra high voltage systems (EHV) KTF-values acc. to relay manufacturers guides
CT Dimensioning
Choice of CT rated power Rated burden > total connected burden For GIS and MV switchboard with modern relays/measuring devices, class P 1A CTs with small rated burden are sufficient, e.g. 5VA, 10VA Choice of Accuracy Limit Factor Relay manufacturers recommendation should be followed + engineering security factor CT performance depends on operational ALF
CT Dimensioning
Choice of CT Ratio CT ratio should be based on the protected object, however, it may need to be go higher: limitation of difference in CT ratio for low impedance differential protection as recommended by the relay manufacturer Avoid excessive over-dimensioning: Imax, switchgear / Ipri-rated > 100 ! Such CT can damage the relay because there is no CT saturation
If a more precise estimation of the CT performance is necessary, then RCT and the magnetising curve is required.
CT Dimensioning
Choice of Measuring CT For classes 0.1 1, the accuracy is based on a total connected burden between 25% to 100% of the rated burden For classes 0.1, 0.2 and 0.2S with rated burden < 15VA, an extended range of burden can be specified (from 1VA to 100% of the rated burden) For classes 3 and 5, the accuracy is based on a total connected burden between 50% to 100% of rated burden Instrument security factor (FS) defines the maximum secondary current that will flow under short circuit of primary circuit Instrument security factor (FS) is based on the rated burden Under-burdened measuring CT can damage connected instrument during short circuit or overload of the primary circuit
CT Dimensioning Overcurrent Protection

CT saturation is allowable provided the remaining fundamental current is higher than I>> setting
Isec, fundamental > I >
Isec,funfamental > I >>

Pn + PCT I >> ALF' = ALF > P '+ PCT In
CT Dimensioning Differential Protection

Differential protection should be stable on external faults High sensitivity for internal fault
Protected Object Relay Type Requirement for Internal Faults Requirements for External Faults
min. saturation free time (ms)
min. over dimensioning KTF 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50
min. saturation free time (ms)
min. over dimensioning KTF 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
CT symmetry
Generator Transformer O/H Line, Cable with digital communication
7UM6 7UT6 7SD52 7SD61
4 4 3 3
5 5 5 5
O/H Line, Cable with pilot wires Busbar
7SD600 7SS52 7SS600
5 3 4
1.20 0.50 0.75
1 3
1.00 0.50
0.75
4 0.75 Siemens. Innovation for generations.
CT Dimensioning Distance Protection

Zone 1 faults should be cleared without delay Faults outside Zone 1 should trip after preset delay
CT saturation is allowable provided the remaining fundamental current is sufficient to trigger Zone 1 operation
CT saturation is allowable only after the preset time delay for tripping command
CT Dimensioning CT Requirements SIPROTEC Catalogue Part 2
Our Vision
High Impedance Differential Scheme
High Impedance Restricted Earth Fault
High Impedance Scheme Through Fault Stability

n2Zpri 1:n Ideal Tx Iexcitation ZCT Zwire Zwire ZCT n2Zpri n:1 Iexcitation Ideal Tx Rm
Zstabilise
Xm
Rm
Zrelay
Xm
Stabilising resistor Knee point voltage Non-linear resistor Effective setting


CT Dimension Ing

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CT Dimension Ing

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CT Dimensioning

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Current Transformers Dimensioning

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Flux Density - B (tesla)

Measured Knee Knee' 0 0 1

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

25 E c tio V lta e(V x ita n o g )

Excitation Cur re nt (A)

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Transient saturation with offset current

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Short circuit current

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

n:1 Ideal CT Iexcitation

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

I sec nr I prim I prim

Ratio Error (pu)

I s Z slcore sin( + ) 2fAcore N s I p N p

= phase angle of excitation

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

= angle( I sec ) angle( I prim )

I s Z slcore cos( + ) 2fAcore N s I p N p

= phase angle of excitation

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

5P20 5VA 5P 100 F20

Conversion: Vref I sec = VA ALF

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Max. Current Error at Rated Primary Current 1% 3%

Phase Displacement at Rated Primary Current

Accuracy limit based on steady state symmetrical primary current

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

0.05PX 450 R3 10VA Kx Rb

Turn ratio error within 0.25%

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

CT AS 60044 - 1 Class PX Conversion from Class P to Class PX

600/1, 5P10, 15VA, Rct = 4

3000/5, 5P10, 15VA, Rct = 4

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

CT AS 60044 - 1 Class PX Conversion from Class PX to Class P

600/1, 0.05PX 150, 15VA, Rct = 4

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

TPY (anti-remanence air gap)

TPZ (linear core)

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P + PB Ri + RB ALF = ALF' i = ALF' Pi + PN Ri + RN

Rated CT burden: Internal CT burden: Actually connected burden :

PN Pi=Ri I2N2 PB= RB I2N2

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No saturation for the specified time tM:

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.