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Lectures 2 and 3
Fourier Series
x(−t) = x(t) ,
then bn = 0 for all n > 0, so only cosine
terms appear in the Fourier series.
2
Recall some useful trigonometric identities
cos(−p) = cos p
sin(−p) = − sin p
cos(p + q) = cos p cos q − sin p sin q
sin(p + q) = sin p cos q + cos p sin q
The latter two are most easily derived from
Euler’s identity:
4
Example 2 (magnitude and phase)
Rewrite x(t) as
q µ
x(t) = a2 + b2 √ a cos(ω0t) +
a2 +b2
¶
√ b sin(ω0t)
a2 +b2
and let
µ ¶
b
θ = arctan
a
so
a b
q = cos θ , q = sin θ
a2 + b2 a2 + b2
...→
5
Example 2 (continued)
7
A two-sided Fourier series
9
Magnitude/phase form of two-sided series
By defining
µ ¶
Bn
θn = arctan
An
and
q
Xn = A2
n + Bn
2
we can write
An = Xn cos θn , Bn = Xn sin θn
Using the now familiar procedure, we can use
the preceding relations to rewrite the two-sided
series in magnitude/phase form as
∞
X
x(t) = Xn cos(nω0t + θn)
n=−∞
10
A step further
...→
11
Parseval’s theorem
12
Some consequences of Parseval’s
13
Complex notation for compact expressions
Recall
∞
X
x(t) = An cos nω0t − Bn sin nω0t
n=−∞
where An and Bn are specified by the integrals
in (6), (7). Defining
c = A + jB = X ejθn
X n n n n
so
Z
1 T /2
c
Xn = x(t)e−jnω0t dt (9)
T −T /2
allows us to rewrite the expression for x(t) as
∞
X
x(t) = c ejnω0t
X (10)
n
n=−∞
(The reason the imaginary part of the sum
drops out is that An = A−n and Bn = −B−n.)
c
The resulting X(ω) is termed the Fourier trans-
form of x(t).
...→
15
The Fourier transform
Z
1 ∞ c
x(t) = X(ω)ejωt dω (11)
2π −∞
and
Z ∞
c
X(ω) = x(t)e−jωt dt (12)
−∞
17