Mid-Term Exam Review Philosophers Democracy- a system in which people rule under either directly or through elected representative.

Direct Democracy- only applies to small counties. Votes from the people as a whole make direct decisions. -Referendum- practice of submitting a law to a population, vote at election time. -Recall- procedure by the voters can vote to remove an elected official.

John Locke Natural rights-the rights of life, liberty and protection of property Consent of Government- idea that to rule need the consent of the people that they were governing instead of divine rights. Unalienable rights- from the declaration of independence, the rights of life liberty and pursuit of happiness. Thomas Hobbs State of Nature- how humans would act in the most basic state of government State of War- people are always at war with each other endowed to the right to do anything they please and people are in constant fear. Selfish Limited Government- philosophy that government does not have absolute authority. Rousseu Social contract- idea that people join groups and groups make presents known as society compacts that people agree and form rules in conditions for membership in society. Equality- all persons are entitled to equal rights and treatment before the law. Civil Society- after people leave the state of nature people act on rules of justice rather then instinct, physical impulse is replaced by the voice of duty, people consult reason rather then inclinations, people gain civil liberty, legal right of property, and what he possesses and moral freedom. Montesquieu Separation of Powers- principle of dividing the powers of government among the different types of branches, to guard against abuse of authority. A government of separated powers assigns different political and legal powers to the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Republican Government- ruled by elected leader rather than monarch or dictator. Equality under Law- belief that all people receive fair and equal protection by government through written law.

Blackstone Rights- those freedoms that cant be taken away Rule of Law- state of order which events confirm to law Immediate Laws of Nature- laws of native are non negotiable

Major Ideas and Philosophies: Rousseau -Social Contract- People give up natural rights and receive protection -All people are equal - General Will is the moral authority and it becomes bad when the general will becomes the particular will. -Individual Will replaced general will to increase good and decrease bad Montesquieu -Separation of Powers- Powers are divided between each other equally -Have a set of rules that will never change -Monarchy-ruled by king/queen -Republic-elected leader -Despotism-ruled by dictator Blackstone -Free lawful men sit and judge based on evidence -Punishment based on severity of crime -Cannot take absolute rights away Locke -Limited Government- Gov. without absolute power -Consent of the governed Government gets its authority from the people. -Unalienable rights cannot be taken away (religion etc.) -Equal rights everyone should have the same rights (life, liberty, property etc.) Hobbes -Limited government with limited powers no absolute power -state of nature-basic state without a government -state of war people are always at war and are naturally greedy. Federalism A. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists 1. Federalists

a. Hamilton, Madison, Adams b. Wanted i. Ratification of Constitution ii. Strong government iii. National Bank iv. No Bill of Rights v. Men of experience / talent should govern the nation 2. Anti-Federalists a. Henry, Mason, Paine, Samuel Adams b. Wanted i. Against ratification of Constitution ii. Limited federal government iii. States rights iv. Bill of Rights v. Inclusion of God in Constitution vi. Article of Confederation 3. Great Compromise a. 10th Amendment: Reserved powers for states B. Court Cases 1. McCollouh vs. Maryland a. MD tried to trial federal bank, McCollouh worked at one of the banks when MD wanted to tax banks. b. Necessary and Proper Clause: Permits Congress to take actions (to create national bank in this case) when it is essential to a power that Congress has. 2. Gibbons vs. Ogden a. Constitution Commerce Clause gives the national government exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce 3. Wabash, St Louis and Pacific Railroad vs. Illinois a. States may not regulate interstate commerce 4. United States vs. Lopez a. National governments power under the Commerce Clause does not permit it to regulate matters not directly related to interstate commerce C. Types of Federalism 1. Dual Federalism a. The federal governments and state government are co-equals, each sovereign 2. Cooperative Federalism a. National government is supreme over the states with the federal government intervening in some areas that are normally left to states 3. Fiscal Federalism a. How the U.S. federal government distributes money to the state governments

b. Central government shares its revenue with the lower levels of government with block and categorical grants

Dual federalism federal and state government are co-equals, each sovereign Similar to a layer cake different layers of government, narrow interpretation of constitution, states have large amount of power Cooperative federalism national government is supreme over states with the federal government intervening in some areas that are normally left to the states gtt Loose interpretation of constitution, federal and state governments share powers usually given to state Fiscal federalism policies concerning how funds, resources and revenue are distributed. Grants in Aid Block Grant large sum of money granted by national government to the states. Very few provisions on how it can be used. Categorical Grant issued by US government (congress) can only be used for specific purposes. Federal government maintains control over funds

Anti Federalists against ratifying constitution. Limited federal government. State rights. Federalists No Bill of Rights. Stronger national government. Ratify constitution. Federal rights. COURT CASES Gibbens v. Ogden (1824) Congress shall have power to regulate commerce with

foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes.
McCullough v. Maryland (1819) - The States have no power, by taxation or

otherwise, to retard, impede, burthen, or in any manner control the operations of the constitutional laws enacted by Congress to carry into effect the powers vested in the national Government.

Political Culture Political Culture - a set of widely shared beliefs, values, and norms concerning relationships of citizens to government and to one another

3 types of political culture: Moral They worry about the greater good. Government is a positive. (Places like Maine, Vermont, Oregon) Traditional Social and Familial ties are extremely important. Government role is largely limited to security and the maintenance of the existing social order (Places like the south) Individual - Government exists only for practical purposes. No concerns with the Greater Good. Only do whats necessary, nothing else. (Places like Pennsylvania, New York)

Important Components of American Political Culture: Liberty preoccupation with rights Equality equality of vote, equal of opportunity equality under the law, but not equal wealth Democracy politicians accountable to the people Civic Duty serving community without government coercion Individual Responsibility barring some disability, individuals responsible for own actions and well being Wedge Issues: Abortion Religion Gay Marriage Gun Control

Things that Influence Political culture: National History Personal Experiences Religion Media Family, Friends and School Region Culture War: Culture war is the battle between orthodox and progressive views Progressives want values and norms to form to fit the new culture thats forming in the world Orthodox want values and norms to stay the same way as theyve always been Political culture- Widely shared beliefs, values and norms concerning relationships of citizens to government and to one another. Liberty- Preoccupation with rights Equality- Equal vote, opportunity and equality under the law, but not equal wealth. Democracy- politicians accountable to the people. Civic Duty- Serve community Individual Responsibililty- baring some disability, individuals responsible for own actions and well being. Moral Political Culture- Society as a whole is more important then individuals Government is seen as appositive force or institution. Politics is a pursuit of The Great Society, (The Great Society is eliminating poverty and social issues)

Good Government supports the greater good, and Politicians should not profit from it. Serving community is the core of Political relationship even at the expense at the individual loyalties and Political Cultures. Individual Political Culture Government only exist for pratical purposed Government should be restricted in private initiative People should do things by themselves and government should be limited No concern with Greater Society Private concerns are greater than common Dirty politics is the norm Traditional Political Culture Social and family ties are really important Government is seen as a positive force but their role is largely limited to maintenance and security Strict social class divisions and lots of behind the scenes deals. Politicians are conservative and maintain traditional social order Philadelphia Political Sub-culture Patronage- giving jobs to people of your party or who helped you get elected Nepotism- giving jobs to family members. A problem can occur if theyre incompetent Cronyism- giving jobs to friends A problem can occur if theyre incompetent Pay to Play- you must give money to participate in events or take positions Culture War Issues Socialization and Public Opinion Public Opinion/Socialization:

Political Socialization- the process by which values, beliefs, & attitudes of political culture are taught or transmitted. Agents of socialization - national identity, family, race and ethics, social class, wedge issues, peer groups, institutions, media, level of education, teachers, gender, and community. Movies shown in class: It was about people views and what influences them. Your beliefs come from experience. During the OJ Simpson trial, it was white vs black as white people were upset that he won the case and most black people were happy, but educated black people questioned the case. Historically, black people have had more incidents with the police. Public Opinion: attitudes or beliefs held by the adult population. Opinion held by the majority of the population. Public opinion can be found through polls and questionnaires. Public Policy: Actions, laws, and policies held by the government. Opinion- policy congruence: levels of relationships between government action and the majority opinion on an issue Opinion Saliency: How important a topic is to a person. Opinion Stability: How public opinion is changed over time, also if it stays the same of changes. Influences/limitation on public opinion: public ignorance ( the public does not really understand the issue) biased polls/ questioning (the person making the questionnaire has a certain view point and tries to portray that through the questions asked), unstable (when things are constantly changing because of a certain socialization influences, or when there are too many choices in a poll. Opinions dikes/cleavage: Race/ Ethnicity: - Very little differences between rich and poor African Americas. - African Americans are consistently liberal. - More differences between rich and poor white people. - More whites than black support the death penalty for people convicted of murder. Social Class: -Blue-collar working class vs White Collar or management social class. -Social Stratification: separation of classes. Its less important in the U.S. than in Europe. An example would be India because they have a class system and if youre born in a certain class, youre there for the rest of your life. - With time, voting patterns have become similar.

Region: - Elezars three political culture (individual, moral, and traditional) - North South Divide - Southerners remain more conservative while northerners are less conservative, but at certain times they would agree on economic issues, but things like liberties and rights would pull them apart. Gender: More women identify as democrats. Issues that divide men and women: gun control, gay rights, and abortion. Education: - Some people might vote for a candidate because of their high level of education or it may not matter to them. Religion: - Sometimes religion gives you your beliefs about certain issues.