Physica E 66 (2015) 67–73

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Physica E
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/physe

Analysis of graphene based optically transparent patch antenna

for terahertz communications
Anand Sreekantan Thampy n, Mayur Sudesh Darak, Sriram Kumar Dhamodharan
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India

H I G H L I G H T S G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T

 Application of graphene as a trans-
parent conducting material for the
patch antenna with and without
MWCNT short is analyzed in the
5.66–6.43 THz band.
 The MWCNT loaded graphene based
antenna yields a return loss improve-
ment of 9.38dB as compared to that
without the MWCNT loaded antenna.
 Both the transparent antennas achi-
eved broad bandwidth (12.83%), high
directivity (7.56dB), and high gain
(Z2dB).
By shorting the microstrip line and ground plane of the antenna with a MWCNT, the return loss of the
antenna is improved. It is observed that the return loss of 48.75dB is obtained for a MWCNT loaded
antenna as compared to 39.37dB obtained for that without a MWCNT loaded antenna. Return loss
improvement of 9.38dB is achieved for antenna loaded with MWCNT. Thus by optimizing the position of
the MWCNT short return loss of the antenna is significantly improved for the same impedance
bandwidth. Both the graphene based transparent antennas achieved the 10dB impedance bandwidth
of 12.83%. The graphene based transparent antennas have broad bandwidth (12.83%), high directivity
(7.56dB) and high gain ( Z2dB).

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: With and without multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) loaded graphene based optically transparent patch
Received 8 May 2014 antennas are designed to resonate at 6 THz. Their radiation characteristics are analyzed in 5.66–6.43 THz band.
Received in revised form The optically transparent graphene is deployed as the patch and ground plane of the antennas, which are
17 August 2014
separated by a 2.5 μm thick flexible polyimide substrate. By shorting the microstrip line and ground plane of
Accepted 30 September 2014
Available online 7 October 2014
the antenna with a MWCNT via, the return loss of the antenna is improved. The peak gain of 3.3dB at 6.2 THz
and a gain greater than 3dB in 5.66–6.43 THz band is obtained for antenna loaded without MWCNT. Both the
Keywords: antennas achieved a 10dB impedance bandwidth of 12.83%. Gain, directivity and radiation efficiency of the
Graphene proposed antennas are compared with conventional transparent patch antennas and graphene based non-
Transparent antenna
transparent antennas. The antenna structures are simulated by using finite element method based electro-
Graphene antenna
magnetic simulator-Ansys HFSS.
Patch antenna
MWCNT loaded antenna & 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Terahertz

n
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: anand.s.krishna@gmail.com (A.S. Thampy).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2014.09.023
1386-9477/& 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
68 A.S. Thampy et al. / Physica E 66 (2015) 67–73
1. Introduction
In recent years, transparent conducting material (TCM) has
been a critical component in many photoelectronic devices such as
liquid crystal displays (LCD) [1], solar cells [2], organic light
emitting diodes (OLED) [3] and antennas [4–6]. Traditionally, this
role has been well served by ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) material. But
ITO is becoming very expensive due to the limited supply of
element indium. In the race to overcome the ITO limitations,
monolayer and multi-layered transparent carbon based conduc-
tors such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as
the viable alternatives which satisfy the future requirements of
TCM for optoelectronic applications [7]. Recent advances in gra-
phene film synthesis and its characterization indicate that it is
suitable for photoelectronic applications including its use as a
flexible transparent conductor [8,9]. The electrical properties of
graphene are analyzed theoretically and experimentally in [10–
13]. The challenge in using TCM as the antenna patch is retaining
the optical transmittance of the material while optimizing its
electrical conductivity [14]. In [15], optical transmittance greater
than 90% was observed in graphene films with a thickness of tens
of nanometres in the 400–1800 nm wavelength range. Integration
of optically transparent antennas with solar cell can reduce the
overall system size, weight, cost and visual disturbances [16]. In
space applications like satellites, size and weight of the on-board
payload are the two critical parameters. By designing optically
transparent antennas on solar cell panel displays such that the
display itself can act as antennas, the overall size and weight of the
satellite system can be reduced [17].
Increasing the carrier frequency of the communication system
results in numerous advantages such as broad bandwidth for high
data rate transmission, improved spatial directivity and resolution,
reduced transmission power and system size. Most of the afore-
mentioned advantages are achieved by operating the communica-
tion system in the terahertz spectrum [18,19]. It is of particular
interest to service providers and system designers, because it
offers broad bandwidth and free spectrum. The microstrip patch
antenna is widely used in military and commercial wireless
communication systems because of its low profile, planar and
robust structure [20]. Owing to these properties, it is best suited
for system miniaturization for terahertz frequency applications
[21,22]. Conventional TCM patch antennas have limitations in
terms of 10dB impedance bandwidth (o 5%), gain (o2dB) and
poor radiation efficiency [23]. The slight deformation in the patch
made from conventional TCMs like indium tin oxide (ITO),
titanium-doped indium oxide (TIO), etc. can cause its impedance
to alter. This results in an impedance mismatch [24]. But the
impedance of graphene undergoes negligible change under defor-
mation [25]. The return loss of the antenna can be reduced by
shorting microstrip line and the ground plane with the conducting
via [21]. The transparent multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs)
is widely used for designing the interconnects in integrated
circuits [26]. The performance of CNT based device undergoes
minimal changes under bending on a polyimide substrate [27].
These are the considerations behind the motivation to investigate
radiation performance of graphene based transparent patch an-
tenna. In [28], graphene based terahertz frequency-reconfigurable
antenna is designed using electromagnetic simulator-Ansys
HFSS.
Using the Kubo formalism, the surface conductivity of graphene
sheet is described as a function of frequency, chemical potential,
scattering ratio, temperature and reduced Plank′s constant
[29,30]. At terahertz frequencies, substantial change in tempera-
ture results in a minimal shift in resonant frequency for
graphene based patch antenna. In [31], the effect of temperature
on the graphene based terahertz patch antenna is studied. For
100°K change in the temperature from 250 to 350°K, resonant
frequency of the antenna undergoes a shift of 0.15 THz. Graphene
exhibits nonlinear elastic properties viz. third-order elastic stiff-
ness and third-order elastic constant of 2 TPa and 690 N/m,
respectively and a breaking strength of 42 N/m corresponding
to Young′s modulus of 1 TPa [32,33]. The graphene deposited on
polyimide substrate is reported to have very good thermal stability
in the range 4.4–400°K and its resistance is stable up to a
bending radius of 1 mm, suggesting excellent mechanical flexibil-
ity [34].
In this work, with and without MWCNT loaded graphene based
microstrip patch antennas are designed on a 2.5 μm thick optically
transparent polyimide substrate. The antenna characteristics are
studied by shorting the microstrip line and ground plane with
transparent MWCNT. The entire structure is optically transparent
in the visible spectrum region and designed to resonate at 6 THz.
Organization of the paper is as follows. Section 2 discusses the
design of graphene based optically transparent microstrip patch
antenna with and without shorting MWCNT. Section 3 investigates
10dB impedance bandwidth and radiation characteristics of
with and without MWCNT loaded antennas and the results
are compared with conventional transparent antennas and gra-
phene based non-transparent antennas. Conclusions are made in
Section 4.
2. Graphene based transparent patch antenna
The graphene based optically transparent microstrip patch
antennas with and without shorting MWCNT are designed to
resonate at 6 THz. Their dimensions are same and are of the order
of micrometres as listed in Table 1. As shown in Fig. 1, the
antennas have transparent conducting patch and a ground
plane separated by 2.5 μm thick optically transparent polyimide
substrate. The rectangular shaped transparent graphene sheet
(patch thickness t‹‹λ0, where λ0 is the free space wavelength) is
used as the radiating patch. Thickness of the dielectric substrate
material (h) should be very much less than a free space wave-
length (h‹‹λ0, usually 0.003λ0 rh r0.05λ0) [35]. A transparent
MWCNT of 10 nm diameter is used to short the microstrip line
and the ground plane of the antenna. Its cross sectional view is
shown in Fig. 2.
At the edges of the patch, electric field undergoes the fringing.
This fringed electric field is a primary source of electromagnetic
radiation [36,37]. Higher dielectric constant substrates for the
antenna would result in poor radiation efficiency, narrow band-
width and greater losses [38]. Hence, the substrate having a low
dielectric constant is desirable for getting better radiation char-
acteristics in the desired direction [39]. The microstrip transmis-
sion line, which connects the patch with the coaxial line, is
employed for impedance transition to minimize the return loss
(S11) due to impedance mismatch. To further minimize return loss,
the microstrip line is shorted with the ground plane of the
antenna by using MWCNT. By varying the position of short along
Table 1
Design parameters of the graphene based optically transparent patch antenna.
Parameters Dimensions
Patch length, width LW 10.71 μm  14.87 μm
Dielectric substrate length, Ls  WS  h 27.9 μm  66.67 μm  2.5 μm
width and thickness
Dielectric constant (polyimide) εr 3.5
Microstrip line length and width L1  W 1 8.595 μm  2.664 μm
 A.S. Thampy et al. / Physica E 66 (2015) 67–73 69

Fig. 1. Graphene based optically transparent microstrip patch antenna.

Fig. 2. Cross sectional view of an MWCNT loaded graphene based transparent microstrip patch antenna.

Fig. 3. Return loss (S11) for with and without MWCNT loaded graphene based Fig. 4. Antenna radiation efficiency for with and without MWCNT loaded graphene
transparent antennas. based transparent antennas.

microstrip patch antenna is given by [40]

Table 2
Impedance characteristics of the transparent antennas.
c
fr =
Parameters FTO based optically transparent antenna 2 (L + 2ΔL) √εeff (1)

Without MWCNT With MWCNT

Return loss (S11) (dB) at 6 THz
Band of operation (THz)
Impedance bandwidth ( 10dB)
where L is the length of the patch, c is the velocity of light, εeff is
39.37 48.75 effective dielectric constant and ΔL is an extension in patch length
5.66–6.43 when fields excited at patch edges undergo fringing. The width
12.83% (W), length (L) and extension in length (ΔL) of the rectangular
patch are given by

the length of the microstrip line, the return loss is optimized. The −0.5
c ⎛ εr + 1 ⎞
optimized position of the MWCNT shorting pin on the microstrip W= ⎜ ⎟
2fr ⎝ 2 ⎠ (2)
line (L2) is 3.36 μm. The resonant frequency of the rectangular
70 A.S. Thampy et al. / Physica E 66 (2015) 67–73

Fig. 5. E-plane (solid line) and H-plane (dash line) far field radiation patterns of the graphene based transparent antenna (without MWCNT) at (a) 5.66 THz, (b) 6 THz,
(c) 6.2 THz and (d) 6.43 THz.

where εr is dielectric constant of the substrate material. the antenna structure [35].
−0.5
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ε + 1⎞ ε − 1⎛ 12 h ⎞
c εeff = ⎜ r ⎟+ r ⎜1 + ⎟
L = ⎜⎜ ⎟ − 2ΔL
⎟ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ W ⎠ (5)
⎝ 2fr εeff ⎠ (3)

ΔL = 0.412 h
(εeff + 0.3) ((W /h) + 0.264)
(εeff − 0.258) ((W /h) + 0.8)
Fringing effect also occurs at the boundaries of microstrip
line. Most of the electric field lines are concentrated in the
substrate whereas some lines partly exist in the air. Hence, the
field lines are subjected to two dielectric media vis-a-vis air
and substrate. This makes the microstrip line look wider electri-
cally compared to its physical dimensions. Thus the effective
dielectric constant (εeff) must be calculated to account for the
fringing and wave propagation in the microstrip line towards
3. Results and discussion
(4)
The proposed antenna structures are designed and simulated
using Ansys HFSS, a finite element method (FEM) based electro-
magnetic solver. The radiation characteristics of the antennas are
analyzed in 5.66–6.43 THz band. Graphene is a sp2-bonded mono-
layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal structure. The
incident high frequency radiations generate surface plasmon
polaritons (SPPs) wave along the metal-dielectric interface. Gra-
phene provides best conditions for propagation of SPPs and
supports transverse-magnetic (TM) SPP waves. The edges of the
 A.S. Thampy et al. / Physica E 66 (2015) 67–73 71

Fig. 6. E-plane (solid line) and H-plane (dash line) far field radiation patterns of the MWCNT loaded graphene based transparent antenna at (a) 5.66 THz, (b) 6 THz,
(c) 6.2 THz and (d) 6.43 THz.

Table 3
Radiation performances of the graphene based transparent antennas (with and
without MWCNT).

Frequency (THz) 5.66 5.82 6 6.1 6.2 6.43

Without Gain (dB) 3.02 3.16 3.27 3.29 3.30 3.25
MWCNT Directivity (dB) 7.63 7.61 7.56 7.53 7.49 7.37
Radiation 34.46 35.89 37.17 37.73 38.16 38.68
efficiency (%)
With MWCNT Gain (dB) 2.83 3.01 3.15 3.19 3.22 3.18
Directivity (dB) 7.61 7.59 7.56 7.52 7.48 7.39
Radiation 33.20 34.79 36.27 36.92 37.46 38.15
efficiency (%)

patch, which is a graphene sheet, act as mirrors and patch acts as

resonator for SPP modes. These SPP modes on patch couple with
high frequency incident radiations which results in resonances in Fig. 7. Gain (dB) for with and without MWCNT loaded graphene based transparent
the graphene based antenna [41–43]. antennas.
72 A.S. Thampy et al. / Physica E 66 (2015) 67–73
Table 4
Comparison of graphene based transparent antenna with conventional transparent patch antennas and graphene based non-transparent antennas.
Parameters Conventional transparent
antennas
References [23] [46] [47]
Resonant frequency (GHz) 2.2 2150 1425
Gain (dB) 1 1.89 1.65
Directivity (dB) – – – 0
Radiation efficiency (%) 68 42.5 43
The return loss (S11) of with and without MWCNT loaded
antenna are shown in Fig. 3. It is observed that the return loss of
48.75dB is obtained for MWCNT loaded antenna as compared to
39.37dB obtained for without MWCNT loaded antenna. Both the
antennas achieved 10dB impedance bandwidth of 12.83% in
5.66–6.43 THz band. Such broad bandwidth is desirable for de-
signing high speed transceivers. Thus MWCNT short does not
affect the impedance bandwidth of the antenna. Impedance
characteristics of the transparent antennas are listed in Table 2.
Fig. 4 shows the plot of radiation efficiency with respect to
frequency for antenna with and without MWCNT short. For both
the antennas radiation efficiency greater than 33% is observed in
the desired band and both the curves are symmetric. Over the
desired band, there is a slight decrease (1%) in radiation efficiency
of antenna with MWCNT short as compared to the antenna
without short.
The far-field radiation patterns of the graphene based trans-
parent antennas without and with MWCNT at 5.66 THz, 6 THz,
6.2 THz and 6.43 THz are shown in Figs. 5 and 6(a, b, c, d)
respectively. Shorting microstrip line and ground plane of the
antenna by using MWCNT does not affect its radiation pattern. The
gain, directivity and radiation efficiency of the antennas at various
frequencies in the band of operation are listed in Table 3.
The gain of with and without MWCNT loaded antennas are shown
in Fig. 7. The peak gain of 3.3dB and 3.22dB are achieved for without
and with MWCNT loaded antenna, respectively at 6.2 THz. The gain of
more than 2.8dB is achieved in 5.66–6.43 THz band for both the
antennas, which is significant for microstrip patch antennas as they
generally suffer from low gain (r2dB) [44]. The characteristics of
proposed graphene based transparent antennas are compared with
conventional transparent patch antennas and graphene based non-
transparent antennas in Table 4. As expected, the radiation efficiency
of the proposed transparent antenna is lower than non-transparent
antenna as transparent graphene has high sheet resistance as
compared to non-transparent graphene as shown in Table 4 [30,45].
The radiation efficiency of the graphane based transparent patch
antenna can be improved by employing photonic band gap (PBG)
structures [46]. Both the transparent antennas achieved the directiv-
ity of 7.56dB at 6 THz. So, proposed graphene based antennas have
broad bandwidth (12.83%), high directivity (7.56dB) and high gain
(Z2dB).
4. Conclusions
Application of graphene as a transparent conducting material
for the microstrip patch antennas with and without MWCNT short
is proposed and the radiation characteristics of the antennas are
investigated in the 5.66–6.43 THz band. Transparent MWCNT is
used as a conducting via to short the microstrip line and the
ground plane of the graphene based transparent antenna. Return
loss improvement of 9.38dB is achieved for antenna loaded with
MWCNT. Thus by optimizing the position of the MWCNT short
return loss of the antenna is significantly improved for the same
Graphene based antennas Proposed graphene based
(Non - Transparent) transparent antennas
[28] [48] [30] Without MWCNT With MWCNT
800 1000 750 6000
– 0 5.09 3.27 3.15
– 5.71 7.56 7.56
20 – 86.58 37.17 36.27
impedance bandwidth. The 10dB impedance bandwidth of
12.83% and more than 33% radiation efficiency is achieved. The
peak gain of 3.3dB at 6.2 THz and a gain greater than 3dB in 5.66–
6.43 THz band is obtained for antenna loaded without MWCNT.
The peak gain of 3.22dB at 6.2 THz and a gain greater than 2.8dB in
5.66–6.43 THz band is obtained for antenna loaded with MWCNT.
This shows that the application of transparent graphene for patch
antenna significantly improves its characteristics such as impe-
dance bandwidth, directivity and gain compared to the ones
offered by conventional transparent patch antennas.
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