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com

Fundamental Ideas

What is Communication ??

Exchange Of Information

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What is Communication??

Exchange Of Information

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Transfer of information from one place to another

Audio Data Video Signal

Transmission Medium

Source
Free Space Copper Fiber Optic

Destination

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I get it !!!!!!!!!!!! My Information.

How to transfer information??

Through Some Carrier
Some carrier is required to carry information over long distances. Why??? Limitation: Information cannot go beyond certain distance without the aid of a carrier

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Carrier
Should be capable of carrying information Can take it through long distance Should have good speed
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Which is the most suitable carrier??

Electromagnetic Wave

Highest Known speed 3x108m/s

Energetic - Can go through long distance

Supports multiple media Eg: Free space/Copper/Fiber etc..

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Can carry any information through modulation

Electromagnetic Wave

In electromagnetic wave electrical and magnetic fields vary harmonically

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Harmonic oscillations at atomic level gives oscillating electric field Electromagnetic wave generation

Relation between electric and magnetic field

Changing electric field gives rise to changing magnetic field & vise versa
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(Perpendicular)

So in electromagnetic wave electric and magnetic fields oscillate perpendicular to each other and electromagnetic energy transmits perpendicular to both

Figure of a wave

Wavelength = distance travelled in one cycle(l) Frequency = Number of cycles per second(n) Velocity(v) = l x n

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Electro Magnetic Spectrum

Velocity of all the electromagnetic wave is same, 3 x 108m/s

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Block Diagram of a Telecommunication System

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Media..

Some medium for carrying signals from transmitter to the receiver

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What is the other thing required apart from carrier for transmitting signals over longer distances??

Different types of media used for transmitting signals.

Wired : Twisted Pair Co-axial cable Optical fiber
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Tx

Carrier
MEDIA

Rx

Wireless(Free space/air):Microwave Satellite

Twisted Pair

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Twisted Pair
Twisted pair is made of two copper wires which are covered by plastics or materials that are similar The insulated wires are twisted to form the communication line,the purpose of twisting the wires is to avoid electrical interference Twisted pair can be combined into a cable that may consist of two,four,fifty or hundreds of pairs Twisted pair is the basis of transmission media(Telephone)

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Coaxial Cable

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Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable contains two conductors which are insulated from one another

The inner conductor is covered by the dielectric and the outer conductor is covered by a shield
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Coaxial cable has many applications,for instance cable TV,local networks,short run computer system links and long distance telephone transmission In local network coaxial cable can support different type of traffic and data By using FDM,it can carry more than 10,000 channels at a time

Optic Fiber

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Optic Fiber(Physical Appearance)

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Optic Fiber
Optic fiber is made up of 3 parts : Core,Cladding and jacket The inner most part is the core which contains one or more thin fibers that are made up of plastic or glass Each of the fiber in the core is covered by a cladding which has different optical properties from the core

The outer most part of the optical fiber is made up of plastic or other materials ,which is called the jacket

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Optic Fiber

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Because of greater performance and higher data rate,the application of optic fiber has dramatically increased in long distance communication and military applications

Microwave

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Microwave
In terrestrial microwave transmission a pair of towers mounted on top of the towers will transmit signals through air Microwave antennas are equipped in higher place in order to achieve better transmission effect Voice transmission,television transmission and the short point to point links will be the major application of microwave transmission
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Satellite Communication

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Satellite
A satellite consists of several transponders which receive signal from one frequency band,this action is called uplink The satellite will amplify or repeat the signal to other frequency band,this action is called downlink A satellite link is called a microwave link The most application of satellite communication will be long distance telephone transmission Private business networks and television distribution

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Comparison of Twisted Pair,Coaxial Cable and Optic fiber

Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable Optic Fiber

Repeater Spacing

1-10Km

1-10Km

10-100Km

Electromagnetism Affected

Affected

Not affected

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Data Rate/ Bandwidth

4Mbps

500Mbps

Upto 100Gbps

Comparison of Satellite and Optic Fiber

Optic Fiber
Reconfiguration Not possible

Satellite
Possible

Bandwidth

Practically upto 10 GHz

36-72MHz

Weather Condition Affected by storm Not affected by storm Electromagnetic Interference Not affected Affected

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