THE SETS

KOMPETENSI DASAR
4.1 4.2 4.4 4.3 4.5 Memahami pengertian himpunan Memahami konsep himpunan bagian Menyajikan himpunan dengan diagram Venn Melakukan operasi himpunan Menggunakan konsep himpunan

MATERI
1. PENGERTIAN
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Konsep Penulisan Anggota Menyatakan Jumlah Anggota Himpunan Berhingga dan Tak Berhingga Himpunan Kosong Hubungan Dua Himpunan

2. HIMPUNAN BAGIAN
A. B. C. Menentukan Jumlah Himpunan Semesta

3. DIAGRAM VENN
Gambar Himpunan

4. OPERASI
A. B. C. D. Irisan Gabungan Komplemen Kurang

5. MENYELESAIKAN MASALAH

1. DEFINITION
(Pengertian)

A. CONCEPT (Konsep)

Collection of pens

Collection of books

Collection of butterfly

Collection of delicious food

Collection of beautiful girls

1) Kumpulan alat tulis

3) Kumpulan makanan enak

obyek

obyek

2) The collection of prime number

4) The collection of big number

object

object

disebut Himpunan ( SETS )

disebut Bukan Himpunan (UNSETS)

THE SETS ( Himpunan ) object : CLEAR ( Jelas ) Kesimpulan

THE UNSETS ( Bukan Himpunan ) object : NOT CLEAR ( Tidak Jelas )

Himpunan adalah The sets is DEFIFINISI JELAS = ARTI, CIRI, KETENTUAN

Exercise-1
Determine whether the following conditions can or cannot form sets. 1. Beautiful flowers. 2. SMP Students of Year VII having birthday on the 1st of July 3. SMP teachers who are less than 40 years old 4. The wise mathematics teachers 5. The even numbers between 1 and 10 6. The prime numbers less than 20 7. The clever students of grade VII 8. The kind parents 9. The mathematics textbooks for SMP 10. The smart people

B. WRITING (Penulisan)
1) NAME By use the CAPITAL LETTER ( A Z ) 2) By use of the symbol KURUNG KURAWAL { }

3) A relation with symbol equation = example A B C = = = { the mamalia animal } { the stationery } { the odd numbers less than 10 }

C. ELEMENT (Anggota)
SYMBOL

example

element

not element

1) A = { prime numbers } 2 3 9 A A A

2) B = { factors of 12 } 2 5 6 B B B

Exercise-2
1. Given P = { prime factor of 24 }. Check whether the following statements are true or false. a. 1 P b. 2 P c. 3 P d. 4 P e. 5 P f. 6 P

2. Given M = { the names of provinces in Indonesia }. Check whether each of the following statements is true or false a. Jakarta M b. East Java M c. East Timor M d. DIY M e. Jayapura M f. Ujung Pandang M g. Bali M h. Lampung M

D. REPRESENT (Menyatakan)
1) REPRESENT IN WORDS (Kata-kata)
A B C = = = { huruf penyusun kata Pancasila } { the even number less than 10 } { The prime number between 6 and 20 }

2) REPRESENT IN LISTING (Mendaftar)

A B C = = = {p,a,n,c,s,i,I} {2,4,6,8} { 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 }  tiap anggota dipisah tanda koma  anggota yang sama ditulis satu kali

3) REPRESENT IN NOTATION (Notasi)

A B C = = = { x ` x adalah huruf penyusun kata Pancasila } { y ` y < 10 , y odd numbers } { z ` 6 < z < 20 , z prime number }

1) REPRESENT IN WORD
A = {a,i,u,e,o}

A = { the vocal } B = { 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 15 , 18 } B = { the multiple of 3 less than 19 } C = { 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 } C = { the natural numbers between 4 and 16 } C = { the natural numbers about 5 to 15 }

Exercise-3
REPRESENT IN WORDS (Kata-kata)
1) A = { mata, telinga, hidung, lidah, kulit } answer A = 2) B = { 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 } answer B = 3) C = { 30 , 35 , 40 , 45 , 50 , 55 , 60 , 65 , 70 , 75 , 80 } answer C =

2) REPRESENT IN LISTING
A = { month that have less than 31 days } A = { february, april , june , september , november } B = { factor 12 } B = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 12 } C = { x ` x < 15 , x prime numbers } C = { 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 }

Exercise-4
REPRESENT IN LISTING
1) A = { nama hari dalam satu minggu } jawab A = 2) B = { the even numbers between 30 and 50 } answer B = 3) C = { the multiple of 3 about 12 up to 30 } answer C =

3) REPRESENT IN NOTATION
A = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7} A = { x ` x < 8 , x bilangan cacah } A = { x ` x 7 , x whole numbers } B = { 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 29 } B = { y ` 10 < y < 30 , y bilangan prima } B = { y ` 11 y 29 , y prime numbers } B = { y ` 11 y < 30 , y prime numbers } C = { -4 , -3 , -2 , -1 , 0 , 1 , 2 } C = { z ` -5 < x < 3 , x integer numbers }

Example
REPRESENT IN NOTATION
1) A = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 } answer A = A = 2) B = { 11 , 13 , 15 , 17 , 19 , 21 , 23 , 25 } answer B = B = B = B = { x ` 10 < x < 26 , x odd numbers } { x ` x < 10 , x natural numbers }

Exercise-5
1. Represent in listing A = { lima bilangan cacah yang pertama } B = { empat bilangan prima yang kedua } C = { x | x < 20 , x multiple four } D = { x | 60 < x 70 , x composite numbers } 2. Represent in word E = { 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 13 } F = { x | 10 < x < 30 , x even numbers } 3. Represent in Notation G = { 25 , 30 , 35 , 40 , 45 , 50 } H = { bilangan bulat antara -10 dan 9 }

E. SUM OF ELEMENT (Jumlah Anggota)

Jumlah anggota himpunan A ditulis : example A = { 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 } 5 { x ` 10 < x < 40 , x prime number } n(A)

n(A) = B so =

B = { 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 29 , 31 , 37 } n(B) = 8

Exercise-6
Determine the number (the sum) of sets.
1) A = 2) B = 3) C = 4) D = 5) E = 6) F = 7) G = 8) H = Set of factor 24 Set of prime number between 20 and 50 { huruf penyusun kata I like mathematic } { aksara jawa } { x ` x < 100 , x even numbers} { x ` x 20 , x commposite numbers} { x ` -7 x { x ` 10 < x 5 , x integer numbers} 50 , x multiple of 3 }

F. FINITE and INFINITE SETS (Himpunan Berhingga dan Tak Berhingga)

A = { odd number less than 10 } B = { x | x 20 , x prime numbers } A and B is FINITE C = { integer numbers } D = { x | x > 10 , x even numbers } C and D is INFINITE so FINITE INFINITE : :

Exercise-7
State whether each of the following sets is finite or infinite.
1) A = 2) B = 3) C = 4) D = 5) E = 6) F = 7) G = 8) H = Set of alphabet Set of whole numbers more than 10 { integers numbers less than 7 } { multiple 4 } { x ` x < 15 , x composite numbers} { x ` x u 20 , x natural numbers} {x`1<x { x ` 24 < x 2 , x fraction numbers } 29 , x prime numbers }

G. EMPTY SETS (Himpunan Kosong)

Symbol A = B = : { } or 

{ manusia yang tingginya lebih dari 3 meter } { bilangan ganjil yang habis dibagi 2 }

C = { natural numbers less than 1 } so A, B and C is EMPTY SETS Empty Sets, is or

Exercise-8
State whether each of the following is empty sets or not empty sets
1) A = 2) B = 3) C = 4) D = 5) E = 6) F = 7) G = 8) H = Set of rasional numbers Set of vivipar humans { siswa smp yang usianya lebih dari 20 tahun } { manusia yang tingginya lebih dari 250 cm } { x ` x < 3 , x factor 15 } { x ` x u 20 , x factors 20 } { x ` 53 < x 59 , x prime numbers }

{ huruf s pada alphabet }

H. RELATION TWO SETS (Hubungan Dua Himpunan)

A = {1,3,5,7} B = {7,5,3,1} so A and B is two the sets that EQUAL C = D = so { 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 } {a,b,c,d,e}

C and D is two the sets that EQIVALENT

A equal B Jika :

or

A = B

C eqivalent D Jika :

Exercise-9
State whether of the following sets is equal or equation
1) A = B = 2) C = D = 3) E = F = 4) G = H = {1,2,3,4,5} {5,4,3,2,1} {2,3,5,7} {1,2,3,4} { factors of 12 less than 5} { the first four natural numbers } {x`x 9 , x odd numbers } 9 , x prime numbers }

{x`1<x

2. SUBSETS
(Himpunan Bagian)

A. DETERMINE (Menentukan)
Symbol : example 1) A = { a , b } Sub sets : { },{ a }, { b }, 2) B = { 1 , 2 , 3 } { } B B B B ( subsets ) ( not subsets )

{2,3} {2,4} {0}

{ a,b }

3)

C = { 2,3,4} Determine all subsets of C { }, { 2}, { 3}, {4},

4)

D = { 1,3,5,7} Determine all subsets of D { }, { 1}, {1,3}, {1,3,5}, {1,3,5,7}

B. THE NUMBER (Banyak)

Sets { } {a} {a,b} {a,b,c} { } { } , { a} All subsets The n Number 0 1 1 2

{a,b,c,d} so The number of subsets of A =

Exercise-10
1) A = {1,2,3,4} a. Determine all subsets of A

b. Determine subsets of A which contains three elements

2)

B = { 1,2,3,4,5 } Tentukan semua himpunan bagian dari B yang memiliki paling sedikit 4 anggota

3)

C = { the letter in word matematika } Determine the numbers of subsets of C

C. UNIVERSAL SETS (Himpunan Semesta)

Himpunan Semesta adalah himpunan yang memuat semua objek yang dibicarakan Symbol : U (english) example A = { 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 } so S U S U = { 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 } = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 } = { bilangan genap } = { natural numbers } or S (indonesia)

Exercise-11
Determine the Universal sets ( four sets ) 1) A = 2) B = 3) C = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} { 6 , 9 , 12 , 15 , 18 , 21 } { kambing , kuda , kerbau , sapi }

4) D =

{ massa , panjang , waktu }

3. VENN DIAGRAM
(GAMBAR HIMPUNAN)

A. DRAWING
THE UNIVERSAL SETS (Himpunan Semesta) A U S B ( oval ) example S A = {1,2,3,4,5} = {1,3,5} .2 S .3 .1 .5 .4 A THE SETS (Himpunan)

( rectangle )

B. POSITION TWO SETS (Posisi Dua Himpunan)

A B C D

G H

Example
S A B S A .1 .3 .5 .4 .2 B = {1,2,3,4,5} = {1,3,5} = {2,3} U A B = {1,3,5,7,9} = { 1, 3 , 5 , 7 } = { 3, 5 }

Exercise-12
Draw the Venn diagram of the following sets
1) S = A = B = 2) U = C = D = 3) U = E = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} {1,3,5,7} {4,5,6,7,8,9} { x ` x < 15 , x natural numbers }

{ factors 24 } { composite numbers }

{ x ` x 12 , x whole numbers }

{1,3,5,7,9} F = {4,5,6,7} G = { 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 }

4)

Look at the Venn diagram below

A C .15 .13 .11 .14 .5 .7 .3 .2 .9 .4 .12 .8 .6 .10

.0

Determine all element of

a. U b. A

c. B d. C

4. OPERATION
(OPERASI)

A. INTERSECTION (Irisan)
Symbol : ( intersection)

The intersection of sets A and B written S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} A = {1,2,3} B = {2,3,5,6} and A so A B = B = {2,3} .4 S A .1

B
B

.2 .3

.5 .6

B. UNION (Gabungan)
Symbol :

U ( union) AUB
A .2 .4 .1 .3 .6 B .5

The union of sets A and B written S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} A = {2,3,4} B = {2,3,5,6} and AUB = so AUB = {2,3,4,5,6} S

C. COMPLEMENT (Komplemen)
Symbol :

Xc

or

X A
S
c

Complement of sets A written S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} A = {1,2,3,4} and Ac so A

c

or

A
.5

A .1 .4 .3 .2

{5,6}

.6

D. DIFFERENCE ( Selisih atau Kurang )

Symbol :

( minus)

Difference of set A and B writen S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} A = {2,3,4,5} B = {1,2,3} and AB so AB = = {4,5} .6 S

A B
A .5 .4 .2 .3 B .1

DEFINITION
U A B U A B

B = { x | x A and x B }

A U B = { x | x A or x B }

Ac = { x | x A and x U }

A B = { x | x A and x B }

A
U A B

B
U A B

A . B

A B

A U B
U A B U A B

A . B

A B

A B
U A B U A B

A . B

A B

( A U B )C U A B U

(A A

B )

(A

B )C

( A B )

Exercise-13
1) S = { 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 } A = {1,3,5,7,9} B = {1,3,5} a. draw Venn diagram A B b. determine A B 2) C = { x ` x < 10 , x even numbers } D = { factors 16 } Determine C D 3) E = { x ` x 15 , x odd numbers } F = { x ` x 15 , x even numbers } G = { x ` x 15 , x composite numbers } Determine : c. F G a. E F d. E F G b. E G

Exercise-14
1) S = { 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 } A = {1,3,5,7,9} B = {2,4,6} a. draw Venn diagram A U B b. determine A U B 2) C = { x ` x < 10 , x even numbers } D = { factors of 60 lessthan 10 } Determine C U D 3) E = { x ` x 15 , x odd numbers } F = { x ` x 15 , x even numbers } G = { x ` x 15 , x composite numbers } Determine : c. F U G a. E U F d. E U F U G b. E U G

Exercise-15
1) U A a. b. 2) U = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7} = {1,3,5,7} draw Venn diagram A determine A = { x ` x < 10 , x whole numbers } B = { factors 16 } Determine Bc { x ` x 15 , x natural numbers }

3) U =

C = { x ` 5 < x 13 , x even numbers } D = { factors 24 } Determine : c. ( C D ) a. C d. ( C U D )c b. Dc

Exercise-16
1) U A B a. b. = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} = {2,3,4,5,6} = {1,3,5,7} draw Venn diagram A B determine A B

2) C = { x ` x < 10 , x odd numbers } D = { composite numbers less than 10 } Determine C D and D C 3) E = { 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 } F = { 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 } G = { 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 } Determine : c. F G a. E F d. G E b. E G

Problem
1) S = { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 } A = {1,2,5,6} B = {2,3,4,5} C = {3,5,6,7,9} Determine : a. A B C b. A U B U C c. A U B C d. A ( B e. C) (AUC)B .0 2) Look at the Venn diagram S A .1 .11 .9 .3 .4 .5 .7 .13 .2 B

.8 .6 .10 .12 C

Determine : a. c. (AUB)C C A BUC b. ( A U B )

f. ( B U C )c g. ( A U B ) ( A U C ) h. S ( B U C )

d. B ( A C ) e. ( B C ) A

3) Tentukan a. A Ac b. B U Bc c. S C d. S U D e. S E f. S Fc

4) True or False a. A B = B A b. A U B = B U A c. A B = B A

5. PROBLEM SOLVING

Lihat diagram Venn di bawah

S 10

V 7

B 9 2

V : B :

Voli Basket

maka suka voli suka voli saja suka basket suka basket saja suka voli dan basket suka voli atau basket tidak suka voli atau basket jumlah siswa

= 17 siswa = 10 siswa = siswa = siswa = siswa = siswa = siswa = siswa

Look at the Venn diagram below

U 18

M 17

S 12 13

M : S :

Math Sains

so like math like math only like sains like sains only like math and sains like math or sains not like math or sains The sum students

= = = = = = = =

students students students students students students students students

From 50 students like apple like bananas like apple and banana not like apple or banana and
Venn diagram :

= 35 students = 40 students = 28 students = 3 students

U = 50

A : B :

Apple Banana

Example-1
Dari 28 siswa, 16 siswa suka bakso 21 siswa suka rujak 12 siswa suka bakso dan rujak Berapa siswa yang tidak suka bakso atau rujak ? jawab B : R : Bakso Rujak S = 28 B R

Example-2
From 28 students, 15 students like novel 19 students like comic 5 students not like both How many both ? aswer N C : Novel : comic students like U = 28 N C

Example-3
From a village 42 peoples breed chiken 36 peoples breed duck 28 peoples breed both 10 peoples not breed both How many peoples in the village ? aswer C D : Chiken : Duck U A B

Exercise-17

FORMULA
S A B

n(A) n(B) n(AUB) n(A B)

: : : :

Jumlah anggota A Jumlah anggota B Jumlah anggota A U B Jumlah anggota A B

n(AUB) = n(A B) =

Example-1
Dari 28 siswa, 15 siswa suka apel 19 siswa suka jeruk 12 siswa suka keduanya Berapa siswa yang tidak suka keduanya ? penyelesaian A : Apel J : Jeruk n(S) : 28 n(A) : 15 n(J) : 19 n ( A J ) : 12 x n(AUJ) :

Example-2
From 28 students, 20 students like reading 21 students like watching 2 students not like both How many students like both ? solution R : W : Reading Watching : : : : : 28 20 21 2 x

n(U) n(R) n(W) n ( R U W ) n(R W)

Problem
From 150 peoples, 40 peoples breed cow 50 peoples breed goat 60 peoples breed horse 15 peoples breed cow and goat 14 peoples breed cow and horse 13 peoples breed goat and horse 11 peoples breed these three How many peoples not breed these three ? H U = 150 C G

solution C : Cow G : Goat H : Horse