Optical and Quantum Electronics (2023) 55:357

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-04623-0

Isolation control for implementing the single dielectric

resonator based tunable THz MIMO antenna and filter

Nishtha1,2 · Rajveer Singh Yaduvanshi3 · Gaurav Varshney4

Received: 11 October 2022 / Accepted: 25 January 2023 / Published online: 28 February 2023
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023

Abstract
The coupling between the ports of a two-port device implemented based on a single dielec-
tric resonator (DR) of silicon material can be controlled to develop the terahertz multi-
input-multi-output (MIMO) antenna and a filter. The ground plane of device is modified
by engraving a circular slot for obtaining the function of a two-port MIMO dielectric reso-
nator antenna with isolation between the ports as 18.3 dB. The radiating surface of DR is
then coated with graphene material to further enhance the level of isolation up to 40.91 dB.
Graphene coating also provides the tunable antenna response by varying the applied exter-
nal DC field on graphene. The antenna can offer pattern diversity with envelop correla-
tion coefficient less than 0.01 and diversity gain 9.94 in the passband. The isolation of
this two-port antenna can further be enhanced up to 49 dB by covering the graphene layer
with metal coating. Moreover, the coupled power between the ports of the device can be
controlled to implement a bandpass filter by engraving a circular slot in graphene layer and
filling it with metal. The amount of the power coupled between the ports of the filter can be
controlled by varying the chemical potential of graphene.

Keywords Antenna · Graphene · Tunability · THz · Isolation · MIMO

* Gaurav Varshney
gauravnitd@outlook.com
Nishtha
nishthasaroha@gmail.com
Rajveer Singh Yaduvanshi
Yaduvanshirs007@gmail.com
1
University School of Information, Communication and Technology, Guru Gobind Singh
Indraprastha University, Delhi 110078, India
2
Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology (MSIT), Delhi 110058, India
3
Netaji Subhash University of Technology, Delhi 110078, India
4
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology
Patna, Patna, Bihar 800005, India

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357 Page 2 of 14 Nishtha et al.

1 Introduction

Terahertz (THz) frequency range mainly within 0.1–10 THz is becoming the next choice
for growing with the wireless technology (Akyildiz et al. 2014). Owing to its feature of
providing the wide bandwidth and higher data transfer rate, this is being expected as a
strong choice over microwave and millimetre wave ranges (Mumtaz et al. 2017; Kumar
et al. 2022). The applications of THz spectrum are expanding in sensing, spectroscopy
and imaging (Lee 2008; Varshney and Giri 2021) with the coverage of the areas of com-
munication (Perruisseau-Carrier 2012), defence (Forsythe et al. 1991), medical and food
technology (Afsah-Hejri et al. 2019). The development of THz wireless systems seeks the
advanced antennas with multiple features like high gain (Das and Varshney 2022), radia-
tion efficiency (Amanatiadis et al. 2017) and reconfigurable response (Varshney 2020a).
There are different classes of THz antennas which has been recently categorised in a recent
article based on the material used in making the antenna radiator (Varshney 2020b); metal,
dielectric and graphene. The metallic antennas require the usage of costly novel materi-
als like silver and gold but their conductivity is reduced at higher frequencies due to large
imaginary part of complex permittivity (Sharma et al. 2022). Also, their oxidation may
deteriorate the system performance. Thus, metallic antennas may become less efficient at
higher frequencies (Murali et al. 2021; Das and Rawat 2021; Moradi et al. 2021; Singhal
2021, 2019). Graphene antennas are suitable for providing the reconfigurable frequency
response but not efficient due to heavy absorption in generated localized surface plasmons
on graphene-air interface if they are resonant and participating in radiation from antenna
(Varshney et al. 2018; Hosseininejad et al. 2018, 2019; Kiani et al. 2020a, b; Naghde-
hforushha and Moradi 2019; Moradi et al. 2022; Shamim et al. 2021; Abadal et al. 2019).
Among all, dielectric material based radiating structures in THz antennas are being consid-
ered as highly efficient (Vishwanath et al. 2022a, b; Smaczyński et al. 2007; Gupta et al.
2021). The recent developments of THz dielectric resonator (DR) antennas (DRAs) are
showing their significant usability in the future applications due to their capability in pro-
viding the improved radiation performance over metallic and graphene antennas (Vishwa-
nath et al. 2022a, b; Smaczyński et al. 2007; Gupta et al. 2021; Fakhte and Taskhiri 2022).
In recently reported research article, radiating resonant dielectric resonator is hybridized
with the non-resonating graphene coating which helped in providing the tunable antenna
response too (Varshney 2020b). Since emerging the concept of implementing the tunable
THz DRA, few antennas have been developed with dielectric radiator providing the circu-
larly polarized (CP) response (Vishwanath et al. 2022a, b; Smaczyński et al. 2007; Gupta
et al. 2021) and for their utilization in THz multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) applications
(Vishwanath et al. 2022a). The MIMO antennas are being implemented for their capabil-
ity in providing the higher data transfer rate (Farman Ali et al. 2021; Sharawi 2017). A
multiport antenna must provide a high value of isolation between the ports to be utilized in
a multiport system (Varshney et al. 2019a). The simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR)
applications also require the high value of isolation between the ports of multiport antenna
(Farman Ali et al. 2021). In the recent development of THz MIMO DRA, two radiating
DRs separated with a distance of half wavelength is implemented with two input/output
ports (Vishwanath et al. 2022a). Placing the radiators with a separation between them is
one way of improving the isolation between the ports of antenna. However, this technique
increases the antenna size. A method of implementing the antenna with single radiating
element and multiple ports is suggested to overcome this problem (Varshney et al. 2019b,
2020). However, challenge exists in terms of maintaining the isolation between the ports

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within the acceptable limits in the case of antenna with single radiator. At microwave fre-
quencies, techniques are being implemented for controlling the isolation between the ports
of DRA which is still unexplored in the case of THz DRA (Pan et al. 2019, 2021; Li and
Cheung 2021; Elahi et al. 2022; Zhang et al. 2022). In fact, none of the THz DRAs is
implemented with the usage of single radiator.
This research article reports a technique of improving the isolation between the ports
of antenna with single radiator. A dielectric resonator antenna with single radiator and
two-ports is designed for operating at THz frequency. This antenna provides the isolation
around 5.87 dB in the operating passband. The ground plane of antenna structure is then
deformed by engraving a circular slot in it for obtaining the high value of isolation up to
18.3 dB. For achieving the reconfigurability in antenna response, a graphene layer is coated
at the top surface of the DR. The coating of graphene material on the radiating surface of
the DR drastically improves the isolation up to the level of 40 dB. Earlier, the graphene
coating on the top radiating surface of the DR was suggested to achieve the tunability in
antenna response only (Varshney 2020b). This much high value of isolation between the
ports can allow the proposed antenna to be utilized in STAR applications at THz frequency.
Also, antenna provides the pattern diversity with a good values of MIMO parameters like
envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and diversity gain (DG). Furthermore, the usage of
any multiport antenna in STAR system requires a high value of isolation which can further
be enhanced by including a metallic coating at the top of the graphene layer. The numerical
study shows that metallic coating can further enhance the isolation up to 49 dB. Also, the
study reported in this article provides a technique for improving the coupling between the
ports in the operating passband of this two-port device up to the level − 3 dB by carving a
circular slot in the graphene layer and filling it with the metal. The level of coupled power
between the ports can be controlled by varying the chemical potential of graphene. Thus, a
DR based filter with controllable response can also be implemented without changing the
mode of operation and resonance spectrum of the DR. Conclusively, this research work
reports techniques using which the power coupled between two-ports of the DR based
device can be tuned and controlled in the manner so that a MIMO antenna and filter can be
designed for THz applications.

2 Antenna design and evolution

The proposed antenna structure is shown in Fig. 1. Figure 2a shows the evolution of this
antenna structure through different stages. Antenna structure contains a dielectric substrate
of silicon dioxide (­SiO2) with relative permittivity 𝜖s = 3.8 and height 2.4 μm and dimen-
sions ls × ws. The substrate of antenna can be coated with silver metal at both of its sides. At
one side of substrate, metal can be patterned to form the feedlines with dimension lf × wf.
The metallic coating at another side of the substrate works as the ground plane. A dielectric
resonator of material silicon with relative permittivity 𝜖s = 11.2 and dimensions a × b × h is
placed at the top of the metallic feedlines at the centre of the substrate. The dimensions of
the DR can be selected using dielectric waveguide model to operate at desired frequency
(Marcatili 1969). The dielectric and conducting materials used in antenna structure can be
grown using sputtering technique. The sputtering technique can allow to grow the metallic
atoms on the substrate to form the metal layer so that feedlines can be grown. The silicon
layer can be deposited at another side of the substrate after placing a mask (Suñé 2008).
This is the structure of antenna-1 as shown in Fig. 2. The ground plane of antenna is then

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357 Page 4 of 14 Nishtha et al.

Fig. 1  Antenna structure (a = b = 40, ws = ls = 80, h = 10, ri = 12, ro = 13, wf = 2.8 and lf = 29.8; all in μm)

Fig. 2  a Evolution of antenna structure, their b S-parmeter response, c radiation efficiency and d gain

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Isolation control for implementing the single dielectric… Page 5 of 14 357

patterned using microfabrication technique for making a circular slot of inner and outer
radius ri and ro, respectively in it (Suñé 2008). The inner diameter of the inserted slot in the
ground plane can be set as of the dimensions λ/3; λ is the free-space wavelength at operat-
ing frequency of the DR. This antenna structure with circular slot in the ground plane is
being quoted as antenna-2. The top surface of the DR is then coated with graphene mate-
rial with its electrical properties; chemical potential μc = 0.1 eV, relaxation time τ = 0.1 ps
at temperature T = 300 K with thickness of 0.34 nm. The graphene material can be grown
using chemical vapour deposition technique and then transferred on the top surface of the
DR (Chen et al. 2013; Akbari et al. 2016). The structure with graphene material is demon-
strated as antenna-3.
Figure 2b–d shows the frequency response of S-parameters, radiation efficiency (RE)
and gain, respectively of these two-port antennas shown in all the evolution stages. Fig-
ure 2b shows that antenna-1 provides poor impedance matching and high value of cou-
pling coefficient between the ports. The insertion of slot in the ground plane of antenna
structure improves the impedance matching and reduces the coupling of power between
the ports up to the level of around 18.3 dB. The structure of antenna-3 includes the coating
of graphene material at the top of the DR. This drastically reduces the coupling between
the ports to the level of 40.91 dB at the resonant frequency of antenna. It can be noted in
all the plots that antenna maintains the isolation to the minimum value of around or more
than 15 dB at the 10 dB cut-off points of ­S11 parameter in all the cases. Figure 2c shows the
radiation efficiency of antennas in different evolution stages. Inclusion of slot in the ground
plane enhances the radiation efficiency. Inclusion of slot reduces the coupling between the
ports which increases the radiated power and hence the radiation efficiency of antenna is
improved. The inclusion of graphene at the top radiating surface of the DR reduces the
radiation efficiency. The reduction in radiation efficiency of antenna is due to the fact that
graphene offers a lossy medium before signal is coupled from DR to free space (Vishwa-
nath et al. 2022b). Figure 2d shows the comparison of gain of all these antenna structures.
The improvement in the impedance matching after inserting a slot in the ground plane of
antenna enhances the gain in the passband of antenna up to level of more than 7.3 dBi.
The inclusion of graphene makes the antenna structure little lossy hence its gain is slightly
reduced but it remains more than 6.8 dBi in the operating passband. Table 1 reports a com-
parison of these all the antenna structures.
The electric field in the antenna structure is analysed for knowing its radiation mecha-
nism and it is illustrated in Fig. 3. The antenna operates with a combination of four vertical
magnetic dipoles with the arrangement of electric field vectors transverse to the direction
of propagation, z. This can be concluded as the arrangement of a set of two vertical mag-
netic dipoles along horizonal axis, x and y each. This modal field distribution can be cor-
responding to TE22δ (Pan et al. 2014; Zou et al. 2016; Zou and Pan 2015). The absolute
electric field is also drawn on the ground plane of antenna. This shows that circular slot

Table 1  The performance of antenna-1, 2 and 3

Antenna Operating frequency Isolation at the dip of Radiation efficiency Peak gain (dBi)
(THz) ­S11 (dB) (%)

Antenna-1 4.212 5.87 90 3.97

Antenna-2 3.88–4.05 18.3 94 7.33
Antenna-3 3.88–4.05 40.91 86 6.80

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357 Page 6 of 14 Nishtha et al.

Fig. 3  The electric field distribution in DR (left side) and on ground plane (right side)

creates a quadruple type of formation in the ground plane which opposes the flow of cur-
rent between the ports. It can be seen in the field plot that there are two nulls of field around
the periphery of the slot between the ends of applied feed lines along the y-axis. This for-
mation offers the high resistance path between the feed ends which blocks the coupling of
power. This results in enhancement of the isolation and confinement of field in the slotted
area enhances the impedance matching. Moreover, the impact of insertion of circular slot
in the ground plane can be better understood by parametric study of its inner and outer
radius. Its effect on antenna response is demonstrated in Fig. 4. The reduction in effective
radius of slot ro − ri reduces the isolation, as expected. Also, the area of slot is important
for matching the dips of reflection coefficient and coupling parameter. The values of these

Fig. 4  S-parameter response for variable a ri and b ro

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Isolation control for implementing the single dielectric… Page 7 of 14 357

parameters are selected as ri≈λ/6 and ro≈λ/5 and then optimized to find the desired value of
isolation and impedance matching.
Figure 5 shows the 3D gain pattern of antenna-2 and 3. This shows that envelop of the
radiated power remains approximately same in the case of without and with graphene.
However, there is a slight decrement in the gain of antenna in the case of graphene coating
at the top surface of the DR. Moreover, radiation pattern demonstrates that pattern diver-
sity can be attained in this antenna structure with the application of input at different ports.
This can be further verified with the calculation of other MIMO parameters reported in the
next section of this manuscript.

3 Tunability in antenna response

Tunability in antenna response can be obtained by varying the electrical properties of gra-
phene material placed at the top of the radiating surface of the DR. The application of DC
electric voltage can alter the Fermi energy of graphene material. The alteration in Fermi
energy can provide the variable surface conductivity of graphene material. The surface
conductivity of graphene contains its significant intraband part with the least value of inter-
band parts in the lower THz frequency region. The intraband part of surface conductivity
remains the function of chemical potential of graphene, μc as represented in Eq. (1). The
relationship between the applied electrostatic voltage and the chemical potential of gra-
phene is reported in Eq. (2).
( ( 𝜇c ))
( ) e2 K T 𝜇c −
𝜎intra 𝜔, 𝜇c , Γ, T = −j 2 B + 2 ln e KB T + 1 (1)
𝜋ℏ (𝜔 − j2Γ) KB T

e𝜇c2 ts
Vg = (2)
𝜋ℏ2 v2f 𝜖o 𝜖r

Here, 𝜔, Γ, KB , e, Vg , ts , 𝜖o , 𝜖r and ℏ are angular frequency, scattering rate which remains

reciprocal to relaxation time, Boltzmann’s constant, electronic charge, applied electrostatic
voltage, thickness of spacer layer between applied polysilicon layer and graphene sheet,
free space dielectric constant, relative permittivity of dielectric spacer and reduced Plank’s
constant, respectively.

Fig. 5  3D gain pattern of antenna a 2 and b 3

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357 Page 8 of 14 Nishtha et al.

Fig. 6  a The biasing scheme of antenna-3 and its b S-parameter response with variable μc

Fig. 7  The MIMO parameters a ECC and b DG

The biasing scheme of the proposed antenna is illustrated in Fig. 6a. Here, a polysili-
con layer of thickness 0.1 μm and relative permittivity 𝜖p = 3 is utilized as gating pad at
the top of the DR. A ­SiO2 spacer layer of thickness 20 nm is used between graphene and
polysilicon gating pad. The thickness of spacer is kept small so that a small applied DC
voltage can provide a significant tunability (Varshney et al. 2019c). Figure 6b shows the
S-parameter response of antenna with the variation in μc. The dip frequency of reflec-
tion and coupling parameters shift in the forward direction and maintain the coincide
point. The value of isolation is reduced for μc = 0.8 eV but still this remains around
18 dB in passband of antenna which can be suitably utilized for performing the MIMO
operation.

4 MIMO analysis

The proposed multiport antenna can work in MIMO systems, it can be verified with the cal-
culation of parameters like envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and diversity gain (DG).
These parameters are calculated on the basis of port-parameters and far-field parameters
using formulations mentioned in Eq. (3) and (4) and reported in Fig. 7a, b, respectively.

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Isolation control for implementing the single dielectric… Page 9 of 14 357

( )
| 2
∗ ∗ |
|S12 S11 + S22 S21 |
| |
𝜌ij = ( ( ))( ( )) (3)
2 2 2 2
1 − ||S11 || + ||S21 || 1 − ||S22 || + ||S12 ||

| ∗
∫ ∫ (E𝜃i ⋅ E𝜃j + E𝜙i ⋅ E𝜙j∗
)dΩ |2
| |
𝜌eij = | | (4)
| ∫ ∫ (E𝜃i ⋅∗𝜃i +E𝜙i ⋅∗𝜙i )dΩ ∫ ∫ (E𝜃j ⋅ E𝜃j
∗
+ E ⋅ E ∗
)dΩ |
| 𝜙j 𝜙j |
√( )
DG = 10 1 − |0.99𝜌|2 (5)

Here, ρij and 𝜌eij is ECC obtained using port parameters and far-field components, respec-
tively. Eθ and Eϕ are complex radiated far-field in the direction of azimuth and elevation
angle θ and ϕ, respectively through ith and jth radiating element in spherical coordinates
over solid angle Ω. The calculated value of ECC is smaller than 0.01 and DG is more than
9.94 in operating passband of antenna. The required value of ECC must be less than 0.5
and DG greater than 9.9, respectively for performing it well in multiple port systems (Var-
shney et al. 2020; Goldsmith 2005).

5 Effect of metal coating on the top of graphene layer

The isolation of the proposed antenna can further be enhanced by adding a metallic coat-
ing at the top of the graphene layer as shown in Fig. 8a. The S-parameter response of this
antenna is mentioned in Fig. 8b. The isolation between the ports of antenna is increased to
the level of around 49 dB which was around 40 dB in the case of antenna-3 without metal
coating. Importantly, the resonance and operating passband of antenna remains approxi-
mately unchanged even after addition of metallic coating and does not contribute to the
effect of miniaturization. This may be due to the fact that high value of impedance pro-
vided by the graphene layer with high conductivity confines the localized field around it
and placement of metallic coating does not affect the generated electric or magnetic dipole
inside the DR. If application like simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) systems at
THz systems are being developed, they generally require a high value of isolation between
the ports (Farman Ali et al. 2021). This antenna may be suitably utilized in such appli-
cations. The chemical potential of graphene still can be varied to find the tunability in
antenna response. Figure 8c shows the antenna response with variable μc. The isolation of
antenna is still getting reduced with the incremental values of μc.

6 Implementation of a DR based THz filter

The isolation of the proposed single DR based device can be controlled to implement a tun-
able THz DR based filter. The structure and configuration of the proposed filter is shown in
Fig. 9a. This filter configuration can be achieved by inserting a circular slot in the graphene
layer and by inserting a metallic circular patch in the slotted area of radius ro. Figure 9b
shows its S-parameter response. The modification of device structure results in increasing
the isolation up to the level above 3 dB in the passband and sharp decay of transmission

13
357 Page 10 of 14 Nishtha et al.

Fig. 8  a Antenna structure with metal coating at top of the graphene layer, its b S-parameter response, c
S-parameter response for variable μc

gain in the stopband region. This device can provide the functioning of a bandpass filter
at THz frequency (Varshney et al. 2019c). The effect of radius of metal patch inserted in
the device structure is analysed as S-parameter response is reported in Fig. 9c. The best
value of ro is 13 μm for which a high value of transmission gain is obtained in the pass-
band region of filter. Moreover, the mode of operation of DR remains same in the case of
it operates as filter except the fact that insertion of metallic patch creates the low resistance
path between the ports and confines the field to enhance the quality factor which results in
high coupling between the ports. The effect of variation in μc is reported in Fig. 9d. The
variation in μc does not provide the frequency tunability in device response but the level of
power being coupled between the ports can be controlled with the variation in μc. The best
value of μc is 0 eV for the which the device provides the sufficient operation as a bandpass
filter. Moreover, the amount of the coupled power after filtering can be controlled with the
variation in μc.

7 Conclusion

The isolation between the ports of a two-port device implemented based on a single DR
of silicon material has been controlled to develop the THz MIMO DRA and a DR based
filter. The ground plane of device has been modified by engraving a circular slot for obtain-
ing the function of a two-port MIMO DRA with isolation between the ports 18.3 dB. The
graphene coating on the top of DR has enhanced the isolation up to 40.91 dB and pro-
vided the tunable antenna response. The antenna has offered pattern diversity with envelop

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Isolation control for implementing the single dielectric… Page 11 of 14 357

Fig. 9  a Configuration of THz filter, b its S-parameter response, c with the variation in ro and d μc

correlation coefficient less than 0.01 and diversity gain 9.94 in the passband. The isolation
of this two-port antenna has further been enhanced up to 49 dB by covering the graphene
layer with metal coating. Moreover, the coupled power between the ports of the device has
been controlled to implement a bandpass filter by engraving a circular slot in graphene
layer and filling it with metal.
Acknowledgements Authors are thankful to NIT Patna for providing the support in numerical simulation.

Author contributions Ms. Nishtha developed the idea and implemented the research work and wrote the
manuscript. Professor R.S.Y. supervised the whole work and G.V. helped in implementing the research work
and writing the manuscript. All the authors discussed and contributed in writing and organization of the
research work.

Funding There is no funding support for this research work.

Data availability There is no specific data associated with this work. The data related to numerical study
will be provided on specific request.

Declarations
Conflict of interest There is no competing interest among the authors.

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357 Page 12 of 14 Nishtha et al.

Consent to participate Yes.

Consent for publication Yes.

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