Introduction to Engineering Graphics

Topics
Graphic Language & Design CAD Systems Sketching Techniques Lettering Geometric Constructions Multiview Projection Dimensioning Sectional Views Auxiliary Views Tolerancing Working Drawings

What is Engineering Graphic Communication?

A universal language
Standards organizations like: ANSI (American National Standards Institute) ISO (International Standards Organization)

Engineering Design Uses Sketching & CAD

Ideas are initially sketched and then more accurate CAD drawings are created

Terminology
CAD: Computer Aided Design CADD: Computer Aided Design & Drafting CAM: Computer Aided Manufacturing CIM: CAE: Computer Integrated Manufacturing Computer Assisted Engineering

Reading Drawings: Interpreting drawings made by others Technical Drawing: Drawings used to express technical ideas Engineering Design Graphics: Technical Drawings representing designs & specifications for physical objects

Objective
How to use sketching as an effective tool in the engineering design process

Freehand Sketching
Freehand sketching is used in engineering graphics to quickly communicate your ideas or designs. Drawing instruments and CAD are not always available, especially during field work Freehand sketching is not sloppy sketching! Your sketches need to be interpreted by others on your design team use good lettering.

Example Freehand Sketch for Concept Development

Overview
Sketching Review Pictorials
Perspective Parallel projection

Sketching Allows for the Quick Translation of Thoughts to Paper

Understand your audience
Who is looking at the sketches? What details are they interested in? What type of sketch will they best understand?

Sketches provide a log of ideas that were considered in a brainstorming session

Sketching (review)
Definition
A rough freehand drawing used to document, communicate, and refine ideas developed primarily in the ideation phase of the design process

A developed skill Should be the first step of any CAD or mechanical drawing (including homework assignments)

Pictorial Sketches
Definition: A sketch developed for ease of visualization that shows an objects height, width, and depth in a single view Particularly useful for non-technical audiences non Assembly drawings Marketing

Helpful in the ideation phase of the design process

How we picture objects in our mind How we visualize spatial relationships

Pictorial Sketches
Parallel Projection
Parallel lines are always drawn parallel Easy to draw Two common types
Oblique Pictorials Isometric Pictorials

Perspective Projection
Conveys information about distance and size Not as common as parallel projection

Parallel Projection Pictorials

Oblique Pictorials
The simplest pictorial to sketch Surfaces which are parallel to the front face are undistorted as in a multiview drawing
Circular features should be placed in the front view if possible Draw the front face first

Lines which are perpendicular to the front face are drawn at an angle of 45o

Parallel Projection Pictorials

Oblique Pictorials
Cavalier Oblique
Depth is drawn full size Object looks distorted (depth is exaggerated)

Cabinet Oblique
Depth is drawn to 1/2 of full size Depth appears more accurate (2/3 is best)

Circular features which are not parallel to the front plane appear elliptical

Axonometric Pictorials
Isometric Height drawn along vertical axis Width and depth drawn at 30o to horizontal axis

Parallel Projection Pictorials

Isometric Pictorials
Begin drawing by blocking in height, width and depth of entire object. object. Continue to block in smaller features Add curved surfaces last
circles appear as ellipses lines tangent to arcs locate the edge of curved surfaces

Isometric grid paper is often helpful

follow direction of axis and count intersections use tracing paper or grid paper with light lines

Tools
Pencils
Use a mechanical pencil (0.5mm lead) Practice using different pressure to produce desired linet ypes (construction lines)

Paper
Square grid and tracing paper is often useful

Eraser
A good eraser is worth the investment Do not overuse your eraser (save some mistakes)

Using Simple Instruments

The use of mechanical instruments is recommended only for beginners. Break away from reliance on tools that slow you down. Helpful tools for beginners
Compass Triangles Dividers Ruler

Mechanics of Sketching
Drawing straight lines Drawing curved lines Using a bounding box

Drawing straight lines

Mark starting and ending point Break long lines into short line segments by marking the midpoint Start with a light pass if necessary and then darken Use a loose comfortable grip Reorient the paper to your convenience
test your skill with different orientations an awkward orientation may occasionally produce positive results

Drawing curved lines

Break large arcs/circles into small segments Make guide marks for each segment Circles and Ellipses
Sketch a light square/rectangle Lightly sketch in diagonals Mark contact points on square/rectangle Rotate the paper for each segment

Bounding Box and Construction Lines

Plan
choose proper scale and orientation dont crowd sketches Start with a bounding box Use light straight construction lines

Draw boundary lines of internal features starting with the largest features Sketch dark object lines using light boundary lines as a guide

Summary
Engineering drawing can be a universal language to communicate your ideas. The engineering design process uses sketching and CAD to communicate and record ideas.