Hiu bit c bn v cc linh kin ca ngnh v tuyn in.

in tr v h in tr. in tr l mt linh kin c bn nht ca tt c cc mch in. Trong cc mch in, in tr dng lm cc ng dn in, dng chy qua cc in tr l do c lch p gia 2 u ca in tr. in tr c rt nhiu chng loi, in tr than (RT), in tr mn kim loi (RJ), in tr dy qun (RX)Trong h cc in tr, chng ta chit p, nhit tr, quang tr, m tr, t tr, in tr cu ch

Khi Bn c mt in tr trn tay, Bn cn bit 2 tham s chnh, l: (1) Sc cn dng ca in tr, n v tnh theo ohm, kilo-ohm v megaohm 1K = 1000 ohm v: 1M = 1000K

Cc in tr thng c sai s, hay mc gia gim. gia gim ca cc in tr thng dng thng l 5%, 10% v 20%. Cch ghi tr cc in tr trn mch c th nh sau: 4.7K hay 4k7, 1.5K hay 1k5 Vi cc in tr ng, ngi ta ghi tr in tr bng cc vng mu. Vi in tr 4 vng mu th: * Mu ca vng 1 v vng 2: dng biu th s theo mu. Th d: mu l 2, mu lc l 5 * Mu ca vng 3: dng biu th s s 0. Th d: mu (2) l 00, mu cam (3) l 000 * Mu ca vng 4: dng ghi tr gia gim. Th d: mu bc l gia gim 10%, khng mu l 20%... Ngi ta cn dng cc gch ghi trn k hiu ca in tr ch cng sut, tc cho bit sc chu nng ca cc in tr. Bn xem hnh:

Bn c th ghp cc in tr li vi nhau v to ra cc in tr c tr tng ng theo mun ca Bn.

Th d: khi Bn mun c 1 in tr 15K Bn c th cho ghp ni tip in tr 10K vi 5K. V khi mun c in tr 5K Bn c th cho ghp song song 2 in tr 10K.

tnh tr ca cc in tr tng ng Bn dng cc cng thc sau:

(2) Cng sut t nng ca in tr.

tnh cng sut t nng trn cc in tr, Bn dng cc cng thc sau (Bn xem hnh). Ni chung in tr c kch thc cng ln, sc chu nng cng cao.

(3) Ngi ta kim tra tr in tr bng Ohm k. Khi dng Ohm k o mt in tr, Bn thng lm theo trnh t sau:
- Trc ht nhn in tr on bit tr ca in tr.

- Chn thang o Ohm sao cho thch hp. - Chp 2 u cy o li v chnh kim v vch ch 0 ohm - on v tr kim s dng. Lc o, ch kim n dng ngay v tr d on trc. Nu ng l tt.

Chit p. Bin tr hay chit p: Hnh v cho thy cc bin tr thng dng trn cc thit b in t . Bin tr hay chit p c cu to t mt vnh cung than, trn c mt im chy, khi Bn xoay trc cho di im chy, Bn lm thay i tr ca in tr.

Cc h hng thng gp ca cc in tr thng l b tng ohm b chy, b t. Vi cc chit p th b mn lp than, b nt b ch chn ni. Bn hy kim tra cc in tr bng Ohm k, nu pht hin h th thay mi l xong.
Bn nh, do in tr dng lm ng dn in, nn trong mch DC, trn 2 u mt in tr thng c lch p, nu khi kim tra mt in tr bng php o volt DC, pht hin ngang 2 u in tr khng c lch p, Bn hy xem k li mch in, rt c th phn mch ny b mt dng do h mch.

T in. T in l kho cha in, n ct gi cc in tch trn cc bn cc v cc in tch ny to ra in trng nm phn b trong lp in mi. Cu to ca mt t in l dng 2 bn cc p gia l mt mn mng lm bng cht khng dn in v gi n l in mi.

Sc cha in, quen gi l in dung, n v tnh l Farad (F, Faraday). Tr in dung ty theo kch thc ca bn cc v dy mng ca lp in mi. Bn cc cng to, lp in mi cng mng, t cha cc nhiu in. Khi trn tay Bn c mt t in Bn cn bit 2 tham s chnh sau: (1) in dung, tc sc cha in ca t, ngi ta ghi trn t tr in dung: Th d: 10uF, 0.01uF, 100pF, (2) in p lm vic ca t, tc l sc chu p ca t: Th d: trn t ghi l 16V, 400V
Mt t ghi l 1000uF/16V c ngha l tr in dung ca n l 1000uF v sc chu p l 16V. Khi lm vic, in p trn t ny khng c cao hn mc 16V, mc p trn t qu cao s lm n t.

Bn c th cho ghp cc t in li to ra mt t in tng ng c tr in dung v sc chu p theo mun ca Bn. * 2 t ghp ni tip s lm gim tr in dung, nhng tng sc chu p.
* 2 t ghp song song s lm tng tr in dung, nhng khng tng sc chu p.

Trong tt c cc mch in, t in lm vic theo 2 qu trnh. Qu trnh np in v qu trnh x in.

* Khi np in, mc p trn t tng dn ln cho n lc bng vi mc ngun np.

* Khi x in, mc p trn t gim dn xung cho n lc bng 0 (t x ht in).

Ngi ta t tn cc t in thng theo cht c dng to in mi, do vy chng ta c t ha, t mica, t giy, t x, t gm (tc t ceramic), t thy tinh Khi mun lm thay i tr in dung ca mt t in, Bn c th dng cc t xoay (quen ghi l VC). T xoay thng dng trong cc by sng to bi cun dy v t xoay, n dng bt sng in t trng hay to ra tn hiu dng sin c tn s thay i c ty theo tr ca t xoay.
Hnh dng cc t in thng thy nh cc hnh v nh sau:

Khi nghi t in h, Bn c th kim tra t bng mt ohm k. Chng ta bit t khng cho dng in DC chy qua (v gia 2 bn cc l mt lp cch in), do khi dng Ohm k o mt t in, kim s phi ch vch v cc, nu kim ln cho thy lp in mi b r in, b chm, cn thay t tt khc.

T in thng c cc h hng nh sau: * T r, lc ny Bn thy kim Ohm k khng v n vch ch v cc.

* T t, n khng cn tnh nng np x in, khi o Ohm k dng thang o ohm ln, kim s khng c du hiu nhc ln ri xung, hu nh khng gy h hng nng hn trong mch.

* T chm, khi o vi Ohm k dng thang o ohm nh, kim ln ch vch 0 ohm. T chm thng gy ra h hng nng hn trong my.
* T kh, lc ny tr in dung ca n gim thp, cc t ha d lu khng dng t thng b kh.

Cun cm. Cc cun dy, quen gi l cun cm, cun cm cng l mt trong cc linh kin c bn ca cc loi mch in (hai linh kin c bn kia l in tr R v t in C). Cun cm thng ghi l L v c n v tnh l Henry (H), l h s t cm. Cun dy hay cun cm L l linh kin in t nn n c rt nhiu cng dng trong thc t. Hnh dng ca cc cun dy, nh cc hnh v sau y:

Cun cm L c ch to t cc cun dy dn in, bn ngoi c ph lp vecni rt mng dng lm lp cch in. Khi cun dy c cp dng, n s pht sinh ra t trng mc vng, s bin i ca t trng ny s to ra dng in ng. in tr DC ca cc cun cm L thng rt nh, nn n khng to tnh cn dng in DC, i vi dng in DC c th xem cun cm L nh lm ngn mch. Chng ta bit, s bin i t thng s to ra dng in ng trong cun dy, dng in ny chng li s bin i ca dng in ngoi nn cun cm c sc cn dng in AC rt mnh. C th coi cun cm nh mt kho cha in theo dng I (v t in l mt kho cha in theo p V). Chng ta c: 1H = 1000mH v 1mH = 1000uH. Ni chung h s t cm ca cun dy L ph thuc vo s vng qun, kch c ca cun dy v li t. Vi cc cun cm lm vic tn s cao, ngi ta thng dng li khng kh hay li ferit, v lm gim in dung gia cc lp qun, ngi ta dng kiu qun dy dng t ng. Trong cc mch cng hng LC, dng lm by sng, ngi ta thng dng cc cun cm c th iu chnh c h s L v nh vy c th lm thay i tn s cng hng ca mch LC. Phn loi cc cun cm L:

(1) Cun cm qun dng lp. Nu dng dy ng cch in, qun u theo tng lp ln nhau, cch qun ny n gin, c h s Henry ln, nh t k sinh gia cc lp dy qun cng ln, n thng dng lm cc cun lc ting trong cc thng loa. Vi cc dy tn cao, ngi ta dng cc cun dy qun t vng, c khong h, loi cun dy ny c in dung k sinh nh, c h s Q ln. Tn s lm vic ca cun dy cng cao th cun dy qun cng t vng.

(2) Cun cm qun dng t ng. c h s t cm ln v in dung k sinh nh (in dung ny to ra do cc lp dy qun p qu st vo nhau), ngi ta dng cch qun nhiu lp nhng b tr theo kiu hnh t ng, cc lp dy thng cho lch gc 19 n 26 . Cc cun dy ny thng dng lm cun cn sng cao tn (RF chock).
(3) Cc cun cm c li t. Ngi ta c th tng h s t cm L bng cch dng cc li t (st t hay st bi). Li t dng cho cc cun dy lm vic vng tn s cao thng l li ferit (st bi), dng cho vng tn s thp l li l st t. Cun self dng lm b lc, dng hp thu thnh phn dn sng trn cc ng ngun thng phi c h s t cm L ln, nn li t thng l li st t.

My bin p. Ngi ta cho qun nhiu cun dy nm chung trn mt mch dn t to ra cc loi my bin p T. Bn xem hnh, cun dy ly dng ng vo gi l cun s cp, cun dy cho ra in cp cho ti gi l cun th cp. in p lm vic trn cc cun dy ty thuc vo s vng qun, in p bin i gia cc cun dy ty thuc vo t s gia cc vng qun.

Vi bin p lm vic vng tn s thp, nh bin p ngun nui, bin p mch m thanh thng dng li l l st t. cc bin p dng vng tn s cao th dng li l ferit hay li khng kh (ngha l khng c li). Hnh v cho thy, thanh anten dng cho sng AM gm cc cun dy qun trn li ferit, cc bin p cng hng trung tn dng li ferit iu chnh c. cc bin p m tn hay bin p ngun dng li l l st t.

Vi cc bin p ngun, Bn ch : Kch thc bin p cng ln, cng sut chuyn ti cng ln, s vng qun bn cun th cng nhiu vng, mc volt ly ra cng cao. Bn c th kim tra cc bin p bng Ohm k. o kim tra cc cun dy tm cc cun dy b t, cc cun dy s cp c h s t cm L ln, khi o ohm vi dng ln (ly thang o nh), Bn s thy kim ln chm (do dng in ng pht sinh trong cun dy dng chng li dng in ngoi). Ni chung, khi hot ng cc baps khng c qu nng, m m l bnh thng.

Loa
Loa l b chuyn i dng in tn hiu m thanh ra sng m truyn lan truyn trong khng gian v n tai ca mi ngi. Loa thng dng k t B hay BL (trn s TQ).

Cu to ca Loa in ng: Va vo nguyn l in t hc, ngi ta qun mt cun dy cng v cho gn trn mt mn loa, cun dy t gn mt nam chm vnh cu,

khi Bn cho dng in tn hiu chy vo cun dy, cun dy s sinh ra t trng v chu tng tc vi nam chm vnh cu, cun dy s rung v lm rung mn loa to ra sng m. Hnh v di y cho thy cu to ca mt loa in ng.

Khi Bn c mt loa trn tay, Bn cn bit tr khng ca loa (tr khng ca loa khc vi s ohm m Bn o c cun dy). Tr khng ca cc loa thng t 3.2 ohm n 32 ohm. Bn cn bit cng sut ca loa, thng thng kch thc ca loa cng ln cng sut ca loa cng mnh. Cc loa nh trong cc bi thc hnh ca cun sch ny thng l t 0.25W n 1W. Ngi ta cn ch ra cc loa lm vic cc vng tn s khc nhau, loa lm vic vng tn s thp, gi l loa bass (thng c ming loa rng ngn, mn loa bng giy mm), loa lm vic vng tn s cao gi l loa treble (thng c ming nh di v mn loa cng) v loa lm vic vng tn s trung gi l loa medium (c mn loa va).

Bn c th kim tra mt loa bng cch dng ohm k, ly thang o Rx1 c dng in chy ra trn dy o ln, dng dng in ny kch thch cun dy ca loa v s nghe loa pht ra ting rt rt l tt. Cc h hng ca loa thng l t cun dy, cun dy b chm vo v loa, cun dy b kt trong rnh khng rung c nn loa pht ra ting rt yu. Mn loa b rch, b lchlm mo ting. Ni chung, cch th nhanh nht l dng mt loa tt thay vo th, nu ting nghe r tt l loa trong my gim cht lng hay h.

B chuyn i tn hiu.

Relay.

Bn mch in.

Phn 4: Cc linh kin bn dn.

Diode v Led.

Transistor

SCR

TRIAC

Transistor FET

Transistor MOSFET

Phn 5: Thao tc hn rp mch

Phn 6: Tm hiu my o a chc nng

Phn 7: T rp cc mch in t thc dng l th. A. Cc mch dng np pin.

Phn tch s mch in: Mch ny dng ic n p v iu p LM317 nn in p ra c th chnh n mc gn 40V. Mc p iu chnh ca LM317 l trong phm vi t 1.25V n 37V, dng ra ln nht l 1.5A, ni tr nh 0.05 ohm, dn sng khong 1mV. Trong mch: T l bin p cch ly, nh p ra bn cun th cp l 18V, qua cu 4 diode nn dng v in cho np vo t C1, in p DC s ln khong 25V. T C2 dng lc nhiu tn cao. Led ch th phi c in tr hn dng R1. Mch n p dng ic LM317, vi chn 3 ni vo ngun DC (25V), chn 2 cho in p ra cp cho ti, V l volt kt o mc p ng ra v chn 1, gn mch chnh p to bi R2 v bin tr RP. T C3 dng

lc nhiu, t C4 lm tng n p trn ng ra. Cc diode VD6, VD7 dng to ng x in cho cc t trong mch khi mch ct in. Mch rt d rp, c hi thnh cng cao, nu c nhu cu, Bn hy rp th xem.

Phn tch s mch in: Vi loi pin np NiCd, Bn phi dng ngun dng hng (cng dng in ra khng thay i theo ti) cho np in li cho pin, c mch ngun cp dng hng Bn c th rp theo s mch in sau:

Trong mch: T l bin p cch ly, in p ra bn th cp l 12V. Mch dng cu nn dng vi 4 diode v dng xung mt chiu cho np vo t ha C1, t C1 dng lm kho cha in ln, trn t C1 s c khong 16VDC. Khi Bn dng Led ch th phi nh dng in tr hn dng R1. c ngun dng hng, Bn dng 1 diode zener VD5 vi in tr nh dng qua VD5 l R2, n cho ghim c nh mc p trn chn B ca transistor VT1. y VT1 v VT2 l 2 transistor cho ghp phc hp tng nhy. Bin tr RP gn trn chn E dng nh mc dng hng, dng in ny cho chy ra trn chn C v s np vo cc pin NiCd gn trn chn C.
Mch rt d rp, c hi thnh cng cao, nu c nhu cu, Bn hy rp th xem.

Phn tch s mch in: Cng dng ca mch in ny l: Khi ngun Pin np trong mch yu, Bn nhn nt S, mch s cho np in vo pin v khi pin np y th s t ng tt, ngng np. Nu [in trong mch cn y in th mch np s khng hot ng. Trong mch: T l bin p cch ly, vi mc p AC ra trn cun th cp l 14V. Qua cu nn dng vi 4 diode VD1VD4, chng ta c dng in dng xung mt chiu. Bn dng Led ch th v in tr hn dng R1 bo trng thi m in ca mch. IC (7805) v R2 dng to ngun cp dng hng np li in cho pin (Cc loi pin NiCd thng n np li in bng ngun dng hng). Cc in tr R3, RP v R4 lm thnh cu o p dng o mc volt trn pin. VT1 vi R5 dng lm mch khuch i, VD5 l diode zener lm tng mc ngng ng m cho transistor VT2. Transistor VT2 ng m relay K. Ngang K c diode VD6 dp bin in p nghch v t C dng chng hin tng rung cc tip im l kim. Mch vn hnh nh sau: Khi Bn nhn nt S, bin p T c cp in, Led ch th s sng. Lc ny cu o volt trn pin cho thy:
* Nu pin yu, th mc p xut hin trn chn B ca VT1 thp. VT1 ngng dn v cho VT2 s bo ha, n cp dng cho relay K ng cc tip im K1-1 v K2-1. Tip im K1-1 to tc dng t gi (v lc ny nt nhn S b ra) v tip im K2-1 cho np dng hng vo pin.

* Khi pin np y in, mc p trn pin ln cao, mc volt trn chn B ca VT1 cng ln cao, VT1 bo ha v s lm VT2 ngng dn, relay K b ct dng, cc tip im l kim s nh ra v mch vo trng thi tt.
* Nu lc Bn nhn nt S, pin vn ang cn y th mch np ny s khng hot ng. Mch c tnh l thuyt rt hay, rt d rp, c hi thnh cng cao, nu c nhu cu, Bn hy rp th xem.

Phn tch s mch in:

Phn tch s mch in:

Phn tch s mch in:

Phn tch s mch in:

B. Cc mch thu sng radio v mch thng tin lin lc.

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C. Cc mch in khuch i v x l tn hiu m thanh.

Phn tch s mch in:

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D. Cc mch in chung ca.

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E. Cc mch in cnh bo.

Phn tch s mch in:

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F. Cc mch in gia nh.

Phn tch s mch in:

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Phn tch s mch in:

G. Cc mch in y tr v sc khe.

H. Cc mch in iu khin n chiu sng. I. Cc mch in iu khin ng m. J. Cc mch in c ng dng trong nng nghip. K. Cc mch in tr chi gii tr.