4184 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 67, NO.
6, JUNE 2019
Communication
Compact and Flexible Novel Wideband Flower-Shaped CPW-Fed
Antennas for High Data Wireless Applications
Farooq Faisal , Yasar Amin , Youngdae Cho, and Hyoungsuk Yoo
Abstract— This communication presents two compact and flexible
flower-shaped coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed antennas (Antenna-1 and
Antenna-2) for high data wireless applications. The radiators of the
proposed antennas are backed by a flexible and biocompatible polyamide
substrate (ε r = 4.3 and tanδ = 0.004) with 0.025 mm thickness. The
flower-shaped radiators of both antennas are designed by introducing
rounded slots in the basic circular shape and attaching two branches
with the 50  microstrip line. Antenna-1 provides resonance in the
3.5 GHz WiMAX band with a total bandwidth and gain of 484 MHz
(3.3–3.784 GHz) and 1.88 dBi, respectively. Antenna-2 is designed by
embedding a parasitic element at the back of the substrate of Antenna-1,
which leads to significant improvement in the bandwidth. Antenna-2 can
also be employed in flexible devices for dual-band operation by proper
adjustment of its parasitic element radius and position. A prototype
of Antenna-2 is fabricated, and measurements are conducted in the
flat as well as in the concave and convex bent configurations for the
characterization of its flexibility. It is observed that bending has no
prominent effects on the overall performance, except a small shift in the
operating frequencies. The proposed flower-shaped antennas are not only
visually attractive but also show salient performance. Due to the low cost,
visual attraction, compact size, wide bandwidth, and easy integration,
the proposed antennas may be used in high data wireless applications as
external antennas.
Index Terms— Coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed, flexible, flower shaped,
wideband.
I. I NTRODUCTION
A wide range of applications has accelerated research in the area
of flexible electronics. Research indicates that the flexible electronics
revenue will reach 300 billion USD after 10 years [1]. In addition
to the increase in bendable and flexible devices, high-bandwidth
technologies are needed for high data rate and short-range indoor
communications. Since the antenna is the most crucial part of every
wireless communication system, it must be compact in size, providing
various wireless services (wide bandwidth) in a single system. Thus,
antenna bandwidth enhancement and size reduction are the two major
considerations in its design.
The parasitic element antennas (PEAs) are, nowadays, widely
employed in communication systems. These antennas show signif-
icant potency in terms of resonance frequencies and other radiation
characteristics [2]. In fact, PEAs provide more degrees of freedom
compared to antennas with a single element. However, PEAs are
designed through parametric analysis, which is extensively time-
consuming. Therefore, PEAs are not yet exploited to their full
Manuscript received October 23, 2018; revised February 18, 2019; accepted
February 28, 2019. Date of publication April 15, 2019; date of current
version May 31, 2019. This work was supported by the Basic Science
Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea
funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology under Grant
2019R1A2C2004774. (Corresponding author: Hyoungsuk Yoo.)
F. Faisal and Y. Amin are with the Department of Telecommunication Engi-
neering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila 47050, Pakistan.
Y. Cho and H. Yoo are with the Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea (e-mail:
hsyoo@hanyang.ac.kr).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this communication are
available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2019.2911195
0018-926X © 2019 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
potential. The parasitic elements in antennas can be used for different
purposes. Sharma et al. [3] reported a fractal antenna with parasitic
elements in the form of split-ring resonators (SRRs). The fractal
geometry, as well as the multiband functionality, is achieved by
iteration of slotted circular patches. After loading the fractal design
with parasitic SRRs, the reported antenna shows 150 MHz bandwidth
increment at 8.5 GHz and provides an average of 200 MHz bandwidth
at each resonance. However, the proposed fractal design has a larger
volume of 3240 mm3 . Similarly, a single-layer circular-polarized
(CP) dual-band antenna with a crescent-shaped parasitic element
embedded in the patch was suggested in [4]. The designed antenna
without the crescent-shaped parasitic element produces resonances
at 2.4 and 5.2 GHz. By embedding the crescent-shaped para-
sitic element in the patch, the bandwidth in the 5.2 GHz band
is extended to include the 5.8 GHz band as well. Although the
bandwidth in both frequency bands is sufficient for desired applica-
tions, the designed antenna is bulky in size (60 mm × 50 mm ×
1.6 mm). In [5], the total bandwidth of the antenna is enhanced
up to 80% by employing a centered parasitic patch. Nevertheless,
the authors used a rigid substrate and the achieved bandwidth did
not cover the whole WiMAX (5.1–5.8 GHz) band. Furthermore,
the parasitic elements can also be employed for axial ratio [6], gain
enhancement [7], [8], miniaturization [9], CP mode generation [10],
and beam steering [11].
Recently, various coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed antennas have
been suggested in the literature, such as slot loop and CP CPW-fed
antennas with wideband performance [12], [13]. In [12], several
circular and rectangular cuts along with two parasitic strips and
artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) are employed for acquiring
wideband (5.01–7.35 GHz) performance and miniaturization, respec-
tively. However, FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1 and 2 mm
is utilized in the design of the reported slot loop antenna and
AMC, respectively, thus violating flexibility. The wide bandwidth
(1.48–4.24 GHz) in [13] is achieved by introducing an open-loop
parasitic element on the substrate. The gain was reasonably good
over the achieved bandwidth, and the operating mechanism of the
designed antenna was well evolved through the surface currents, but
the antenna size was large. Similarly, a pentaband CPW-fed planar
dipole antenna with a large size of 111 × 77 mm2 [14] and a
bow-tie CPW-fed microstrip antenna on the FR4 substrate (1.6 mm
in thickness) were presented in [15]. Most of the antennas reported in
the literature are either limited by the complex geometry (multilayers)
or by inflexible substrates, thus making them incompatible with
modern electronic devices.
Two compact and flexible flower-shaped CPW-fed antennas
(Antenna-1 and Antenna-2) are proposed in this communication.
Antenna-1 provides a total bandwidth of 484 MHz in the WiMAX
band (3.3–3.8 GHz). Antenna-1 is modified by loading a circular par-
asitic element on the back of the substrate to obtain Antenna-2. After
embedding the parasitic element, two resonance modes appeared in
the two WiMAX bands (3.3–3.8 and 5.1–5.8 GHz) with a total
bandwidth of 2860 MHz (3.43–6.29 GHz). Antenna-2 can also be
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 67, NO. 6, JUNE 2019 4185

Fig. 2. (a) Design evolution of the proposed CPW-fed antennas. (b) Corre-
sponding simulated reflection coefficient (S11 ).

Fig. 1. Antenna-2 geometry (unit: mm). (a) Front view. (b) Back view.
(c) Side view. (d) Isometric view.
made dual band by varying the radius and position of the parasitic
element. A comparative study of Antenna-2 parameters between flat
and bent configurations is also added. The fabrication and testing
of the prototype of Antenna-2 show a good agreement between the
simulated and measured results.

II. M ETHODOLOGY
Fig. 1(a)–(d) portrays the front, back, side, and isometric views
of the parasitic element-based antenna (Antenna-2), respectively.
For the conciseness of this communication, we did not portray
Antenna-1 geometry. All the dimensional parameters of both antennas
have the same values, as shown in Fig. 1(a). The only difference
between Antenna-1 and Antenna-2 is the circular parasitic element,
which is embedded at the back of the substrate in the case of
Antenna-2. The radius of the parasitic element is r = 5.5 mm,
and its position (lower edge distance to the substrate lower edge) is
d = 6.57 mm. Similarly, the radius of the upper circular part of
the radiator is Rb = 6.5 mm. A flexible and biocompatible material
called polyamide, with relative permittivity (εr ), tangent loss (tanδ),
and thickness of 4.3, 0.004, and 0.025 mm, respectively, is utilized
for the substrate of both the antennas [16]. Both the antennas have a
compact total volume of 20 mm × 28 mm × 0.025 mm (14 mm3 ).
The sources of miniaturization for this significant size reduction are
the specific flower-shaped radiator, CPW ground plane, and several
cuts. The branches are connected with the 50  microstrip line at
an angle of 50◦ . The identical two branches help in tuning and
impedance matching. Initially, the radius Rb is estimated by utilizing
the following equations [17]:
1.8412 × c
fr = √ (1)
4π Re r
    1/2
2h π Rb
Re = Rb 1 + ln + 1.7726 (2)
πr Rb 2h
where fr is the central frequency, r is the substrate permittivity, h is
the substrate thickness, and Re represents the effective radius of the
upper circular part of the radiator.
A. Design Evolution
The design evolution of the flower-shaped CPW-fed antennas and
their corresponding reflection coefficient (S11 ) diagram are shown
Fig. 3. Ground slots effects on the reflection coefficient (S11 ) of Antenna-1
and Antenna-2.
in Fig. 2. The design process begins with the design of prototype-A,
which is a basic circular-shaped CPW-fed planar antenna [18]. It can
be clearly seen that prototype-B is designed by introducing modifi-
cations in prototype-A. Afterward, Antenna-1 is designed by taking
rectangular and triangular cuts in the CPW ground plane and radiator
of prototype-B, respectively. Finally, a circular parasitic element is
embedded at the back of the substrate of Antenna-1 to achieve
Antenna-2. Thus, it can be concluded that the proposed Antenna-2 is
a modified form of a basic circular-shaped CPW-fed planar antenna.
The modified circular-shaped CPW-fed planar antenna takes different
forms of circular, triangular, and rectangular cuts. The dimensions of
these cuts within the CPW ground plane and the radiators of the
proposed antennas are selected by performing a detailed parametric
analysis in terms of S11 . It is evident from Fig. 2(b) that the stepwise
modifications improve S11 of the proposed antennas.
B. Effects of the Stepped Ground Plane
Fig. 3 shows the simulated S11 of both the antennas with the
stepped (slotted) CPW ground plane, as well as with the rectangular
CPW ground plane. It is noteworthy that the stepped ground plane of
both the antennas not only shifts the operating band toward the lower
side of the spectrum but also increases the depth of the resonance
modes. This shift in the frequency band toward the left side of the
spectrum may be due to the increase in the capacitance because of
the slots insertion in the ground plane [19]. Thus, we concluded that
these ground slots are crucial in frequency tuning, as well as in the
antenna impedance matching.
4186 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 67, NO. 6, JUNE 2019
Fig. 4. (a) Fabricated prototypes of Antenna-2. (b) Measurement setups.
Fig. 5. Comparison of the simulated and measured reflection coeffi-
cients (S11 ).
III. R ESULTS
This section describes the results in terms of S11 , radiation patterns,
and surface currents. The fabricated prototypes of Antenna-2 are
displayed in Fig. 4. Fig. 5 shows the comparison between the
simulated S11 of Antenna-1 and Antenna-2 and the measured S11 of
the fabricated prototype of Antenna-2. It is observed that Antenna-1
gives a resonance (with S11 < −25 dB) in the 3.5 GHz WiMAX
band with a −10 dB bandwidth of 484 MHz (3.3–3.784 GHz). The
total simulated and measured −10 dB bandwidths of Antenna-2 are
2860 (3.43–6.29 GHz) and 2820 MHz (3.44–6.26 GHz), respectively,
thus including the two WiMAX (3.3–3.8 and 5.1–5.8 GHz) bands.
In practical scenarios, the fabrication tolerance can be relaxed by the
achieved larger bandwidth [20]. The parasitic element provides two
main advantages. First, the bandwidth of the initial resonance mode
produced by Antenna-1 at 3.5 GHz is significantly broadened by
2376 MHz. This may be due to the fact that the capacitance generated
by the driven CPW-fed flower-shaped radiator incorporated with
the circular parasitic element may suppress some of the inductance
produced by the flower-shaped patch [21]. Second, another resonance
mode at 5.82 GHz is generated. Thus, after coupling of these two
modes, a wider impedance bandwidth is formed.
The 2-D polar gain plots of Antenna-2 at 3.5, 5.2, and 5.8 GHz
are displayed in Fig. 6. The radiation patterns were simulated and
measured at various frequencies in the achieved frequency band.
Fig. 6. Far-field 2-D gain patterns of Antenna-2.
TABLE I
A NTENNA -2 C OMPARISON W ITH R ECENT S TUDIES
It is observed from the simulations that at 3.5 GHz, Antenna-1
shows a gain of 1.88 dBi; similarly, Antenna-2 simulated gain values
ranging from 1.99 to 3.7 dBi while moving from 3.43 to 6.29 GHz.
The exact simulated gain values of Antenna-2 are 2.01, 2.81, and
3.28 dBi at 3.5, 5.2, and 5.8 GHz, respectively. Similarly, the peak
gain achieved in the measurement at 3.5, 5.2, and 5.8 GHz is 2.91,
2.94, and 3.38 dBi, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that
apart from the increase in the bandwidth, the parasitic element has
also improved the gain at 3.5 GHz. Furthermore, the pattern’s shape
is bidirectional in the E-plane, whereas in the H-plane, it is nearly
omnidirectional, as plotted in Fig. 6. The discrepancy between the
simulated and measured results (S11 and radiation patterns) may
be the consequences of the fabrication tolerance and test errors caused
by the soft and very thin nature of the substrate material [9]. However,
the measured results are still in acceptable limits. The comparison
of Antenna-2 with the recently proposed antennas is summarized
in Table I. As shown, despite the compact size, flexibility, and highest
radiation efficiency, Antenna-2 has the highest bandwidth compared
to that in [22] and [23]. Meanwhile, its peak gain is lower than
that in [22] but higher than that in [23]. In Table I, λ0 represents
the free-space wavelength at the center frequency. In Table I, it is
obvious that Antenna-2 shows salient performance regardless of the
considerable volume reduction and visual attraction compared to the
mentioned antennas.
The surface currents behavior at the three frequencies (3.5, 5.2,
and 5.8 GHz) of interest is shown in Fig. 7. It is clear that
at 3.5 GHz, the surface current density is the maximum on the
microstrip line, the branches strips, the parasitic element, and the
lower portion of the flower-shaped part connected with the microstrip
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 67, NO. 6, JUNE 2019
Fig. 7. Antenna-2 surface currents distribution. (a) 3.5 GHz. (b) 5.2 GHz.
(c) 5.8 GHz.
Fig. 8. Effects of variations in the parasitic element. (a) Radius (r).
(b) Position (d).
line. Thus, the contribution of these parts of the radiator is dominant
at 3.5 GHz. Similarly, it is visible that at 5.2 GHz, the currents
mainly concentrate on the circular-shaped ends of the branches with
triangular cuts, the upper part of the radiator, and the circular parasitic
element. Likewise, strong currents are present at the lower half of
the microstrip line, the branches strips, and the lower edge of the
parasitic element at 5.8 GHz. Moreover, medium intensity currents
can be detected at the edges of the CPW ground plane at all the
three frequencies of interest. Furthermore, the radiation efficiency is
more than 98% in the entire bandwidth. The higher values of the
radiation efficiency may be attributed to the low loss tangent and
very thin nature of the substrate material compared to the thickness
of the copper layer [22].
IV. E FFECTS D UE TO VARIATIONS IN THE PARASITIC
E LEMENT R ADIUS AND P OSITION
A. Varying Parasitic Radius (r)
Fig. 8(a) reveals the influences of variations in r on the per-
formance of Antenna-2. For this analysis, r is varied from 4.5 to
5.75 mm. This analysis suggests that r = 5.5 mm is the best
choice to cover the frequencies from 3.43 to 6.29 GHz. It can
be concluded from Fig. 8(a) that the decrease in r introduces
the band stop ability in Antenna-2. Finally, when r = 4.5 mm,
a band of 915.6 MHz in the range of 4.3549–5.2705 GHz can
be suppressed. Furthermore, a little shift toward the left and right
sides of the frequency spectrum is observed in the operating fre-
quencies of Antenna-2 due to the decrease and increase in r,
respectively. Thus, r can also be utilized as a frequency tuning
parameter for Antenna-2. At r = 4.5 mm, Antenna-2 becomes a
dual-band antenna with bandwidths of 1020 MHz (3.33–4.35 GHz)
and 740 MHz (5.27–6.01 GHz) in the lower and upper resonance
bands, respectively.
B. Varying Parasitic Position (d)
The effects of changes in d on the proposed Antenna-2
are demonstrated in Fig. 8(b). For this analysis, d is varied
from 6.57 to 11.57 mm. It is evident that d = 6.57 mm is an
4187
Fig. 9. Antenna-2 prototypes bent around a cylinder of radius R1 = 25 mm.
(a) Concave configuration. (b) Convex configuration.
Fig. 10. S11 comparison between flat and different bent configurations.
(a) Concave. (b) Convex.
optimal choice for adequately covering the frequencies in the range
of 3.43–6.29 GHz. At d = 11.57 mm, a band with a total bandwidth
of 1450 MHz (4.1–5.55 GHz) can be stopped. A small shift in the
operating frequencies toward the right side of the frequency spectrum
also occurred due to the increase in d. At d = 11.57 mm, Antenna-2
produces two resonances with a bandwidth of 500 and 850 MHz in
the first and second resonance bands, respectively.
V. B ENDING A NALYSIS
The potential usage of the reported antenna in flexible and bendable
devices needs its performance to be evaluated in bent configurations.
Therefore, the proposed antenna is bent for different radii in the
concave and convex directions. To validate the simulated S11 and
radiation patterns, a cylindrical foam with radius R1 = 25 mm
(worst case) was used for measurement. The cylindrical foam has
a dielectric constant of 1.03 [25], which is very close to that of the
air (εr = 1); therefore, it has minimal effects on the proposed antenna
performance. The fabricated prototype bent over a cylinder of radius
R1 for both bent configurations is shown in Fig. 9.
The comparison of the simulated and measured S11 of Antenna-2
in the flat and in the two bent configurations with bending radii
of R1 = 25 mm, R2 = 45 mm, and R3 = 78 mm is shown
in Fig. 10. In both the configurations, no significant change in S11 is
found, apart from the small shift in the operating frequencies toward
the lower frequencies. For both the bent configurations, the shift in
frequencies increases with the decrease in bending radii. For the worst
bent condition (25 mm in radius), the measured bandwidths are 3220
(3.19–6.41 GHz) and 3030 MHz (3.33–6.36 GHz) for the concave
and convex configurations, respectively. Similarly, Fig. 11 depicts
the comparison of simulated and measured radiation patterns under
different conditions. The comparison of simulated and measured
peak gains of Antenna-2 in different configurations is summarized
in Table II.
4188 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 67, NO. 6, JUNE 2019
Fig. 11. Radiation patterns comparison between flat and different bent
configurations. (a) Concave. (b) Convex.
TABLE II
G AIN C OMPARISON IN D IFFERENT C ONFIGURATIONS
VI. C ONCLUSION
In this communication, two compact and flexible CPW-fed flower-
shaped antennas were developed for high data wireless applications.
Both antennas included CPW ground plane and flower-shaped patch
with semicircular and triangular cuts for miniaturization. The optimal
designs of both antennas were obtained through the parametric
analysis. The bandwidth was improved by 2376 MHz by using the
parasitic element in Antenna-2. The Antenna-2 performance was also
compared with the recent work in the literature. The comparison
demonstrated that Antenna-2 has a substantially reduced volume
with satisfactory performance parameters. It was seen further that
adjusting the parasitic element radius and position introduces band
notching characteristics in Antenna-2. In addition, the testing of the
fabricated prototype of Antenna-2 in the flat, concave, and convex
bent configurations had confirmed that the overall performance of
Antenna-2 remains unaffected due to bending. The visual attraction,
as well as the salient performance of parameters of both antennas,
emphasized for its usage as external antennas in high data wireless
applications.
R EFERENCES
[1] J. Hu, “Overview of flexible electronics from ITRI’s viewpoint,” in Proc.
VLSI Test Symp., Apr. 2010, p. 84.
[2] C. J. Panagamuwa, A. Chauraya, and J. C. Vardaxoglou, “Frequency
and beam reconfigurable antenna using photoconducting switches,” IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 449–454, Feb. 2006.
[3] V. Sharma, N. Lakwar, N. Kumar, and T. Garg, “Multiband low-cost
fractal antenna based on parasitic split ring resonators,” IET Microw.,
Antennas Propag., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 913–919, May 2017.
[4] L. Ge, C.-Y.-D. Sim, H.-L. Su, J.-Y. Lu, and C. Ku, “Single-
layer dual-broadband circularly polarised annular-slot antenna for
WLAN applications,” IET Microw., Antennas Propag., vol. 12, no. 1,
pp. 99–107, Jan. 2018.
[5] Y. Sung, “Bandwidth enhancement of a Microstrip line-fed printed
wide-slot antenna with a parasitic center patch,” IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propag., vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1712–1716, Apr. 2012.
[6] W. J. Yang, Y. M. Pan, and S. Y. Zheng, “A low-profile wideband
circularly polarized crossed-dipole antenna with wide axial-ratio and
gain beamwidths,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 66, no. 7,
pp. 3346–3353, Jul. 2018.
[7] H. Nakano et al., “Antenna system composed of T-shaped elements
coupled to an open radial waveguide,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,
vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 550–563, Feb. 2018.
[8] H. Nakano, S. Mitsui, and J. Yamauchi, “Tilted-beam high gain antenna
system composed of a patch antenna and periodically arrayed loops,”
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 2917–2925, Jun. 2014.
[9] M.-C. Tang, B. Zhou, Y. Duan, X. Chen, and R. W. Ziolkowski, “Pattern-
reconfigurable, flexible, Wideband, directive, electrically small near-field
resonant parasitic antenna,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 66,
no. 5, pp. 2271–2280, May 2018.
[10] G. Feng, L. Chen, X. Wang, X. Xue, and X. Shi, “Broadband circularly
polarized crossed Bowtie dipole antenna loaded with parasitic elements,”
IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 114–117,
Jan. 2018.
[11] R. Movahedinia, A.-R. Sebak, M. R. Chaharmir, M. R. Nikkhah, and
A. A. Kishk, “X-band circularly polarized electronically steerable par-
asitic array radiator of DRA,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 66,
no. 2, pp. 721–728, Feb. 2018.
[12] X. Li, Y.-C. Jiao, and L. Zhang, “Wideband low-profile CPW-fed slot-
loop antenna using an artificial magnetic conductor,” Electron. Lett.,
vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 673–674, May 2018.
[13] K. Ding, Y.-X. Guo, and C. Gao, “CPW-fed wideband circularly
polarized printed monopole antenna with open loop and asymmet-
ric ground plane,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 16,
pp. 833–836, 2017.
[14] Y.-J. Chen, T.-W. Liu, and W.-H. Tu, “CPW-fed penta-band slot dipole
antenna based on comb-like metal sheets,” IEEE Antennas Wireless
Propag. Lett., vol. 16, pp. 202–205, 2017.
[15] D. Behera, B. Dwivedy, D. Mishra, and S. K. Behera, “Design of a
CPW fed compact bow-tie microstrip antenna with versatile frequency
tunability,” IET Microw., Antennas Propag., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 841–849,
May 2017.
[16] R. Das and H. Yoo, “A multiband antenna associating wireless mon-
itoring and Nonleaky wireless power transfer system for biomed-
ical implants,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 65, no. 7,
pp. 2485–2495, Jul. 2017.
[17] A. Kumar, J. K. Deegwal, and M. M. Sharma, “Design of multi-polarised
quad-band planar antenna with parasitic multistubs for multiband wire-
less communication,” IET Microw. Antennas Propag., vol. 12, no. 5,
pp. 718–726, Apr. 2018.
[18] K. Vyas, G. Sanyal, A. K. Sharma, and P. K. Singhal, “Gain enhance-
ment over a wideband in CPW-fed compact circular patch antenna,” Int.
J. Microw. Wireless Technol., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 497–503, Oct. 2014.
[19] M. R. Abkenar and P. Rezaei, “EBG structures properties and their
application to improve radiation of a low profile antenna,” J. Inf. Syst.
Telecommun., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 251–259, Dec. 2013.
[20] C.-Y. Huang and P.-Y. Chiu, “Dual-band monopole antenna with shorted
parasitic element,” Electron. Lett., vol. 41, no. 21, pp. 1154–1155,
Oct. 2005.
[21] J. Zhu, S. Li, S. Liao, and Q. Xue, “Wideband low-profile highly isolated
MIMO antenna with artificial magnetic conductor,” IEEE Antennas
Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 458–462, Mar. 2018.
[22] M. O. Sallam, S. M. Kandil, V. Volski, G. A. E. Vandenbosch, and
E. A. Soliman, “Wideband CPW-fed flexible bow-tie slot antenna for
WLAN/WiMax systems,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 65, no. 8,
pp. 4274–4277, Aug. 2017.
[23] X. Yang, Y. Liu, and S.-X. Gong, “Design of a wideband omnidirectional
antenna with characteristic mode analysis,” IEEE Antennas Wireless
Propag. Lett., vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 993–997, Jun. 2018.
[24] D. D. Krishna, M. Gopikrishna, C. K. Aanandan, P. Mohanan, and
K. Vasudevan, “Compact wideband koch fractal printed slot antenna,”
IET Microw. Antennas Propag., vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 782–789, Aug. 2009.
[25] V. Semkin et al., “Conformal antenna array for millimeter-wave com-
munications: Performance evaluation,” Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol.,
vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 241–247, Feb. 2017.