CHUYEN E 4

NG TRON
1. e tm phng trnh cua mot ng tron ta can lu y:
. Phng trnh cua ng tron (C) tam I(a, b) ban knh R la :

(x a)

+ ( y b ) = R2
2

. Phng trnh cua (C) dang khai trien :

x2 + y2 2ax 2by + c = 0 ( hay x2 + y2 + 2ax + 2by + c = 0)
vi c = a2 + b2 R2

R2 =

a 2 + b2 c

Do o ta phai co ieu kien a2 + b2 c 0

. Phng trnh tham so cua ng tron tam I(a, b) ban knh R la:
x = a + R cos t

y = b + R sin t

(t R)

2. e viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi mot ng tron ta can phan biet :
a) Trng hp biet tiep iem : ta dung cong thc phan oi toa o :
Tiep tuyen ( ) tai tiep iem M0(x0, y0) vi :
- ng tron (C) : ( x a ) + ( y b ) = R2 la
2

(x0 a) (x a) + (y0 b) (y b) = R2
- ng tron (C) : x2 + y2 2ax 2by + c = 0 la
x0x + y0y a(x0 + x) b(y0 + y) + c = 0
b) Trng hp khong biet tiep iem, ta ap dung tnh chat :
ng thang ( ) tiep xuc vi ng tron tam I ban knh R

d( I , ) = R.

c) ng tron (C) : ( x a ) + ( y b ) = R2 co 2 tiep tuyen cung phng vi Oy la x =

2

a R. Ngoai 2 tiep tuyen x = a R, moi tiep tuyen khac vi ng tron ( C) eu co

dang y = kx + m hoac dang y = k ( x x0 ) + y0 neu tiep tuyen i qua ( x0 , y0 ) la
iem nam ngoai ng tron.
V du

Trong mat phang Oxy cho A(2, 0), B(0, 4).

a) Viet phng trnh ng tron (C) qua 3 iem O, A, B.
b) Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen vi ng tron (C) tai A, B.
c) Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen vi (C) phat xuat t iem M(4, 7)
Giai
a) Phng trnh ng tron (C) co dang :
x2 + y2 2ax 2by + c = 0
ng tron (C) qua 3 iem O, A, B nen :

c = 0

4 + 4a + c = 0
16 8b + c = 0

Vay

(C) :

c = 0

a = 1
b = 2

x2 + y2 + 2x 4y = 0.

Cach khac: Tam giac ABC vuong tai O nen co tam la trung iem cua AB va ng knh la
AB nen pt dng tron (C) la:
( x + 1 )2 + ( y 2 )2 =

1
1
AB2 = ( 4 + 16 ) = 5
4
4

Cach khac: Tam giac ABC vuong tai O nen vi M ( x, y ) (C ) ta co

JJJJG JJJJG
AM.BM = 0 . Vay pt ng tron ( C ) la ( x xA )( x xB ) + ( y yA )( y yB ) = 0 .
b) Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) tai :
. Tiep iem A(2, 0) la : 2x + 0.y + (2 + x) 2(0 + y) = 0

. Tiep iem B(0, 4) la :

x + 2y + 2 = 0

0.x + 4.y + (0 + x) 2(4 + y) = 0

x + 2y 8 = 0

c) ng tron (C) : x2 + y2 + 2x 4y = 0 co tam I(1, 2) va ban knh R = 1 + 22 0 =

5 .Hai tiep tuyen cung phng vi Oy la x = a R = 1 5 . Hai tiep tuyen
nay khong qua M(4, 7)
Vay phng trnh tiep tuyen qua M(4, 7) co dang:

()

: y 7 = k(x 4)

kx y + 7 4k = 0

()

tiep xuc vi ng tron (C)

d( I , ) = R

k 2 + 7 4k
k +1
2

4k2 10k + 4 = 0

5 5k =

k=2

hay

5 .
k=

k2 + 1

1
2

Vay co 2 tiep tuyen vi ng tron (C) phat xuat t iem M(4, 7) vi phng trnh la :
k=2
k=

2x y 1 = 0

1
2

1
x y + 5 = 0.
2

V du (H KHOI B-2003)
n = 900 .
Trong mat phang vi he toa o ecac vuong goc Oxy cho tam giac ABC co AB=AC, BAC
2
Biet M(1,1) la trung iem canh BC va G( ; 0) la trong tam tam giac ABC. Tm toa o cac
3
nh A , B, C.
JJJG
JJJJG
G la trong tam ABC AG = 2GM
2 2
2
x A = 0
x A = 2(1 ) =
3
A (0, 2)
3 3
y A = 2
y A = 2(1 0) = 2
JJJJG
PT: BC qua M (1, 1) AM = (1, 3): x 3y 4 = 0
PT .tron (C) tam M, ban knh R = AM= 1 + 9 = 10

(x 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 10
x 3y 4 = 0

Toa o B, C thoa :

2
2
(x 1) + (y + 1) = 10
x = 3y + 4
x = 2
x = 4

2
2
2
y = 0
y = 2
(3y + 3) + (y +1) = 10 (y +1) = 1

Vay B (4, 0); C(2, 2) hay B(2, 2); C (4, 0)

V du (H KHOI D-2003) Trong mat phang vi he toa o ecac vuong goc Oxy cho ng
tron (C): (x 1)2 + (y 2)2 = 4 va ng thang d: x y 1 = 0. Viet phng trnh ng tron
(C) oi xng vi ng tron (C) qua ng thang d. Tm toa o cac giao iem (C) va (C)
Giai
(C1) co tam I (1, 2), R = 2.
Goi I la oi xng I qua (d)
Goi () la ng thang qua I va () (d)
() : x + y 3 = 0. () (d) = H(2, 1)
H la trung iem cua II
x +1

2 = 2
x = 3
Gia s I (x, y) th

y = 0
1 = y + 2

I (3, 0); R = R = 2.

(C) : (x 3)2 + y2 = 4

(x 1)2 + (y 2)2 = 4
(x 3)2 + y 2 = 4

2
2
(x 3) + y = 4
x y 1 = 0

Giai he

x = y + 1

2y 4y = 0

x = 1
x = 3

y = 0
y = 2

Vay giao iem cua (C) va (C) la A (1, 0) va B (3, 2).

V du (H KHOI A-2005)
Trong mat phang vi he toa o Oxy, cho hai ng thang
d1 : x y = 0 va d2 : 2x + y 1 = 0.Tm toa o cac nh hnh vuong ABCD biet rang nh A
thuoc d1, nh C thuoc d2 va cac nh B, D thuoc truc hoanh.
Giai
A d1 A (m; m). C d2 C (n; 1 2n)
V B, D Ox va ABCD la hnh vuong nen :
m = n
m = 2n 1

A va C oi xng nhau qua Ox

m = 1
n = 1

Suy ra A(1; 1), C(1; -1). Goi (C) la ng tron ng knh AC

Phng trnh (C) : (x1)2 +y2=1. B va D la giao iem (C) va Ox nen toa o cua B, D
2
2

la nghiem cua he : (x 1) + y = 1

y = 0
x = 0 x = 2

. Suy ra B (0; 0), D(2; 0) hay B(2; 0), D(0; 0)
y = 0

Vay A(1; 1), B (0; 0), C(1; -1), D(2; 0)

hay A(1; 1), B(2; 0), C(1; -1), D(0; 0).
V du (H KHOI B-2005)Trong mat phang vi he toa o Oxy, cho hai iem A(2; 0), B(6; 4).
Viet phng trnh ng tron (C) tiep xuc vi truc hoanh tai iem A va khoang cach t tam
cua (C) en iem B bang 5.
Giai
JJG

JG

Goi I (x; y) la tam cua (C). Ta co : (C) tiep xuc Ox tai A IA i = (1; 0) x 2 = 0
x=2
IB = 5 (x 6)2 + (y 4)2 = 25
(2 6)2 + (y 4)2 = 25 (y 4)2 = 9
y 4 = 3 y = 7 hay y = 1
Trng hp 1: I(2; 7) R = d(I, Ox) = 7
Suy ra pt (C) : (x 2)2 + (y 7)2 = 49
Trng hp 2: I (2; 1) R = d(I, Ox) = 1
pt (C) : (x 2)2 + (y 1)2 = 1.
V du
(E D B KHOI A -2002)
Trong mat phang vi he toa o ecac vuong goc Oxy, cho hai ng tron:
(C1) : x2 + y2 10x = 0; (C2) : x2 + y2 + 4x 2y 20 = 0

1) Viet phng trnh ng tron i qua cac giao iem cua (C1), (C2) va co tam nam tren
ng thang x + 6y 6 = 0.
2) Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen chung cua cac ng tron (C1) va (C2).
Giai
1) Phng trnh chum ng tron qua cac giao iem cua (C1), (C2) la :
m(x2 + y2 10x) + n(x2 + y2 + 4x 2y 20) = 0
vi m2 + n2 > 0
2
2
(m + n)x + (m + n)y + (4n 10m)x 2ny 20n = 0
4n 10m

2n

20n

=0
y
x2 + y2 +
x
m+n
m+n
m+n
n
5m 2n
;

m + n m + n

Co tam I

V tam I d : x + 6y 6 = 0

5m 2n + 6n 6m 6n
=0
m+n

m = 2n . Cho n = 1 m = 2
Vay phng trnh ng tron la :x2 + y2 24x + 2y + 20 = 0.
2) Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen chung cua (C1), (C2).
(C1) co tam I1(5; 0), ban knh R1 = 5
I1I2 < R1 + R2
(C2) co tam I2(2; 1), ban knh R2 = 5
V (C1), (C2) cat nhau tai 2 iem nen co 2 tiep tuyen chung.
V x = xo khong the la tiep tuyen chung nen pt tt chung co dang :
y = ax + b ax y + b = 0
tiep xuc vi (C1) d(I1, ) = R1

5a + b
a2 + 1

=5

5a + b = 5 a 2 + 1
tiep xuc vi (C2) d(I2, ) = R2

(1)
2a 1 + b
a2 + 1

2a 1 + b = 5 a 2 + 1
(1) va (2) 5a + b = 2a 1 + b
5a + b =
5a + b =

The a =

1
7

=5
(2)

a=

2a 1 + b
7

+2a + 1 b
b = 3a + 1

2
5 + 25 2
5 25 2
vao (1) ta co : b1 =
; b2 =
7
7

Vay ta co 2 tiep tuyen la : x + 7y 5 + 25 2 = 0

x + 7y 5 25 2 = 0.
Cach khac: V JJJJ
R1G = R2 va 2 ng tron cat nhau nen 2 tiep tuyen chung
thang song song vi I1I2 = (7;1) Vay phng trnh 2 tiep tuyen co dang :
x + 7y+m = 0 ()
d(I1, ) = 5 5 + m = 5 7 2 + 1 m = 5 25 2
phng trnh 2 tiep tuyen la x + 7y 5 25 2 = 0.

la 2 ng

Vay

GHI CHU :
Bai ng tron trong chng trnh lp 12 bao gom cac van e chnh la : Tm phng
trnh ng tron; cac bai toan lien quan en v tr tng oi giang thang va ng tron,
gia hai ng tron; phng tch cua mot iem oi vi ng tron; truc ang phng cua hai
ng tron khong ong tam. Ngoai ra con co mot so cau hoi lien quan en phng trnh x2 +
y2 + 2Ax + 2By +C = 0 (1). Chang han tm ieu kien e (1) la phng trnh ng tron. T
phng trnh (1) tm tam va ban knh cua ng tron, tm tham so e ban knh thoa mot ieu
kien nao o . . .
Sau ay, chung toi ch e cap en cach tm phng trnh ng tron noi tiep tam giac
va vai ng dung truc ang phng cua hai ng tron khong ong tam. ay la van e cac em
thng s khi gap phai.
A/ Cach tm phng trnh ng tron noi tiep tam giac ABC :
Trc het can lu y :
Tam ng tron noi tiep tam giac la giao iem cua hai ng phan giac trong .
Muon tm phng trnh ng tron ta tm tam I (a ; b) va ban knh R. Khi o phng trnh
ng tron co dang (x a)2 + (y b)2 = R2 .
Cho k la so thc khac 1, ta co :

x A kx B

x M = 1 k
MA = k MB
y = y A ky B
M
1 k

1/

(I)

Neu e bai cho biet toa o A, B, C th :

Goi D la chan ng phan giac trong ke t A cua
A
tam giac ABC.
Ta co : DB =

I
B

S dung cong thc (I) vi k =

AB
DC
AC

AB
ta xac nh c toa o iem D.
AC

Goi I la tam ng tron noi tiep tam giac ABC th I chnh la chan ng phan giac
trong ke t B cua tam giac ABD.
Ta co : IA =

BA
ID
BD

S dung cong thc (I) vi k =

BA
la xac nh c toa o tam I.
BD

Con ban knh ng tron noi tiep tam giac chnh la khoang cach t tam I en mot
trong 3 canh cua tam giac ABC.
Chu y : Neu mot trong ba nh cua tam giac trung vi goc toa o va hai nh con lai
nam tren hai truc toa o th cach giai c thu gon hn v biet trc c 1 ng phan giac
trong ke t goc toa o. ng phan giac con lai c tm thong qua tm chan ng phan giac
trong nh a trnh bay tren.

2/
Neu e bai cho biet phng trnh 3 canh cua tam giac ABC th t phng trnh 3 canh
o, ta tm c toa o cac iem A, B, C bang cach giai he phng trnh toa o giao iem va
s dung cach giai nh phan 1.
Ngoai ra con co the giai bang kien thc mien tao bi 1 ng thang va khoang cach
ai so t mot iem en ng thang.
B/ Truc ang phng cua hai ng tron khong ong tam :
1/
Cho hai ng tron khong ong tam :
(C1) : x2 + y2 + 2a1x + 2b1y + c1 = 0 (1)
(C2) : x2 + y2 + 2a2x + 2b2y + c2 = 0 (2)
Truc ang phng cua (C1) va (C2) la tap hp cac iem co cung phng tch oi vi
(C1) va (C2) va co phng trnh la :
2(a1 a2)x + 2(b1 b2)y + c1 c2 = 0
2/
ng dung :
Trong chng trnh Hnh hoc lp 10 ta a biet cach dng truc ang phng cua (C1) va
(C2).
Neu (C1) va (C2) cat nhau tai 2 iem A va B th truc ang phng cua (C1) va (C2) la
ng thang AB.
Neu (C1) va (C2) tiep xuc nhau (Tiep xuc trong hoac tiep xuc ngoai) th truc ang
phng cua (C1) va (C2) la tiep tuyen chung cua (C1) va (C2) tai tiep iem.
Neu (C1) va (C2) khong cat nhau th ve them ng tron (C3) sao cho cat c (C1),
(C2) va co tam khong nam tren ng noi tam cua (C1), (C2). Goi M la giao iem cua hai truc
ang phng cua (C1) va (C3), (C2) va (C3). Khi o truc ang phng cua (C1) va (C2) la ng
thang qua M va vuong goc vi ng noi tam cua (C1) va (C2).
Bai toan : Cho ng tron (C) va M la iem nam ngoai (C). T M ke MA va MB la hai tiep
tuyen cua (C) (A va B la hai tiep iem). Viet phng trnh ng thang AB.
Cach giai :
Goi I la tam va R la ban knh cua ng tron (C).
Goi (C) la ng tron tam M, ban knh :
(C)
A

(C)

R = MA = IM 2 R 2
I
M
Suy ra (C) va (C) cat nhau tai A va B.
Do o ng thang AB chnh la truc ang phng cua (C)
B
va (C).
Qua ket qua tren ta ghi nh ngay 2 ket qua :
ng thang i qua giao iem cua hai ng tron (C1) va (C2) chnh la truc ang
phng cua (C1) va (C2) [Ngha la khong can tm toa o giao iem cua (C1) va (C2)].
Tiep tuyen chung cua 2 ng tron (C1) va (C2) tiep xuc nhau tai tiep iem chnh la
truc ang phng cua (C1) va (C2).
Sau ay, lu y them 2 bai toan thng gap :
Bai 1 : Cho (C1) va (C2) ngoai nhau. Tm quy tch nhng iem M t o ve c en (C1) va
(C2) nhng oan tiep tuyen bang nhau.
Cach giai :
M Goi MA va MB (nh hnh ve) la 2 tiep tuyen t M en (C1) va (C2)
Ta co : MA = MB MA2 = MB2
PM /( C1 ) = PM /(C2 )
A

(C1)

(C2)

Do o quy tch M la truc ang phng cua (C1) va (C2).

Bai 2 : Tm tiep iem M cua hai ng tron tiep xuc nhau (C1) va (C2)
Goi I1 va I2 la tam cua (C1) va (C2). Tiep iem M chnh
d
la giao iem cua truc ang phng cua (C1) va (C2) vi
ng noi tam I1I2.
I1 M

I2

(C2)

(C1)

V du (E D B KHOI B -2005)
Trong mat phang vi he toa o Oxy cho 2 ng tron :
(C1 ): x2 + y2 = 9 va (C2 ): x2 + y2 2 x 2 y 23 = 0 . Viet phng trnh truc ang phng d cua
2 ng tron (C1) va (C2). Chng minh rang neu K thuoc d th khoang cach t K en tam cua
(C1) nho hn khoang cach t K en tam cua ( C2 ).
Giai:
ng tron ( C1 ) co tam O ( 0,0 ) ban knh R1 = 3
ng tron ( C2 ) co tam I (1,1) , ban knh R 2 = 5
Phng trnh truc ang phng cua 2 ng tron ( C1 ) , ( C2 ) la

(x

) (

+ y2 9 x 2 + y2 2x 2y 23 = 0

x + y + 7 = 0 (d)
Goi K ( x k ,y k ) ( d ) y k = x k 7
2

OK 2 = ( x k 0 ) + ( y k 0 ) = x 2k + y2k = x 2k + ( x k 7 ) = 2x 2k + 14x k + 49
2

IK 2 = ( x k 1) + ( y k 1) = ( x k 1) + ( x k 8 ) = 2x 2k + 14x k + 65

) (

2
2
2
2
Ta xet IK OK = 2x k + 14x k + 65 2x k + 14x k + 49 = 16 > 0

Vay IK 2 > OK 2 IK > OK(pcm)

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