RESEARCH ARTICLE
10.1029/2020RS007192
Special Section:
Special Issue of the 2019 URSI
Asia-Pacific Radio Science
Conference
Key Points:
• D ual band characteristics have been
achieved
• Gain has been enhanced in both
the bands
• Experimental results are in
compliance with the simulated
results
Correspondence to:
S. Bhattacharyya,
somakbhattacharyya.ece@iitbhu.ac.in
Citation:
Samantaray, D., & Bhattacharyya,
S. (2021). A metasurface based
gain enhanced dual band patch
antenna using SRRs with defected
ground structure. Radio Science,
56, e2020RS007192. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2020RS007192
Received 17 AUG 2020
Accepted 7 JAN 2021
© 2021. American Geophysical Union.
All Rights Reserved.
SAMANTARAY AND BHATTACHARYYA
A Metasurface Based Gain Enhanced Dual Band Patch
Antenna Using SRRs With Defected Ground Structure
Diptiranjan Samantaray1 and Somak Bhattacharyya1
1
Department of Electronics Engineeering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
Abstract  This study proposes a metasurface (MS) based high performance antenna in which
the radiating patch is embedded with split ring resonators in its square slots. The slotted corner cut
rectangular patch antenna with defected ground plane and the MS are placed together in the same plane.
The designed prototype operates over dual frequencies with impedance bandwidths (S11 < −10 dB) of
4.02% and 28.24% at 9.20 and 11.65 GHz respectively. The antenna possesses a maximum return loss of
42 dB at 11.65 GHz over 11.23–14.5 GHz band while the measured realized gain of 10.66 dBi has been
obtained at 14.44 GHz. The antenna exhibits unidirectional far-field radiation characteristics and the
radiation efficiency of 67% has been achieved at 14.44 GHz. The antenna prototype has been fabricated
on FR4 dielectric substrate, having an electrical size of 1.16λ0 × 1.82λ0 × 0.06λ0, where λ0 is the free-space
wavelength at 11.65 GHz. This makes the proposed antenna single-layer, broad impedance bandwidth,
high gain and ease of fabrication in nature. The measured results are in good agreement with the
simulated ones. The designed antenna can be applicable in defense and military, satellite communication,
medical analysis for determination of radio waves and numerous communication fields.
1. Introduction
Over the past few years, the low profile high performance antennas are in high demand for handheld and
various portable wireless device; however, narrow impedance bandwidth is the major drawback of such
type of antennas (M. Li, Zhang, & Tang, 2018; Zhu et  al.,  2019). The monopole antenna exhibits wider
bandwidth characteristic as comparable to microstrip patch antennas. However, these type of antennas
are relatively large in size that can achieve multiple frequencies of operation (M. Li, Zhang, & Tang, 2018;
Zhu et al., 2019). The planar broadband antennas are designed based on meander line loop, slot type patch
with coplanar waveguide transmission line, array of planar structure and loading of split ring resonators
(SRRs), metamaterial unit cells, and so on for wireless microwave devices (Alibakhshi-Kenari et al., 2016;
Alibakhshikenari et al., 2018a; Dong & Itoh, 2011; M. Li, Zhang, & Tang, 2018; Y. Liu, Hao, et al., 2015;
Naoui et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2019). Therefore, the use of broadband technology offers advantages of high
speed data rate, high capacity, low cost, less complexity and low power consumption (Alibakhshi-Kenari
et al., 2016a; Alibakhshikenari et al., 2018a; Dong & Itoh, 2011; M. Li, Zhang, & Tang, 2018; Y. Liu, Hao,
et al., 2015; Naoui et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2019).
Since the last decade, metamaterials (MTMs) draw more attraction to the researchers due to various po-
tential applications in electromagnetics; such as electromagnetic band-gap (EBG), left-handed materials
(LHMs), metasurface (MS), frequency selective surface (FSS), and so on (Badawe et al., 2016; Bhattacharyya
et al., 2017; Feng et al., 2017; Feresidis et al., 2005; Holloway et al., 2012; W. W. E. I. Z. Liu et al., MTMs
are artificially engineered homogeneous or inhomogeneous electromagnetic structures exhibiting unusual
electromagnetic properties (Caloz & Itoh, 2006; Eleftheriades & Balmain, 2005; Saha et al., 2019). In recent
times, MS structures in microwave and optical frequency regions have paved new methodologies to explore
microwave devices such as filters, cloaking, polarization converter, absorber, lensing and antennas (Badawe
et al., 2016; Balanis, 2005; Bhattacharyya et al., 2017; Caloz & Itoh, 2006; Eleftheriades & Balmain, 2005;
Feng et al., 2017; Konstantinidis et al., 2015; H. Li, Wang, et al., 2018; Y. Liu, Hao, et al., 2015; Malekpoor
& Jam, 2016; Saha et al., 2019; Samantaray et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2016; Zhang & Gao, 2018). MS is a 2-D
metamaterial structure in which the unit cells contain a number of electrically small scatters in a regular or
irregular periodic fashion (Balanis, 2005; Caloz & Itoh, 2006; Eleftheriades & Balmain, 2005; Konstantinidis
et al., 2015; Saha et al., 2019). The geometrical shape of the scattering effects regulates the electromagnetic
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properties of the metamaterial. The metamaterial as well as metasurface based antenna structures have
been explored to improve the performance of the antenna to make them viable for practical applications
(Alibakhshikenari, Virdee, Shukla, See, et al., 2020; Alibakhshikenari, Virdee, Khalily, et al., 2020; Alibakh-
shikenari, Virdee, See, Shukla, et al., 2020). Nowadays, different type of high-permittivity material-filled
polyimide, ferrite and gallium arsenide (GaAs) based substrate layers have also been widely used in de-
sign and fabrication of the MS antenna and passive microwave devices such as phase shifters, isolators,
circulators, and filters (Alibakhshikenari et al., 2018c; Alibakhshikenari, Virdee, See, Shukla, et al., 2020;
Alibakhshikenari, Virdee, See, Raed, et al., 2020; Mohammadi, Hodjat Kashani, & Ghalibafan, 2019; Mo-
hammadi, Kashani, & Ghalibafan, 2019; Mohammadi Shirkolaei & Ghalibafan, 2020). These structure can
be easily integrated and controllable with a planar antenna to form new applications (Alibakhshi-Kenari
et  al.,  2016b; Alibakhshikenari et  al.,  2017; Alibakhshikenari et  al.,  2018c; Alibakhshikenari, Viree, See,
Raed, et  al.,  2020). The influence of metasurface antenna (MSA) is more owing to the multifunctional
behavior viz., low profile, flexible, inexpensive, ease of integration and fabrication, isolation enhancement,
backfire to endfire beam scanning capabilities, wideband and high gain with directive radiation characteris-
tics (Alibakhshi-Kenari et al., 2012; Alibakhshi-Kenari et al., 2016b; Alibakhshikenari et al., 2017; Alibakh-
shikenari et  al.,  2018d; Alibakhshikenari et  al.,  2018e; Alibakhshikenari et  al.,  2018b; Alibakhshikenari,
Virdee, Shukla, et al., 2019; Alibakhshikenari, Virdee, See, et al., 2019; Alibakhshikenari, Virdee, Shukla,
Parchin, et al., 2020; Alibakhshikenari, Virdee, Azpilicueta, et al., 2020; Alibakhshikenari & Virdee, 2019;
Feresidis et al., 2005; Holloway et al., 2012; W. Ciu, Cheng, & Qing, 2015, W. E. I. Z. Liu et al., 2017; Y. Liu
& Zhao, 2014; Malekpoor & Jam, 2016; Samantaray & Bhattacharyya, 2020; Zheng, Gao, Zhou, Cao, Xu,
et al., 2017).
In this paradigm, a portable, dual, wideband, directive, and high gain MS based corner cut rectangular patch
antenna has been proposed in which the MS and the radiating patch lie in the same plane. Defected ground
concept has been utilized in the ground surface by incorporating an array of rectangular slots. This results
in reduction of surface wave that minimizes the cross-polarized radiation (Alibakhshikenari, Virdee, See,
et al., 2019; Saha et al., 2019). The antenna performance has been enhanced by introducing a 4 × 5 order
metasurface on the upper region and two 1 × 4 array of unit cells just adjacent to the conventional patch.
The prototype has been analyzed using Ansys HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator, 2013) and it
provides satisfactory return loss of 42 dB at 11.65 GHz. Furthermore, the designed prototype carries dual
frequency bands ranging from 9.03 to 9.60 GHz and 11.23–14.52 GHz with the respective fractional band-
widths of 4.02% and 28.24%. After incorporation of MS design, the gain of 10.66 dBi with unidirectional
radiation characteristics has been accomplished at 14.44 GHz. The proposed prototype has been fabricated
and the experimental measurements have been carried out in the anechoic chamber. It is found that the
measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones.

2.  Design Evolution of Metasurface Antenna

2.1.  Geometry of Antenna

The proposed structure consists of a SRR based corner cut rectangular patch antenna with MS printed on
a 30 × 47 mm2 FR4 substrate of thickness of 1.6 mm, having a dielectric constant of 4.4 and loss tangent of
0.025. The 4 × 5 order MS is placed on the upper region of patch whereas two 1 × 4 array of unit cells are ar-
ranged adjacent to the patch surface. Defected ground concept has been implemented by using five symmet-
ric rectangular slots of dimension 1 × 2 mm2. The SRR based corner cut rectangular patch antenna and the
MS are placed together in the same plane. So it makes the proposed antenna compact and low-profile. The
overall structure of the proposed prototype is described in Figure 1a. The top and bottom views of the con-
ventional antenna are shown in Figure 1b and designed on same FR4 dielectric with 16 × 22 mm2 ground
layer. The corner cut has been applied into the top patch of conventional antenna to improve the impedance
matching and reshapes into octagonal one. A single SRR structure with complete dimensions is mentioned
in Figure 1c. The detailed dimensions of the unit cell of the MS structure are described in Figure 1d. The
equivalent circuit model of SRR and the proposed unit cells are illustrated in Figures 1e and 1f respectively.
Consequently, the equivalent circuit model for the proposed prototype has been mentioned in Figure 2. The
resonant frequency (f0) of the antenna is obtained by using the equivalent circuit analysis method and men-
tioned in Equation 1, where Leq and Ceq are effective inductance and capacitance of the antenna.

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Figure 1.  (a) Proposed structure with top and bottom surfaces (b) Conventional patch with top and bottom surfaces (c) SRR (d) Proposed unit cell (e)
Equivalent circuit model of SRR (f) Equivalent circuit model of the proposed unit cell. R1, R2, L1, L2, L3, L4, C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 are the resistances, inductances
and capacitances of the SRR and the proposed unit cell. SRR, split ring resonators.

1
f0 
(1)
2Π LeqCeq

The detailed dimensions of the complete structure are provided in Table 1. The antenna is excited by a 50 Ω
microstrip feedline applied with respect to the ground plane.

2.2.  Design of Conventional Antenna

Evolution of design has been adopted to realize the final antenna geometry. The design evolutions of the
conventional patch antenna with different modifications have been illustrated in Figure 3 and their respec-
tive reflection coefficient responses are mentioned in Figure 4. Initially, the corner cut rectangular patch
is designed without any defects or slots which is shown in Case-I of Figure 3. Here, the antenna operates
at dual frequencies viz., 12.78 and 14.05 GHz offering fractional bandwidths of 2.2% and 2.4% respectively.
In addition, the maximum realized gain of 3.65 dBi has been achieved at 14.05 GHz. Later, the defected
ground has been formed by introducing five rectangular slots of size 1 × 2 mm2 which is depicted as Case-II
of Figure 3. The gap between the two consecutive rectangular slots is 1 mm. Hence, the fractional band-
widths have been enhanced to 2.5% and 2.9% at 12.76 and 14.08 GHz respectively; but, the realized gain

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Figure 2.  Equivalent circuit model of the proposed MS structure. Numbered in sequence from 5, 6, 7…, 58, 59, and 60 for the subscript of inductance (L)
and numbered in sequence from 6, 7, 8…, 59, 60, and 61 for the subscript of capacitance (C) are the total number of inductances and capacitances mentioned
different unit cells. Lp and Cp are the equivalent inductance and capacitance of the conventional patch in which Cg is the ground capacitance. Here, the
resistances are neglected.

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Table 1
The Optimized Geometrical Parameters of the Proposed Antenna
Optimized Optimized Optimized Dimension
parameters Dimension (mm) parameters Dimension (mm) parameters (mm)
ws 30 Pw1 3 tw 2
ls 47 Pw2 3.5 tg 1
uw 4 sw = sh 3.4 th 1
uh 4 Sf 5.8 vw = vh 3
p = g 1 Sg 3.6 vw1 = vh1 1.4
pw 10 f1 3 ta = tb 0.4
pl 16 gw 16 tc 0.2
Pl1 3 gl 22 ua 1

Figure 3.  Design steps of conventional patch antenna with different modifications.

has been reduced to 3.21 dBi. The incorporation of larger number of rec-
tangular slots in the ground surface leads to the improvement of the an-
tenna performance with degraded radiation patterns. Hence the number
of rectangular slots in the ground plane has been limited to five so that
the improvement of radiation patterns of the antenna can be realized by
maintaining better performance.

Figure 4.  Plot of S11 (dB) with respect to frequency (GHz) for different
antenna modifications.
Further, four 3 × 3 mm2 SRRs are embedded into four 4 × 4 mm2 square
slots on the patch which is illustrated in Case-III of Figure 3. Generally,
SRR structure behaves like a simple RLC resonator with a few construc-
tive and destructive couplings (Dong & Itoh,  2011; Naoui et  al.,  2016).
Hence, the SRRs have been incorporated into the patch to minimize the
ohmic loss. As a consequence, it improves the gain of the antenna. The
antenna with the incorporation of SRR-embedded square slots operates
at three distinct operating frequencies viz., 10, 12.38, and 13.67 GHz with
fractional bandwidths of 2.5%, 8.3%, and 4.4% respectively. In addition,
the realized gain has been enhanced to 6.1 dBi at 12.38 GHz. Therefore,
the antenna mentioned in Case-III of Figure  3 has been considered as
a conventional patch antenna due to his improved performance. Again
this antenna performance can be further enhanced by incorporating a
MS layer as shown in Figure 7.

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Figure 5.  (a) The 3D view (b) Effective permittivity and (c) Effective permeability of unit cell.

Figure 6.  Plot of S11 (dB) with respect to frequency (GHz) (a) at different p-variations and (b) at different g-variations.

2.3.  Geometry of Metasurface Unit Cell

The overall size of unit cell is 4 × 4 mm2. The unit cell consists of a square
patch of dimension 4 mm in which a circular slot of 1.2 mm radius has
been etched out. Further, in the circular slot, a concentric hexagonal
patch having each side of dimension 1 mm has been designed. Here the
MS is formed by a 4 × 5 order unit cells placed on the upper region of
conventional patch together with two 1 × 4 array of unit cells arranged
adjacent to the conventional patch. The two unit cells are arranged in
such a way that it follows the homogeneity properties of MS (Caloz &
Itoh, 2006; Eleftheriades & Balmain, 2005; Saha et al., 2019). The 3D view
of unit cell is mentioned in Figure 5a and it is excited incorporating peri-
odic boundary conditions using Ansys HFSS. The basic electromagnetic
behaviors of effective permittivity and permeability of the MS layer have
been studied and analyzed. The real and imaginary parts of the same are
illustrated in Figures 5b and 5c respectively. The MS layer behaves as a
left-handed material (LHM) in the frequency band 10–12 GHz.

LHM materials are convenient for wideband, directive and high gain an-
Figure 7.  Plot of S11 (dB) with respect to frequency (GHz) for different tenna applications (Caloz & Itoh, 2006; Feresidis et al., 2005; Holloway
antenna variations. et al., 2012; W. E. I. Z. Liu et al., 2017; Saha et al., 2019). The unit cells of

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Figure 8.  (i) Electric field distributions and (ii) Surface current distributions of the proposed prototype at (a) top and (b) bottom surfaces.

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metasurface are arranged in such a way that, it can diffuse the unwanted
reflection uniformly and avoid the reflection in the specular direction.
The parametric study of the gap between the two consecutive unit cells
(p) of MS and the gap variation between the unit cell and the radiating
patch (g) are shown in Figure 6. From Figures 6a and 6b, it can be clearly
observed that at p = 5 mm and g = 1 mm, the antenna offers maximum
return loss with enhanced bandwidth. Further, at p = 5 mm, it follows
the homogeneity properties of MS (Caloz & Itoh, 2006; Eleftheriades &
Balmain, 2005; Saha et al., 2019). Initially, the conventional antenna pro-
vides narrow bands with low gain but after placing the MS together with
conventional patch, the resonance frequency of the antenna has detuned
due to the mutual coupling between the two. Therefore, the gap between
two adjacent elements have been systematically optimized for achieving
the dual-band operation at desired resonant frequency with improved
reflection coefficient.

3.  Results and Discussion Section

3.1.  Simulated Results

The analysis and optimization of the overall structure have been per-
formed by full-wave simulation software Ansys HFSS. The return loss
responses with and without MS layer are provided in Figure  7. As ob-
served in Figure 7, the conventional antenna effectively operates in three
frequency bands viz., 10, 12.38, and 13.67  GHz with impedance band-
widths of 2.5%, 8.31%, and 4.4% respectively. As the reference antenna
Figure 9.  Proposed fabricated structure (a) top view (b) bottom view (c)
S-parameter measurement of using VNA (d) Plot of Simulated versus
exhibits narrow band response, so the performance of the conventional
Measured S11 (dB) with respect to frequency. antenna has been further improved by incorporating the MS layer in the
same plane of FR4 dielectric. The wide impedance bandwidth over the
frequency band 9.03–9.60 GHz and 11.23–14.52 GHz has been achieved
by incorporating the MS layer in the patch. Further, the antenna integrated with MS shows excellent imped-
ance matching with S11 less than −21 dB at 9.20 GHz and less than −42 dB at 11.65 GHz. The same antenna
with embedded MS layer yields a good reflection coefficient at both the frequency bands and the impedance
bandwidths of 4.02% and 28.24% have been achieved.

The electric field distributions and surface current distributions of the MS loaded antenna with top and
bottom surfaces at 9.20, 11.65, and 14.44 GHz have been shown in Figures 8i and 8ii respectively. Both the
electric field and surface current are densely concentrated on the MS layer and is maximum at 14.44 GHz.
The MS layer plays a significant role in reflecting the electric field as observed around the antenna location.
Also the field distributions are more intense around the antenna aperture due to slots in the radiating patch
and the ground surface.

Figure 10.  Far field measurement using anechoic chamber.

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3.2.  Measured Results

The antenna prototype has been printed on FR4 dielectric by employing

Figure 11.  Responses of Realized Gain (dBi) and Efficiency (Mag.) at
different operating frequencies within the conventional patch and the
proposed antenna.
a LPKF PCB Prototyping Instrument (LPKF PCB Prototyping Instrument
Model S103, 2015). The top and bottom views of the printed antenna are
given in Figures 9a and 9b respectively. The antenna prototype has been
tested using Keysight Vector Network Analyzer with model N9951 A by
adopting some standard calibration techniques as shown in Figure  9c
(Keysight Technologies, 2019). All the experimental measurements are
performed within the anechoic chamber. The measured return loss pro-
file of proposed antenna is presented in Figure 9d where it is compared
with the simulated one. It is found that experimentally measured 10 dB
impedance bandwidth has been achieved in the dual frequency regions
ranging from 9.29 to 9.60 GHz and 11.30–15 GHz. Moreover, the maxi-
mum return loss of 35 dB has been achieved at 11.67 GHz; thereby pro-
viding good matching with the simulated response.
The E-plane and H-plane radiation pattern measurements of the fabri-
cated antenna have been performed by a fixed-mount ridged type Vivaldi
based horn antenna operating in the frequencies from 1 to 18 GHz (Ap-
plied.cg, Broadband Horn Antenna (2016)). The standard horn (Rx) and
positioning system for the antenna under test (Tx) are separated by 1.4 m.
The Tx and Rx antennas are kept in the far field region as shown in Fig-
ure 10 by making a separation of 1.4 m among them.

Figure 12.  Co-polarized and Cross-polarized (a) E-plane and (b) H-plane at different operating frequencies within the proposed structure.

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Table 2
Comparison Table for the Performance of the Proposed Antenna With Existing GHz Antennas
Operating Fractional
frequency Design Antenna bandwidths Realized Efficiency
Antenna literature Overall dimensions (GHz) complexity cost (%) gain (dBi) (%) Antenna type
(Alibakhshikenari 2.4λ0 × 3.2λ0 × 0.04λ0 8 Low Low Medium 7 88.7 Antenna arrays based on
et al. 2018d) (14.5) metamaterial EBG
structure
(Alibakhshikenari 2.6λ0 × 1.1λ0 × 0.06λ0 11.65, 13.56, Low Low Narrow (3.88, 8.2 - Antenna arrays using
et al. 2018e) 15, 17.9 8.62, 9.95), (Maximum) slot
(Quad band) Wide (23.32)
Alibakhshikenari, 2.1λ0 × 1.4λ0 × 0.05λ0 9.8 Low Low Medium 7.85 92.78 Antenna arrays with
Virdee, (17.28) metamaterial
Shukla, photonic bandgap
et al. 2019
Zheng, Gao, 2.8λ0 × 2.8λ0 × 0.1λ0 10.5 Very High High Medium 8.1 - AMC
Zhou, Cao, Xu, (18.5)
et al. 2017
Y. Liu and Zhao 1.7λ0 × 1.7λ0 × 0.02λ0 10.6 High Low Narrow (7.9) 6.2 15.8 Perfect Absorber
(2014) material as a
substrate
Pan et al. 2019 1.3λ0 × 1.3λ0 × 0.6λ0 5 High High Wide (28.4) 8.2 39 Superstrate technology
with MS
Cao and 1.16λ0 × 1.16λ0 × 0.26λ0 5.1 High High Medium 9.3 - AMC
Zhang 2018 (11.5)
Kim et al. 2016 1.2λ0 × 1.2λ0 × 0.4λ0 5.75 Very High Narrow (2.7) 6.8 - Holey dielectric
High superstrate structure
Zheng, Gao, Zhou, 2.2λ0 × 2.2λ0 × 0.6λ0 10.80 High High Medium 12 - Chessboard arranged
Cao, Yang, (16.3) metamaterial
et al. 2017 superstrate
Long et al. 2017 1.24λ0 × 1.24λ0 × 0.65λ0 9.6 High High Narrow (8.8) 11.73 - Polarision conversion
metasurface and
partially reflecting
surface
Li et al. 2017 1.87λ0 × 1.87λ0 × 0.38λ0 8.5 High High Medium 11.2 - Chessboard polarision
(13.8) conversion
metasurface
Sabapathy 2.1λ0 × 0.7λ0 × 0.03λ0 5.8 High High Narrow (3.66) 7.5 - Patch type antenna
et al. 2016 arrays
Debogovic and 2.3λ0 × 2.3λ0 × 0.52λ0 2 High High Narrow (3) - - Varactor diode based
Perruisseau- phased array
Carrier 2014
Ding et al. 2017 2.34λ0 × 1.37λ0 × 0.27λ0 5.8 High High Narrow (4.61) 7.2- 90 Planar phased array
with pattern
reconfiguration
Ji et al. 2015 3.1λ0 × 3.1λ0 × 0.55λ0 5.5 High High Narrow (4) 12 - Aperture coupling
phased array and
reconfigurable PRS
structure
Sharma et al. 2019 3.6λ0 × 3.6λ0 × 0.14λ0 13.3 High Low Narrow (9.0) 9.1 - Chess board based
polarision
conversion
metasurface
Proposed design 1.16λ0 × 1.82λ0 × 0.06λ0 9.2, 11.65 Low Low Narrow (4.02), 2.8, 10.6 67 Metasurface based
(Dual band) Wide (28.24) slotted patch

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Acknowledgments
SB acknowledges the support from Sci-
ence and Engineering Research Board,
Govt. of India (ECR/2017/001485) for
partial funding of the research work.
SAMANTARAY AND BHATTACHARYYA
Radio Science 10.1029/2020RS007192
The performance responses of the realized gain (dBi) and efficiency (Mag.) of the conventional patch and
the proposed MS antenna at different operating frequencies are illustrated in Figure 11. As revealed from
the plots, the maximum realized gain of 10.66 dBi has been achieved at 14.44 GHz which is nearly 4.5 dBi
higher from the conventional antenna. The simulated and measured realized gains are in good agreement.
The gain of the antenna has been enhanced to significant level after the incorporation of 4 × 5 order MS
at the upper surface and two 1 × 4 array of unit cells placed adjacent to the radiating patch. Besides, it has
been further observed from Figure 11 that the maximum radiation efficiency of the proposed antenna is
67% at 14.44 GHz.
The simulated and measured E-plane (φ = 0°) and H-plane (φ = 90°) radiation pattern characteristics of the
proposed antenna have been depicted in Figures 12a and 12b respectively at the three operating frequen-
cies of 9.20, 11.65, and 14.44 GHz. Unidirectional radiation pattern has been observed both in E-plane and
H-plane at the operating frequencies as evident from the co-polarized radiation patterns. It is further ob-
served that the cross-polarization levels are at least 20 dB below than that of the co-polarization levels both
in E and H-planes. In the far field measurement, the cross-polarization levels are suppressed at different
frequencies due to incorporation of the metasurface placed just above the patch. A little discrepancies aris-
ing among the measured and simulated results of the frequency band and far field radiation characteristics
may be due to fabrication tolerances, dielectric loss, and cable and adaptor losses.
The comparison of the proposed prototype with previously reported antennas is shown in Table 2. Accord-
ing to this table, it can be observed that the proposed antenna has achieved superior gain with enhanced
bandwidth. Some of the reported antennas offer superior gain (Ji et al., 2015; Li et al., 2017; Long et al., 2017;
Zheng, Gao, Zhou, Cao, Yang, et al., 2017) and maximum efficiency (Alibakhshikenari et al., 2018d; Ali-
bakhshikenari, Virdee, Shukla, et al., 2019; Ding et al., 2017); however, they have been realized by incorpo-
rating large dimensions along with high dielectric and low loss materials. In addition, the thickness of the
antenna profile in all the cases are also very high as comparable to the proposed antenna and the cost of
these antennas are high due to usage of costly substrates.
4. Conclusion
This study presents a new design of a metasurface based corner cut rectangular patch antenna in which the
radiating patch and the MS have been designed in the same substrate. The proposed metasurface antenna
operates over dual frequencies with impedance bandwidths (S11 < −10 dB) of 4.02% and 28.24% at 9.20 GHz
and 11.65  GHz respectively. The antenna design complexity is simple and compact with dimensions of
1.16λ0 × 1.82λ0 × 0.06λ0, where λ0 is the free-space wavelength at 11.65 GHz. It has an optimum gain that
is in excess of 10.6 dBi and radiates with a maximum radiation efficiency of 67% at 14.44 GHz. The intro-
duction of SRR to the patch and nonuniform arrangement of metasurface has been found to be very useful
toward the increase of the gain. The prototype exhibits high gain with unidirectional radiation at the desired
frequencies. The measured results of the antenna prototype are in good agreement with the simulated ones.
The results show that the proposed structure is a good candidate for various applications like medical anal-
ysis, defense, and satellite communication.
Data Availability Statement
SB acknowledges the support from Science and Engineering Research Board, Govt. of India
(ECR/2017/001485) for partial funding of the research work.
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