CHNG II: NGUYN LIU

2.1. Poly vinyl clorua (PVC).

PVC l mt loi nha nhit do c trng hp t vinyl clorua monomer (VCM). PVC c trng hp theo s sau: nCH2=CH [CH2=CH] Cl Cl

Hnh 2.1: Phn ng trng hp poly vinyl clorua.

Phn ng trng hp ny c th tin hnh theo cc phng php:

+ Trng hp khi: to ra PVC trng hp khi (phng php ny t s dng). + Trng hp huyn ph to ra PVC-S c c tnh: ht du tt, trong cao, gi thnh r sn xut cc sn phm bng phng php cn, n + Trng hp nh tng to ra PVC-E c cu trc ht cht, t ht du sn xut cc sn phm t hn hp PVC-DOP nh cc sn phm trng, lm h...
PVC l nha v nh hnh (c kt tinh thp), Tg 80oC nn nhit thng PVC

cng nu khng ha do. Chnh v vy ngi ta cn phn bit PVC cng v PVC mm. Cch phn loi PVC. + PVC cng: hm lng ha do t 0-5%.

+ PVC bn cng: hm lng ha do t 5-15%. + PVC mm: hm lng ha do t >15%.

Nhit gia cng PVC t 160-170oC, tuy nhin PVC b phn hy nhit trn 140oC

nn khi gia cng phi dng cht n nh nhit. PVC cng c th b nh sng lm lo ha, do vy cng phi s dng cht n nh quang trong nhiu trng hp. Tnh cht PVC: + C th sn xut ra cc sn phm c cng c th thay i bng cch thm ha do. + PVC c th gia cng bng nhiu phng php. + PVC c tnh cht c hc tt: bn ko t, gin t, tnh cht cch in, chu n mn cao.

+ C th to ra sn phm vi mu sc a dng. + PVC km bn acid, kim, cht ty ra. + PVC l nha kh chy v trong phn t c cha gc halogen, c th l Clo. + Gi thnh va phi. Cc tiu chun cn lu vi PVC: + Gi tr K: phn nh nht ca dung dch PVC, phn nh nht khi lng phn t ca n. Ch s K cng cao mc trng hp cng cao nh hng n kh nng gia cng v tnh cht ca sn phm. + Khi lng ring th tch (g/cm3): phn nh mc nn cht ca PVC dng bt khi n, v nu i lng ny cng ln th nng sut my theo khi lng cng cao.Tuy nhin khng th nng i lng ny cao qu mc v s nm ngoi kh nng thit k ca my. + hp th v tc hp th du DOP: sn phm c hm lng DOP cao yu cu PVC phi hp th DOP tt to ra hn hp bt kh c tnh cht chy tt. Nu tc hp th DOP v hp th thp th bt sau khi trn khng c kh, DOP khng thm c vo nha, cht lng trn khng t yu cu nng sut trn gim. + Hm lng cht d bay hi, m c th gy bt cho sn phm, hm lng cht d bay hi phi < 0,3%.

2.2. Cc cht ph gia.

2.2.1. Cht ha do:

nhit thng PVC rt cng, khi cn mm do ngi ta trn thm cht ha do to PVC mm. Cht ha do c tc dng tng mm do cho PVC, lm cho n d chy hn, tng linh ng ca mch phn t, gip cho qu trnh gia cng d dng hn. s c lin kt cht ch vi nhau nh lc ht tnh in ga cc nhm ny. Khi em cht ha do vo trong PVC, cc phn t ha do s len li gia cc mch phn t PVC lm yu i lin kt gia cc mch v lm cho cc mch b cch li nn mch mm hn cui cng to ra PVC mm.

C ch ha do: Trong phn t PVC c 2 nhm phn cc tri du. cc mch phn t PVC

 2 + 2 + 2 + CH CH CH CH CH CH Cl

2 + 2 + 2 + CH CH CH CH CH CH

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

2 + 2 + 2 + CH CH CH CH CH CH Cl

2 + 2 + 2 + CH CH CH CH CH CH

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Hnh 2.2: C ch ha do PVC. + Cht ha do c phn thnh 2 loi: + Cht ha do chnh: tng hp cao vi PVC, c th s dng mt mnh. + Cht ha do ph: khng dung mt mnh do chng c tng hp gii hn vi PVC hoc c gi thnh cao.

Mt vi loi ha do thng dng: + Phthalate: L ha do c dng nhiu nht. Phthalate l sn phm ca phn ng gia anhydric phthalic vi alcohol(butyl, hexyt, octyl, nonyt). Phthalate l loi cht ha do c hiu qu ha do cao, to mng c do tt, bin nhit cao, khng gy hin tng .Tuy nhin ha do c gc phthalate gy ra mt s tc dng phujanhr hng sc khe con ngi nn vic s dng phthalate hin nay b gii hn nghim ngt. Ha do phthalate c dung nhiu nht trong cng nghip l DOP (Dioctyl phthalate), ngoi ra cn mt s ha do khc nh FINP (Diisononyl phthalate), BBP (Butyl Benzyl Phthalate) + Adiphate: L loi ha do c dung nhiu cho PVC v kh nng tng cng cho PVC tnh cht chu lnh v tng d mn mi cho PVC iu kin nhit thp. DOA (DIoctyl Adiphate l cht ha do adiphate c dng tng i rng ri trong bao b thc phm. + Photphat: L cc cht hu c ca acid photphoric. Cht ha do trictetyl photphat l mt trong nhng cht ha do s dng cho PVC u tin tuy nhit thp tnh cht khng c tt. Cht ha do photphat lm tng kh nng chng chy v c tng hp tt. + Epoxy: Cc loi du u nnh, du lanh c epoxy ha v cng vi c th va dung lm cht ha do va dung lm cht n nh nhit. Ngoi ra epoxy cng c tc dng nh l cht n nh quang.

+ Benzoat: y l cht to t glycol v acid benzoic v ch s dng trong mt s ng dng c bit do c gi thnh cao, n c hiu qu ha do v tng hp cao bin mu thp. + Polyester: y l loi cht ha do c trng lng phn t ln (1000-7000) thng c tng hp t acid adipic azelatic vi propylene glycol. C bay hi, s trch ly, s di tr rt thp. Tuy nhin n li c nht cao gy kh khn cho vic phi trn vt liu.

Cc yu t la chn cht ha do: + Hiu qu ha do v tng hp vi PVC: nu lng dung t th dung cht ha do c hiu qu ha do mnh v ngc li.

+ Cc tnh cht gia cng: bay hi phi thp nhit gia cng, thi gian nha ha ca hn hp, tnh n nh nhit ca PVC. + Cc tnh cht s dng ca sn phm: chu lnh , tnh mkhoong chy, kh nng b trch ly, tnh c hi, d hnh + Gi thnh cng thp cng tt.

2.2.2. Cht n nh.

Ngn chn s phn h ca PVC bng phn ng ha hc.

Tc dng bi trn, gim ma st hay ngn chn s dnh vo b mt kim loi. C ch n nh: + Hp th HCl pht sinh: 2HCl + 3PbO.PbSO4.H2O - PbCl2 + 2PbO.PbSO4.H2O + H2O.
+

Hp th gc t do: R* + R2Sn(RCOO)2 R-R + RSn(RCOO)2.

+ Ngn chn s hnh thnh lin kt i.

+

Chng oxi ha.

+ Hp th tia UV n nh nh sng.

Phn loi:

+ Cht n nh ch n nh PVC tt, ngoi ra n cn phn ng vi PVC to ra PbCl2 lm tng c tnh ca PVC. Tuy nhin cht n nh ch c khuyt im l lm cho sn phm b nhim mu v c hi.

Tribasic ch sunphat (TS): 3PbO.PbSO4.H2O. Dibasic ch stearat (DS): 2PbO.Pb(C4H2O4)H2O. Stearat ch (Pb-St): Pb(C17H35COO)2.