Lead Acid

NiCad

NiMH

Zinc Air

Aluminium Air

Nickel Iron 1901 1.2V 50 100

Nickel Zinc 1920 1.5V 60 300 100

Sodium Sulphur 1960 2.1V 110 150

Zebra NaNiCl 1982 2.58V 100 150 160

LiCoO2 1992 3.7V 90-140 760 220 350 40C < 3 Hours 1200 5% - 10%

LiMn2O4 1999 3.6V 160 1800 270 40C < 3 Hours 1200 5% - 10%

Li-Ph

LiNiCoO2

LiNiO2

Li2S8
2003 2.1V 300

Lithium Metal Lithium Metal 2002 3.0V 150 250 2003 4.0V 200

Commercialisation 1881 1956 1990 1997 Cell Voltage 2.0 V 1.2V 1.2V 1.15V 1.5V Energy by Weight: 30-40 40-60 30-80 200 220 Wh/Kg Specific Power 180 150 250 - 1000 80-140 30 W/Kg Energy by Volume 60-75 50-150 140-300 220 Wh/L Max discharge rate 10C 20C Recharge Time >10 Hours 8 Hours 6 Hours Cycle Life Cycles 500 -800 2000 1500 200 Self Discharge 3% 4% 20% 30% per month Temp Range C -40C to +60C -20C to +60C Preferred Charge Method Const Voltage Const Current Dt/dt NA NA (- Delta V) (- Delta V) and Timer Average Energy Cost $150 $400-800 $250 $80 $/kWh Comments Deteriorates Memory Effect High self Primary Cell Primary Cell with discharge rate Can not accept Can not accept microcycles Useful power Regen loads Regen loads down to 50% Uses Needs booster Generally energy density DOD replacable due to low depends on whether electrodes specific power optimised for capacity or power

3.2V 150 ??? 250

400

500

20% - 40%

600 <20%

1000

1000 Zero

< 5%

-20C to +60C -20C to +60C Const Voltage Const Voltage Const Current Const Current $150-200 Corrosion problems $150-200 Dendrite growth causes short cycle life High Temp 350C Damaged if temp < 200C Discontinued $300 High Temp 270C $300 Expensive Toxic materials Useful power down to 80% DOD $300 Useful power down to 80% DOD $600 Target No field experience No field experience No field experience No field experience No field experience No field experience