MAGMA = molten rock below the surface Only called LAVA once it has come out of the top

of a volcano Magma is a mixture of molten rock, volatiles and solids. It may also contain suspended crystals and dissolved gas and sometimes gas bubbles. We make the assumption that the mantle is homogenous (the same) BUT not all igneous rocks are the same, i.e. cooling rates dictates crystal size, thereby appearance, and magma differs due to the nature of tectonics. Silica is the key ingredient in determining how a volcano erupts and its shape. More Silica = more VISCOUS lava more gas trapped, lava flows less common but more pyroclastic flows as eruptions are explosive not effusive, produces steep-sided volcanoes All magma does contain dissolved gases but as they rise to the surface to erupt, some gases are released quietly and others explosively. Thin fluid lava (described as not viscous) permit gases to escape with ease whereas thick lava (highly viscous) prevents release of gases so pressure builds up, until an explosive eruption allows the gases t o escape. Silica content varies in volcanoes around the world .

Why are there such differences in volcanoes and igneous rocks?

Magma evolves as it rises and as some plate boundaries are thicker than others, magma evolves to a differing extent around the world - The thicker the plate the more evolved the magma

3. Silica is the last mineral to form and the first to melt, therefore any volcanoes above a subduction zone will already be enriched in silica 2. As this cools as it travels closer to the surface, more and more crystals form, further enriching the melt with silica 1. At about 900 degrees Celsius, heavy non-silicates turn into solid crystal within the melt, becoming heavier (denser) and so sink to leave the melt enriched in silica

= FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLISATION / MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION

BASIC Percentage Silica = 45% - 52%

Lava Type Eruption Style Volcano Shape Plate Tectonic Setting Magma Source Eruption Frequency Hazards MDC Example LDC Example

Basalt (Intrusive = Gabbro) Icelandic/Hawaiian Shield Divergent margins and above Hotspots Direct from mantle = unevolved Big eruptions every 5 years Lava flows, gas, acid rain Iceland E-15 in 2010, Hawaii Kilauea in 2011 DR Congo Nyiragongo in 2002

INTERMEDIATE Percentage Silica = 52% - 66%

Lava Type Eruption Style Volcano Shape Plate Tectonic Setting Andesite (Intrusive = Diorite) Vulcanian/Strombolian Composite/Stratocone Convergent: Oceanic vs. Oceanic convergence subduction Partially evolved and partial melting of subducting slab Less frequent then basic. Big eruptions every 10-50 years Fire fountains, ash, gas, tsunamis. pyroclastic flows, earthquakes Russia, Kamchatka Peninsula = 30 active volcanoes and over 100 dormant Vanuatu 2008 Average of 2.6 natural hazards per year

Magma Source

Eruption Frequency

Hazards

MDC Example

LDC Example

ACIDIC Percentage Silica = Over 66%

Lava Type Eruption Style Volcano Shape Plate Tectonic Setting Magma Source Eruption Frequency Hazards MDC Example Rhyolite (Intrusive = Granite) Plinean/Pelean Composite/Caldera Convergent: Oceanic vs. Continental subduction Fully evolved and full melting of subducting slab 100-9000 years Pyroclastic flows, lateral blasts, lahars, ash fall Mount St Helens 1980 (lateral blasts) Aleutian Islands

LDC Example

Columbia Nevada de Ruiz, 1985

Volcano Shapes Fissures:

Most commonly found around spreading ridges and normally basaltic so lots found in Iceland and Hawaii i.e. 1973 eruption of Heimaey. This was also responsible for the flood basalts of Fingals Cave and Giants Causeway. Eruptions like this form plateaus as the lava has low viscosity so flow rapidly and far away from its source.
ROCK TYPE Basaltic LOCATION Rifts/early divergent margins ERUPTIONS Gentle, persistent

Shield:
Basaltic rock forming gently sloping cones from layers of less viscous lava. Form some of the largest structure on the Earth i.e. Mauna Loa in Hawaii is largest volcano in the world.
ROCK TYPE Basaltic LOCATION Hotspots and Oceanic vs. Oceanic convergence ERUPTIONS Gentle, persistent

Composite:
Most common type found on land. Created by layers of ash from initial explosive phases of eruptions and subsequent layers of lava from main phase. Lava tends to be more acidic so more viscous, therefore does not flow as far = steep sides. Typical examples are Vesuvius, Etna and Popocatepetl.
ROCK TYPE Andesitic LOCATION Convergent margins ERUPTIONS Explosive, unpredictable

Acid /Dome:
Steep-sided volcanoes formed from very viscous lava. The most deadly volcanoes. As lava cannot travel far, it builds convex cone-shaped volcanoes. Highly explosive and is common for top third of the volcano to fracture during an eruption. Low frequency of eruptions means they are difficult to predict and manage, with many settlements developing on the fertile flanks. Examples are Mount St Helens and Pelee.
ROCK TYPE Rhyolitic LOCATION Continental crust ERUPTIONS Explosive, unpredictable

Caldera:
Catastrophic eruptions on a scale rarely seen. Form when gases have built up beneath a blocked volcanic vent and the subsequent eruption destroys the volcanoes summit, emptying the magma chamber. This creates a large fault formed depression as the buoyancy provide by magma has disappear, leaving an enormous crater where later eruptions may form smaller cones. Sometimes, as with Crater Lake, the depression fills with water.
ROCK TYPE Andesitic LOCATION Convergent margin ERUPTIONS Very explosive, unpredictable

Eruption Style
Hawaiian, Strombolian and Icelandic eruption styles are named after the areas in which volcanoes of this eruption style are most commonly found. In a Hawaiian eruption, low viscosity lava erupts from fissures on the flank of a volcano. Fire fountains can last for hours or days and lava flows can form from this, where due to its low viscosity are capable of travelling far from the source. Strombolian are another less violent eruption still characterised by distinct bursts of basaltic lava Vulcanian eruption style is named after the original volcano, Vulcano. A Vulcanian eruption is a short, violent, relatively small explosion of viscous magma and are often repetitive, prevailing for days, months, or years, and in some cases preceding even larger explosive eruptions Pelean eruption style is named after the infamous 1902 eruption of Mount Pelee, which killed over 30,000 people in a single pyroclastic flow. This eruption style is linked to large pyroclastic flows. Plinian is the odd one out it is named after the Pliny the Younger who described the AD74 eruption of Vesuvius in a letter, formulating the first accurate historical description of a major eruption. It is the largest and most violent /destructive of all of the eruption types and are caused by the most viscous lava.