Golden Ratio Project

Alejandra Zepeda
TC-Stats (Day)

Abstract: UNDER CONSTRUCTION. Introduction: Many years ago, an Italian mathematician by the name Leonardo Fibonacci discovered a number sequence. He gave us a deeper understanding of the patterns we see in nature. The unique sequence is called the Fibonacci sequence. The numbers in the sequence are obtained by getting the sum of the proceeding two numbers. However, there was another special pattern found within those numbers. He noticed that by dividing one number by the number before it, the result of the numbers divided is real close to each other. There was in fact a more interesting discovery, it was that after the 13th number in the sequence a xed (constant) number, 1.618, was found in the division of numbers. That special number is known as the Golden Ratio or Golden mean. In fact, the proportion of the human body of which is set out by the golden ratio is used as the measure basis for design and research. The proportion of the human body according to the Golden Ratio is based on the ideal human form that scientist and researchers have agreed upon ("Golden ratio in," 2008).An article says "the golden ratio describes a rectangle with a length roughly one and a half times its width" (Kuepper, J. 2004) Artist and architects use this measure proportion to build their designs and models. The use of the golden ratio goes back to the years of the Greeks, who used the golden ratio to build the Parthenon of Athens. Also, Duke University engineer, Adrian Bejan says that our "eyes scan an image the fastest when it is shaped as a golden ratio rectangle" (Duke University, 2009).This idea supports the theory that the golden ratio is very "pleasing to the eye. More and more mysteries have been unlocked after Leonardo Fibonacci's discovery. The golden ratio is one that amazes and intrigues the human mind most. It is found by taking T/S and that will result in the universal Golden ratio,1.618. The golden ratio is believed to be the building block of nature. In fact, Justin Kuepper says "nature relies on this innate proportion to maintain balance," and even the markets "seem to conform to this 'golden ratio'". So can this golden ratio be found in parts of the human body? Hypothesis: An experiment was conducted to prove that the Golden ratio does exist in nature and is the core element of structure. Methods: An Apple application called TC-Stats was used to generate all the data analysis. It is an application that performs the following functions: summary statistics, histograms, box-andwhiskers plot, scatter plot, frequency distribution table, probability calculations based on the

binomial, standard and non-standard normal, t, f, and chi-squared distributions...sample size calculations for inferences regarding a population mean or proportion. The populations of interest are males and females between the ages of 16 to 21. A population sample was taken from 25 males and 25 females. The variable of interest for each population is the ratio of nger and shoulder to nger and elbow, ratio of nger and elbow to wrist and elbow, ratio of elbow and shoulder to nger and wrist of only the left hand of the sample population. The measurement scale is classied as ratio. The sampling technique implemented in this data collection used to represent each population is through randomization. Each person was selected according to age. The 25 males and 25 females were asked to take their arm measurements. The total 50 people came in different order to get measured. A 60" plastic measuring tape was used to take the measurements. Hence, the measurements were taken in inches and were reported in a organized table then transferred to TC-Stats. The devices used to calculate numbers, information and to measure were all kept the same. Procedure: First, each person lled out their information. The information asked for was the name, gender, and age. Then they were measured from nger tip to shoulder, nger tip to elbow, elbow to wrist, elbow to shoulder, and nger to wrist. The nger tip is considered the middle nger. These measurements will help obtain the ratio needed. The measuring procedure could cause error by chance because some people moved when they were being measured. Note: Measuring tapes and rulers are not recommended by scientist to get a theoretical measurement of each person. Once the data was collected, the arithmetic part began. First, the ratio of each variable for males was taken care of. Divide the measurement of nger to shoulder by nger to elbow to get a ratio. Divide the measurement for nger to elbow by wrist to elbow to get a ratio. Divide the measurement for elbow to shoulder by nger to wrist to get a ratio. Second, the ratio of each variable for females was taken care of. Divide the measurement of nger to shoulder by nger to elbow to get a ratio. Divide the measurement for nger to elbow by wrist to elbow to get a ratio. Divide the measurement for elbow to shoulder by nger to wrist to get a ratio. Summary Statistics: In gure 1, the table gives information about the measurements of the 25 male sample size and about the variables of interest. We can see where the measurements fall in a number line.

Figure 1:

The important things to consider in this table depend on what we want to nd. In this case, the measurement of all ve arm measurements has been calculated to obtain the variables of interest. With this information we can compare the measurement ratios, calculate a venumber summary, create a box-plot graph, histograms for each variable of interest of the population sample, and make inferences of what the data means. Figure 1 displays the sum, mean, the sample standard deviation, minimum value, 1st Quartile, Median, 3rd Quartile, and maximize value of measurement for variables of interest in males.The mean tells us the center of the data in number line and the median is the middle position when the data is sorted in order. Quartiles tell us the measurement of position and are divided into four groups of at most 25% of the data. The rst quartile tells us that at most 25% falls below and at most 75% of the data is above. The third quartile tells us that at most 75% falls below and at most 25% of the data is above. Below is a Five number summary for each population sample that will help us understand this better. Five-Number Summary (males only): Ratio A Min: 1.5588 Q1: 1.6857 M: 1.7059 Q3: 1.7273 Max: 1.7941 Figure 2: Ratio B Min: 1.6522 Q1: 1.7 M: 1.7436 Q3: 1.7895 Max: 1.8421 Ratio C Min: 1.3 Q1: 1.5625 M: 1.7436 Q3: 1.7333 Max: 1.8667

The 5 number summary helps us construct a box-inwhiskers plot (gure 2) for each variable of interest. Box and whiskers plots are used for measurements of positions, to inform us of potential outliers and to indicate the location of

quartiles and median. Figure 2 represents our data in a stacked box plot, with this we can compare the distributions. The distribution for the data measuring ratio A, looks fairly bell shaped, for ratio B the distribution looks fairly bimodal,and for Ratio C the distribution looks skewed left. Next, a closer look at the distribution of the ratio found for nger to shoulder and nger to elbow (Ratio A). To get a better visual idea of the distribution for ratio of nger and shoulder to nger and elbow (Ratio A), look at gure 3. TC- Stats generated this histogram. The histograms contains a number and percent at the top of each bar representing the relative frequency which tells us how many times a data value is observed relative to the data set size. In this case it is the measurement that fell between the indicated class width. The way class widths of the frequencies were determine were by starting at the data's lowest value, 1.5588, and is spaced by .028. It is common sense to start at the lowest value and count by .028 to show it is a bell shape distribution. The class width is used for both the frequency table and the histogram for all sample datas. Figure 3 helps us see the data values in a visual perspective.

Figure 3: x-axis is the data value class width y-axis is the frequency of the data values for all histograms.

The histogram above is based on the data calculated for Ratio A. It looks fairly bell shaped as mentioned in the box plot display in gure 2 . This suggest that at the mean of the distribution there will be a large frequency of the data values happening. Knowing that the data for the ratios A then calculating the mean is important. Locating the mean is most appropriate for all measurement scales except nominal and for bell shaped data. The actual range for the ratio A data is .2353 inches apart. The mean for this data is 1.701452 inches. That value is telling us that the average male had a ratio A of 1.701452. The median is also important to look at because it tells us where physical center is of the data. The median for this variable of interest

is 1.7059, meaning half of the males had a ratio less and the other half had a ratio 1.7059 or more. Since our data is ratio, we can also get information from measurements of position. In this case we will be looking at quartiles. We already saw that at 1.7059 inches half (50%) of the males had a ratio more than 1.7059 and the other 50% had less than that ratio. In this data the rst quartile is at 1.6857 inches and the third quartile is at 1.7273 inches. The rst quartile tells us that at most 25% of the males had a ratio under 1.6897 inches and at most 75% of the males had a ratio above 1.6897. The third quartile tells us that at most 75% of the males have a ratio under 1.7273 inches and at most 25% of the males have a ratio 1.7273 above. To nd the variability we can look at the standard deviation of ratio A and it is .0597. It is important to know how the ratios of each individual male are dispersed or spread out and the dispersion for ratio A is small which is good because it means that the ratios in males is fairly close to each other. The next variable of interest is ratio of nger and elbow to wrist and elbow(ratio B). TC-Stats generated a histogram presented below to give us a visual of the data. The class widths used for this histogram are the lowest value of the data 1.6522 and count by 0.023. Because this distribution is bimodal, the measurements of tendency are the mean and median. The average (mean) ratio of males' nger and elbow to wrist and elbow is 1.7461 and the physical center of the data is at 1.7436. Knowing where the median is, then we also know that 50% of the ratio B for males falls under 1.7461 and the other 50% of the ratios is above that. The rst quartile is at 1.7 and that tells us that at most 25% of the ratios of males for this variable had a ratio under 1.7 and at most 75% of the ratios were 1.7 and above. The third quartile tells us that at most 75% of the males had a ratio below 1.7273 and at most 25% of the ratios were above 1.7273. It is important to note the variability relative to the mean, summary statistics gives us the standard deviation, .0504. The dispersion of the data is a fairly small and that is okay. It just means that the ratios are a close to each other. The last variable of interest for males is the ratio of elbow and shoulder to nger and wrist (ratio C). To get a better understanding of what the ve-number summary and the summary

statistic table is telling us a histogram was generated. Below, the histogram of ratio C will be a better visual display than the box-plot. The class widths used for this histogram are to start from the lowest value,1.3, of the data and count by .056. Since the distribution seems to be skewed left the best measurement of location is locating the median. The median will give us a better understanding where the physical center of the data is and not just an average. The median for ratio C is 1.6667 which is good because the golden ratio is 1.618. This means that the ratio C is close to the golden ratio. Now if were to look at this distribution in a number line, we could see that at most 50% of the data falls under 1.6667 and at most 50% is above 1.6667. The rst quartile tell us that at most 25% of males have a ratio of elbow and shoulder to nger and wrist less then 1.5625 and at most 75% of the males have that ratio above it. The third quartile tells us that at most 75% of males had that ratio below 1.7333 and at most 25% of that ratio are above 1.7333. The standard deviation is .1486 relative to the mean. The dispersion of this variable of interest is a little more than the other two variables. Hence, the ratios of elbow and shoulder to nger and wrist are a little apart from each other. The second sample population that we want to compare is the ratios of females. Below, a summary statistic table has been generated to give us a brief idea of how the data resulted in. With this information we can calculate a ve-number summary for females, box-plots and determine where the measurements fall in a number line.

To create a box- and whisker box plot, we need the measurements of location and position. These are the minimum value, 1st quartile, median, 3rd quartile, and maximum value and are called ve number summary. Below is a ve number summary for each variable of interest. Five number summary (females only): Ratio A Min: 1.6562 Q1: 1.7097 M: 1.7273 Q3: 1.7647 Max: 1.8621 Figure 4: Figure 4, gives us an idea of how the distributions of the ratios are. If we look at ratio A we see that the distribution is bell shaped with a slight tail to the right. The next variable, ratio B is skewed right and ratio C is fairly skewed left. As we can see, the distributions are between a 1 to 3 number line. This stacked box-plot helps us compare and make histograms. Histograms are better visuals for distributions and below one has been constructed for the data of ratio A concerning females. This class widths chosen for this histogram are the data's lowest value,1.6562, and count by .026 to get a histogram similar to what the box-plot displayed. The most appropriate measurement of location, because of the shape of the data is the mean. The average ratio A is 1.73778 and the physical center (median) of the data is actually at 1.7273. The mean and median are fairly close to each other Ratio B Min: 1.6 Q1: 1.7 M: 1.75 Q3: 1.7647 Max: 2.5185 Ratio C Min: 1.2683 Q1: 1.6296 M: 1.7143 Q3: 1.8462 Max: 1.9231

so it may be important to consider both. Also consider measurements of position. The rst quartile says that at most 25% of the data is below 1.7097 and the rest is above it. The third quartile tells us that 75% of the data is below 1.7647 and 25% is above it. These quartiles just tell us what percentage of females had a ratio bigger or under a certain quartile. The data has a standard deviation of .0469. This specic variable of interest has the smallest standard deviation, meaning that the ratios of nger and shoulder to nger and elbow are close to each other. The next variable of interest concerning females is the ratio of nger and elbow to wrist and elbow (ratio B). A histogram was also calculated to help us visualize what the data means. The histogram The data presented in gure 5 is obviously skewed right. This suggest that the distribution is clumped on the left and tails off to the right. Because of its skewness it is best to calculate its median. The median is 1.75, which tells us where the center of the data is. Looking at percentiles we know the positions of the data. The 1st quartile tells us that at 1.7, 25% of the ratios of nger and elbow to wrist and elbow are 1.7 and under and well the other 75% are more than 1.7. The 3rd quartile tells us where 75% of the ratios measured and where the other 25% are. In this case the 3rd quartile is 1.7657. Note that the median is the same as the 2nd quartile. The variability of this particular data is .1651. This standard deviation is the largest among the variables of interest for females. The difference is not a lot but it just means the ratios are spread out by . 1651. The third variable of interest for females is their ratio of elbow and shoulder to nger and wrist(ratio C). The histogram below helps us better understand the stacked box-pot and the ve number summary. The histograms displays a skewed left distribution. This suggest that the distribution is clumped on the right and tails off to the left. The class widths used to determine the shape of the distribution are to start at the data's lowest value, 1.2683 and count by .078. The best

measurement of location is the median because if we take an average then the outliers of the data dramatically affect the average. The median will tell us where half of the data is. Remember that the median is also the 2nd quartile. This means that 50% of the data is below 1.7143 and the other half is above it. Hence, half of the ratios of elbow and shoulder to nger and wrist are 1.7143 less and the other half is more than that. The rst and third quartile are 1.6296 and 1.8462, respectively. At the rst quartile we have 25% of the ratios below 1.6292 and 75% above. At the third quartile we have 75% of the ratios below 1.7647 and 25% of the ratios above. The variability measured is standard deviation, which is .1469. The variability is not so big but since we are on a 1 to 3 scale the variability is fairly moderate.

Bibliography: Duke University. (2009, December 21). Researchers explain mystery of golden ratio. Retrieved from http://www.physorg.com/news180531747.html Golden ratio in human body [Web]. (2008). Retrieved from http://youtube.com/watch? v=085KSyQVb-U Kuepper, J. (2004, March 31). Fibonacci and the golden ratio. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/articles/technical/04/033104.asp#axzz1nzcXaVgP Lahanas, M. The Golden Section and the Golden Rectangel Retrieved from www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/GoldenSection.htm Sage, E. The golden ratio~ngerprint of "God" Retrieved from http://worldtruth.tv/the-goldenrationgerprint-of-god-2/ Appendix: F= Female M= Male Ratio A= ratio of nger and shoulder to nger and elbow Ratio B= ratio of nger and elbow to wrist and elbow Ratio C= ratio of elbow and shoulder to nger and wrist
Gender F F F M F M F M M M M M F M F F M M M Ratio A 1.7419 1.6562 1.7419 1.6176 1.7273 1.7647 1.746 1.6176 1.6944 1.7778 1.697 1.5821 1.7097 1.7222 1.7742 1.7231 1.7941 1.7941 1.7273 Ratio B 1.8235 1.7778 1.7222 1.7895 1.7368 1.7895 1.6579 1.7 1.8 1.7143 1.7368 1.8108 1.7714 1.7143 1.6757 1.8056 1.7895 1.7895 1.7838 Ratio C 1.6429 1.5 1.7692 1.4 1.7143 1.7333 1.88 1.5 1.5625 1.8667 1.6429 1.3 1.6296 1.7333 1.92 1.6207 1.8 1.8 1.6552

M F F F F F M F M M F F F M M M M F F F F M M M F F F M M M F

1.6471 1.6562 1.7273 1.7188 1.7576 1.8621 1.7143 1.7097 1.7143 1.7105 1.7647 1.7143 1.7143 1.7353 1.7222 1.7027 1.6812 1.8 1.75 1.7 1.8 1.7059 1.7576 1.6857 1.8 1.7647 1.6875 1.7059 1.7059 1.5588 1.697

1.7436 1.6842 1.7368 1.7778 1.7368 1.8125 1.8421 1.7222 1.75 1.6522 1.7 1.8065 1.75 1.7895 1.6744 1.6818 1.7692 1.7647 1.6842 1.7647 1.8182 1.7 1.7368 1.7949 1.7647 2.5185 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6923

1.5172 1.6154 1.7143 1.6429 1.7857 1.9231 1.5625 1.6923 1.6667 1.8 1.8571 1.6 1.6667 1.6667 1.7931 1.7333 1.5667 1.8462 1.8462 1.6154 1.7778 1.7143 1.7857 1.5484 1.8462 1.2683 1.8333 1.7143 1.7143 1.3571 1.7037