A us tralian Journal of Bas ic and A pplied Sciences , 3(3): 2706-2715, 2009 ISSN 1991-8178 2009, INSInet Publication

Analytical Analysis of Cascaded OXADM in Survivability Scheme for Tree-Based EPON-FTTH Immediate Split Architecture
Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman, Namir M. Ali Abdul Amir & Siti Asma Che Aziz Spectrum Technology Division Computer and Netw ork Security Research Group, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Abs tract: A failure in acces s networks can caus e s erious proble m, b e c a u s e acces s network trans mit aggregated high-s peed traffic from hundreds of s ubs cribers . Therefore, Ethernet Pas s iv e Optical Network (EPON) w a s propos ed to overcome the bandwidth bottleneck at the A cces s Network due to its s implicity and cos t effectivenes s . In this paper, protection is provided to development of s urvivability s cheme for Tree-Bas ed EPON-FTTH architecture. It des cribes als o the advanced cus tomer acces s network through the development of an A cces s Control Sys tem (A CS). Th e A CS p rovides s urvivability through the Optical Cros s A dd and Drop M ultiplexing (OXA DM ) agains t fa ilure by means o f d e d icated and s hared protection that is applied in EPON-FTTH. Each OXA DM has a node controller which receives reports on the s tatus periodically from acces s cont ro l s ys tem (A CS). W hen a failure is detected, the A CS will s end a command to the related OXA DM to be activated. The s pecial function of OXA DM ; accumulation and U turn mechanis m play a important role in s witching the traffic to the traffic fre e alternative path. The s urvivability of EPON is neces s ary to provide s eamles s s ervices and ens ure network reliability. W e highlighted in this paper the analytical modeling on cas caded OXA DM in FTTH us ing point-to -p o int configuration according to the number of operating wavelength a nd number of ports . Finally we come out with comparis on res ult between s imulation and analytical to prove the meas urement validnes s . Key words : T re e -b a s ed architecture, s urvivability, EPON-FTTH, A cces s Control Sys tem (A CS), Optical Cros s A dd and Drop M ultiplexer (OXA DM ). INTRODUCTION M as s iv e d e p lo yment of FTTH fiber network caus es protection to FTTH network a crucial need. M os t FTTH acces s networks are protected from failure by having redundant netw o rk e q u ipments . Thes e are not economical approaches , as the redundant s ys tems are not efficiently utilized by the network (Png, W .T., M .K. A b d u lla h , 2005). W ith rapid decline in the cos t of Ethernet equipment, Ethernet-PON-FTTH is pois ed to emerge as the technology of choice for next generation broadband acces s network (D e xia n g , J .X ., Y. W ei, E. Ho, 2001). EPON w o rks o v e r point-to-multipoint topologies s uch as tree, ring and bus . In this res earch, attention was focus ed on EPON tree architecture (Nadarajah, N., A . Nirmalathas , 2005). EPON is a PON that carries Ethernet traffic. A PON is a point-to-multipoint fiber optical network with no active e le me n ts in the s ignal's path. A ll trans mis s ion in a PON a re b e t we e n a n Optical Line Terminal (OLT) of Central Office (CO) and Optical Network Unit (ONUs ) (H o s s a in , A SM D., H. Erkan, 2005). EPON-FTTH cons is ts of a s ingle, s hared optical fiber c o n n e c t in g a s ervice providers central office to a pas s ive coupler with no active elements in the path. The pas s ive coupler is pos itioned not more than 1 km from res idential cus tomers , in order to minimize fiber us age. Each cus tomer has a dedicated s hort optical fiber but s hares the long dis tribution trunk fiber which is not more th a n 19km (P n g, W .T., M .K. A bdullah,). A n EPON network includes an Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and an Optical Network Unit (ONU) as s hown in Figure 1. The OLT re s ides in the CO and the ONU res ides at or near the cus tomer premis e. It can be located at the s ubs criber res idence or in a building. A ll trans mis s ions in a PON are between an Optical Line Terminal (OLT) of c e n t ra l o ffice (CO) and Optical Corresponding Author: M ohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman, Spect rum Technology Division Computer and Network Security Research Group, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Univers it i Kebangsaan M alaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, M alaysia. E-mail: syuhaimi@vlsi.eng.ukm.my 2706

Aust. J. Basic & Appl. Sci., 3(3): 2706-2715, 2009 Network Units (ONUs ). Ethernet ba s e d P a s s ive Optical Network (PON) technology is emerging as a viable choice for the next-generation broadband acces s network. (Tzanakaki, A ., I. Zacharopoulus , 2003).

Fig. 1: EPON Network with immediate s plit architecture Three wavelengths are us ed ty p ic a lly 1310 nm for data/voice ups tream trans mis s ion and 1490 nm for the downs tream data/voice trans mis s io n . M eanwhile 1550 nm is us ed to trans mit downs tream video s ignal. In the downs tream direction (OLT to Us er), packets are broa d c a s t b y t h e OLT and extracted by their des tination ONUs bas ed on their M edia Acces s Control (M A C) addres s . In the ups tream direction (Us er to OLT), each ONU will us e a time shared channel (TDM ) arbitrated by the OLT. OLT is a function t o aggregate Ethernet traffic from remote ONU devices through pas s ive optical s plitters (Hos s ain, A SM D., H. Erkan, 2005). Protection at the optical layer agains t fiber cuts and equipment failure is mos t cos t effective for high bandwidth s ervices (Rahma n , M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006). A utomatic protection s witching (A PS) in which trans mis s ion is s witch e d to a predetermined optical path upon detection of a fiber cable break may be us ed for res toration for the affected channels (Hos s ain, A SM D., H. Erkan, 2005). In t h is le t t e r, w e propos ed an A CS s cheme to monitor the s tatus of s ignals flow and pro v id e the res toration agains t failure by us ing Optical Cros s A dd and Drop M ultiplexer (OXA DM ). OXA DM is exp e cted to be a key component which provides s urvivability through optical res toration (& protection) by s witching to alternative ro u t es in the optical layer and acces s network. The s w it c h in g p e rformed within the acces s node will be able to achieved high s peed res toration agains t the failure/degradation of cables , fibers & als o optical amplifiers . Each OXA DM has a node con t ro ller which receives reports on the s tatus periodically from acces s control s ys tem (A CS). W hen a failure is detected, the A CS will s end a command to the related OXA DM to be activated (Rahman, M .S.A ., H. H u s in , 2006). Two res toration mechanis m s chemes have been propos ed which are s uitable for s u rv ivability in FTTH-EPON. Thes e res toration s chemes are dedicated protection and s hared protection. Dedicated protection is activated when failure occurs in working fiber while the s hared protection is activated when failu re o c c u rs fo r both working and protection fiber. Optical Cross Add and Drop M ultiplexer (OXADM ) Restoration Key Element: The introduction o f new modeling device that is des igned to overcome drawbacks that occur in W DM application in expected. The device us e combination concept of Optical Cros s Connect (OXC) and Optical A dd and Dro p M ultiplexer (OA DM ) as depicted in Figure 2 (a). Its enable the operating wavelengths on two different optical trunks to be s witched to each other while implementing add and drop function s imultaneous ly as s hown in Figure 2 (b) (Rahman, M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006)(Rahman, M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006). Here, the operating wav e le n g t hs can be reus ed again as a carrier of new data s tream. The wavelength trans fer between two different cores of fiber will increas e the flexibility and als o efficiency of the network s tructure. To make device operational more efficient, M EM S mirror mechanis m is us ed to c o n t ro l t h e mechanis m of operation. The s witches can be deployed in applications s uch as network protection and res tora t io n a n d dynamically re c o n figurable add/drop modules . The M EM s s witch here is employed in the des ign to control the add / d ro p wavelength and wavelength trans fer operation. The two main element that differentiating OX A D M with other exis ting device is ACCUMULAT ION features t h a t multiplexing all s ignal on one path and U T URN with internal routing mechanis m, here, the s ignal w ill be reflected back to neighbors line agains t the direction of incoming s ignal W ith thes e excellence features will extended the application OXA DM in s urvivability, topology migration and multifunc tional optical s witch (Rahman, M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006; Rahman, M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006). It can be a res toration s witc h in FTTH-EPON network via s haring the s ignals on the breakdown line to the s econd working line. This feature differentiates the OXA DM from other exis ting s w itching device s uch as OXC, TRN and OA DM (Dexiang, J.X., Y. W ei, E. Ho, 2001). On the other hand, the OXA DM provid e s t h e cros s connection for the granularity of the individual optical channel of OC-N x N. The routin g o f in d iv id ual

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Fig. 2:

(a) The block diagram of optical cros s add and drop multiplexing (OXA DM ). (b) In d u c t io n o f incoherent cros s talk due to the leakage s ignal of each channel operating in an OXA DM

wavelengths makes it pos s ible to groom individual wavelength paths . Bes ides that, the accumulation all s ignal in one path als o becomes the value added of t h e s ys tem and will be the main feature. A s a res ult, the OXA DM is capable of performing wavelength bas ed res toration, a s well as bandwidth management (bas ed on wavelength), which will be requis ite in the optical layer for large numbers of incorporated wavelengths . In t his res toration s cheme, the OXA DM is cas caded (only one output port). W ith 1x2 optical s p lit t e r to make the s ignal pos s ible route into 3 ways . Access Control System (ACS) Heart of FTTH Network: Due to lack of active devices in FTTH network, the function of ONUs are pas s iv e ly and dont provide any s ens or related to fault or breakdown. To overcome th e in c o mp le t e in FTTH technology, A cces s Control Sys tem (A CS) is introduced to control the s urvivability in FTTH acces s network (Premadi, A ., M .S.A . Rahman, 2009). A CS is us ed to monitor the s tatus o f t he working and res toration fibers . The unique monitoring s ys tem architecture requires a s ingle s witch element and coupler connection betwee n t h e A CS and both trans mis s ion paths . Before activating a s uitable protection s cheme, A CS will recognize the type s o f failure and s end the a c t ivation s ignal to the related OXA DM s witches according to the activated protection mechanis ms (Premadi, A . and M .S.A . Rahman, 2008)(Rahman, M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006).

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Aust. J. Basic & Appl. Sci., 3(3): 2706-2715, 2009 The architecture of A CS is s h o wn in Figure 3. It cons is ts of two major parts , monitoring s ignal s ection and activation s ection. The function of A CS is t h e s a me as the optical performance monitor (OPM ) which is applied in both ring and mes h metropolitan network. Norma lly, A CS is integrated in a s ingle s ys tem, which als o includes s plitter and firs t OXA DM of each acces s line. Tapping 3% of the d o w n s t re a m and ups tream s ignal by us ing coupler can recognize the s tatus of feeder s ection and drop s ectio n . If b re a kd o wn occurs in feeder s ection, A CS will s end a s ignal to activate the dedicated protection s cheme. But if the bre a kdown is detected in drop s ection, A CS will recognize the related acces s line by the 3% tapped s ignal that is conne cted to eve ry a c c e s s line. The activation s ignal is then s ent to active the dedicated protection s cheme. But if fault is s till not res tored, the s hared protection s cheme will be activated. The monitoring s ignal s ection is res pons ible for s ens ing fault and its location whereas g eneration of activation of s ignal is s ent by activation s ection in A CS. Table 1 des cribes the pos s ible condition in the monitoring s ys te m fro m t a pped s ignal and diagnos is of the fault. The couplers will tap 3% of the downs tream and ups tream s ignal in tu rn , a n d s ending it to A CS for interpretation. The condition of the tapped s ignal will repres ent the s tatus of fe e d e r s ection and drop s ection. Figure 4 s hows the flow c h a rt o f res toration process that is controlled by A CS. A CS will determine the mechanis m of prot e c t io n by detecting & analyzing the monitored s ignal to the end of res toration proces s . A ll is des cribed in the flowchart. Survivability in FTTH-EPON The Critical Issue Solved: In dedicated protection FTTH-EPON s cheme, each ONU is connected to s plitter output terminal by a dedicated fiber working line for each ONU, and a s hared fiber protection line for each two ON U s . For working line there are two O X A D M s w itches connect between an ONU and the s plitter. For the protection line which is s hared between each two ONUs there are two OXA DM s witches connect between the O X A D M s w it c h es for the working line of each ONU, als o there are fiber lines connect between the primary OXA DM s witches of the protection line and another lines connect between the s econdary OXA DM s witches of the protection line. A nd that is all controlled by A CS. The function of OXA DM is to s witch the s ignal to the protection line when failure occurs in the working line. The route depends on the res toration mechanis m that is activated according to the types of failure. Figure 5 depicted the s ignal flows through the working line in norma l c o n d ition for ONU1 & ONU2. The OXA DM s witches are in bypas s s tate that allows s ignals to pas s through the device and be received at ONUs . The two OXA DM s are allocated in the trans mis s ion line in which both ONU and s plitter are located. Firs t OXA DM is us ed to s w it ch the s ignal to protection line at local trans mis s ion or s witch to protection line at trans mis s ion line s econd n e a rb y o r t h ird nearby or fourth nearby, depending which is free or not, or les s to s hare with others . The s econd OXA DM will s w it c h t he s ignal in protection line back to the original path before s ending it to the local ONU. W hen the failure occurs in the working line of an ONU, the firs t OXA DM will s witch the s ignal to the local protection line and the s econd OXA DM will be activated s imultaneous ly to s witch the s ignal back to the trans mis s ion line, as s hown in ONU3 & ONU4. Even if the two ON U s w o rkin g lin e are breakdown, they can us e (s hare) the protection line together as s hown in ONU5 & ONU6. T h e res toration s cheme is referred to dedicated protection s imilar to that deployed in ring configuration. ONU7 & ONU8 s hows the s hared protection s cheme which diverts the s ignal to any free protection line for another ONUs (here we s u p p os e to us e the p rotection line for ONU1 & ONU2 and that is s hown by violet das h line). The interruption in both workin g and protection lines need the s hared protection s cheme to be activated. The firs t OXA DM is activated directly but the s econd OXA DM is activated by s ending the activation s ignal utilizing the protection line us ed by A CS. The protection line is connected to the drop-port of OXA DM 1 and add-port of OXA DM 2 and it will become the third route of trans mis s ion in cas e of both local lines breakdown. The propos ed res toration functions above are es s ential for ens uring s ignals flow continuous ly and s urvivability of drop region in optical acces s network. Here the U turn mechanis m plays an important mechanis m to route the traffic to the alternative path.
Table 1: Possible status of tapping signal A and B and related fault diagnoses A o x o x x = no signal detected o = signal detected B o o x x Diagnose Both feeder and drop region are in good condition Fault occurs in feeder region, No fault in drop region No fault in feeder region, Fault occurs in drop region Both feeder and drop region are in breakdown

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Fig. 3:

A rchitecture of res toration in FTTH acc e s s network centralizing at A CS which control the monitoring s ubs ys tem and res toration activation s ubs ys tem.

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Fig. 4: Flowchart of res toration mechanis m in FTTH acces s network in FTTH acces s network

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Fig. 5:

M echanis ms of p ro t e c t io n in FTTH-PON acces s network in normal condition and three different breakdown locations . (ONU1 & ONU2) Normal condition (ONU3 & ONU 4) Breakdown at w o rkingLine in line B (ONU5 & ONU6) Breakdown at both working line in Line A & line B (ONU7 & ONU8) Breakdown at both working line in Line B and protection line.

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Aust. J. Basic & Appl. Sci., 3(3): 2706-2715, 2009 Analytical Analysis of Cascaded OXADM : In a point-to-point topology, OXA DM s are located in the n o d e s , which have more than two s witching directions in network. The function of the OXA DM s is to flexibly s witch the wavelengths among the different input and output ports . Becaus e of the OXA DM s imperfect performance, ins ertio n lo s s a n d cros s talk are induced. The magnitude of cros s talk depends on the number of input/output ports connected to the fiber lines , an d the number of wavelengths per line. Due to the pres ence of cros s talk, s ignal impairment occurs , and ad d itional s ignal power is required to maintain a s pecified bit error rate (BER). Expres s ed in decibels , the power penalty is defined as (Stevens , 2005),

P p en a lty = 10log 1 0

(1)

A s s uming aligned polarization, the probabilit y d e n s ity function (PDF) for the res ultant aggregate interference is approximately Gaus s ian, which leads to a theoretical power penalty (Rahman, M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006): P p en a lty = -5log 1 0 [1-4Q2 s2 RIN ] (2 )

w h ere Q is the Q factor corres ponding to the reference BER, s 2 RIN is the autocovariance of the beat n o is e res ulting from interferometric intens ity nois e. Note there is an error floor, corres ponding to the BER at 4Q2 s 2 RIN=1, where the power penalty tends to be infinity. It is impos s ible to achieve BER s maller than t h e error floor becaus e of the nature of cros s talk (Ra hman, M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006).). Here we apply the wors t cas e s cenario depicted in Fig. 1b for the power penalty caus ed by incoh e re n t c ros s talk, which is induced when optical propagation delay differences between s ignal and cros s talk in an OXA DM exc e e d s t h e coherent time o f the las er (Rahman, M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006)(Stevens, 2005). A s s uming the OXA DM is fully loaded, eac h s ignal pas s ing through the OXA DM will be interfered by M N-1 cros s talk, caus ed by leaked s ignals from demultiplexer/multiplexer pairs . W here M is t h e number of operating wavelength and N is the number of OXA DM ports . Bas ed on above as s umptions , the power penalty from cros s talk contributions in one OXA DM is given in equation (3) (Rahman, M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006). T h e maximum power penalty (pp) caus ed by M N1 incoherent cros s talk contributions from one OXA DM is: Max(pp OXADM ) = -5log 1 0 [1-4Q 2 Max(s 2 RIN )] = -5log 1 0 [1-4Q2 e(MN-1)]

(3 )

W here e is the optical power ratio of eac h c ro s s t a lk contribution to the s ignal. Thus , the OSNR analys is for OXA DM ring network can be defined as OSNR = Gp rea mp (P Rx+NF Rx) +S[P o u t10log 1 0 (M ch )losssp NF AS E 10log 1 0 (NUM sp a n +1)] +5log 1 0 [1-4Q2 e(SN iM i- L)]

(4)

F ig ure 6 depicts the power penalties at every cas caded 22 OXA DM node with the number of ope ra t in g w a v e length M =2, 4, 6, 8. The increas e of the number of operating wavelengths will increas e t h e p o w e r penalties . The s ame profile can als o be s een with the increas e of p o rt n u mb e rs (N=2, 4, 6, 8) as s hown in Figure 7, due to the maximum autocovariance of the beat nois e res ulting fro m t h e in t e rferometric intens ity nois e in OXA DM s being M ax(s 2 RIN) = S(M N-1). A ccording to Figure 5, the maximum number o f cas caded OXA DM for the wors t cas e is 10 units . Therefore the p o w e r penalty contributed from this connection is 0.5 dB. Similar to the increment of number of port up to 4 that contributes only 1.1 d B of power penalty at 10 cas caded OXA DM s . Thus , the values are s maller and the s ys tem is cons idered los s les s . T h e e ffect on OSNR due to changing the s pan was als o s tudied analytically and the res ults has ve rifie d the s imulation res ults obtained by us ing the Opt iS y s t e m s imu la tor. To verify that the analys is is correct, we have characterized the OS N R v a lue for the point-to-point configuration us ing s imulation and analytical calculation. The s ma ll d ifference (D = 1.4 dB at a wavelength of 1550 nm) can be obs erved from the graph in Figure 8.

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Fig. 6: Power penalties of cas caded 22 OXA DM s with increas ing number of wavelengths .

Fig. 7: Power penalties of cas caded OXA DM s with increas ing number of ports . Conclusion: T h is paper des cribed the development of s urvivable s ys tem which us ed combined operation of OX A D M and A CS. The A CS focus es on providing s urvivability through the OXA DM res toration s cheme agains t failure by means of dedicated and s hared protection that can be applied in EP O N -F T T H . The s urvivability of EPON is neces s ary to provide s eamles s s ervices and ens ure network reliability. Single failure in the line connected will activate dedicated protection while s hared protection is a c t iv a t ed when both fiber (working and s tandby fiber) are breakdown. The propos al of FTTH res t o ra tion s ys tem (A CS with OXA DM ) particularly in drop s ection will make a d e b u t b e caus e no work has been reported on this area. The propos ed protection s cheme was s imple but capable o f fa ilu re d e t ection within 2 ms and guaranteeing zero packet los s . The analytical modeling of OXA DM devices has als o bee n s t u d ie d id e ntifying its limitation in term of number of operating wavelengths and ports . The effect on OSNR due to changing the s p a n w a s a ls o s tudied analytically and the res ults has verified the s imulation res ults obtained by us ing the OptiSys tem s imulator.

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Fig. 8:

OSNR vs s pan in 2.5 Gbps point-to-point configuration s imulated by us ing Optis ys tem and calculated analytically. REFERENCES

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