Int. J. Communication Networks and Distributed Systems, Vol. 28, No.

1, 2022 61

A reduced hardware complexity algorithm with

improved outage probability for 5G communication
system

Ashu Taneja*
Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology,
Chitkara University,
Himachal Pradesh, India
Email: ashu.taneja@chitkarauniversity.edu.in
*Corresponding author

Nitin Saluja
Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Chitkara University,
Punjab, India
Email: nitin.saluja@chitkara.edu.in

Abstract: In this paper, a 5G mobile communication system is considered with

cooperative environment. The mobile and base-station node communicate with
each other through a number of amplify-and-forward (AF) relays. The users
have multiple antennas while each relay has a single antenna. The
radio-frequency (RF) transceiver chain associated with each antenna element
leads to increased hardware complexity. This challenge is reduced by efficient
utilisation of RF front ends in the proposed wireless system. The paper
proposes an RF chain selection technique which enables the selection of RF
front end with maximum received signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR). The outage
probability is derived for proposed mobile communication system. Further,
system ergodic capacity, energy efficiency and average end-to-end SNR are
evaluated. As compared to the conventional random selection approach, this
algorithm aims to achieve higher capacity and higher average end-to-end-SNR.
At 16 dB SNR, system capacity improves by 52% with proposed algorithm
rather than conventional random selection.

Keywords: 5G; RF chain selection; amplify-and-forward; cooperative

communication; outage probability; signal-to-noise-ratio; SNR.

Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Taneja, A. and Saluja, N.

(2022) ‘A reduced hardware complexity algorithm with improved outage
probability for 5G communication system’, Int. J. Communication Networks
and Distributed Systems, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.61–75.

Biographical notes: Ashu Taneja holds a PhD in Electronics and

Communication Engineering with ten years of experience in academics and
industrial research. She is working as an Assistant Professor with the Chitkara
University, Himachal Pradesh, India. Her research interests include 5G
communication, cooperative MIMO, energy harvesting and vehicular
communications. She has number of research publications and patents to her
credit.

Copyright © 2022 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

62 A. Taneja and N. Saluja

Nitin Saluja holds a PhD in Electronics Engineering with 15 years of

experience in academics and industrial research at various capacities. He is
working as an Associate Professor with the Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
He is specialised in high frequency engineering including applications in
wireless communications including 5G/6G, vehicular communication,
industrial microwave driers and antenna designs. He has won prestigious
international awards for microwave and RF engineering applications in food
and agriculture applications. He is the inventor of agrionic technologies and has
patents to his name.

1 Introduction

Cooperative communication is the most promising next generation wireless

communication technology. It is the basis for fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G
wireless communication networks (Huu et al., 2020). The cooperation of multiple relays
installed between transmitter and receiver results in massive network connectivity, high
reliability, low latency and high spectral efficiency (Hu et al., 2018). The relays, unlike
macro base stations, are the low-cost nodes that improve the reliability and quality of
service (QoS) of the wireless systems (Li et al., 2021; Airod et al., 2021; Amjad and
Dressler, 2020). Compared to conventional one-way relay system, the two-way relay
system is gaining popularity over the recent years because it offers the flexibility of
bidirectional transmission and reception in two time slots (Wang et al., 2021; Pei et al.,
2020; Zhao et al., 2020). The author in Liu (2016) analyse the performance of
single-relay two-way relay network (TWRN) while multiple relays TWRN are
investigated in Cheng et al. (2018). But the transmission reliability of TWRN is the main
challenge which is overcome by the incorporation of multiple antenna system in relaying
(Thakur and Chattopadhyay, 2020). This is useful to combat the effect of multipath
fading in the wireless networks. In literature, numbers of papers are proposed (Tregancini
et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2019; Bai et al., 2020; Guo et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020; Le and
Do, 2020; Zhang et al., 2017; Dang et al., 2020)] which evaluate the performance of
multi-antenna TWRN based on different performance parameters. For example,
Tregancini et al. (2020) investigates a cooperative communication system that uses a set
of full-duplex (FD) amplify-and-forward (AF) relays for outage probability and ergodic
capacity. It uses a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) transmission scheme and
selects the best relay from the set of relays based on the available channel state
information (CSI) of the nodes. Zhao et al. (2019) considers a relay-assisted transmission
that exploits the use of index modulation in an orthogonal frequency division modulation
(OFDM) system to evaluate the block error rate and system capacity. In order to
guarantee robust QoS, Bai et al. (2020) optimises the performance of relay system
through an efficient power allocation strategy such that the system effective capacity is
maximised. For a cooperative relaying system, Guo et al. (2020) and Li et al. (2020) use
the concept of energy harvesting in order to evaluate secrecy outage probability (Guo
et al., 2020) and system throughput (Li et al., 2020). Le and Do (2020) investigates the
performance of NOMA network operated in FD transmission mode using an intelligent
power allocation scheme. The spectral efficiency and system outage are evaluated. Zhang
et al. (2017) proposes a selection approach for relays based on their received powers. The
secrecy performance is presented through a low complexity relay selection scheme for
 A reduced hardware complexity algorithm with improved outage 63

applications in 5G large scale networks. Dang et al. (2020) gives a trade-off between
outage probability and power allocation using a hybrid AF and DF relaying scheme on
the basis of a given signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) at the relay. In order to
enable secure transmission in cooperative relaying environment, beamforming is
introduced in TWRN (Rahimi and Shahbazpanahi, 2017; Tian et al., 2020; Li and Yang,
2020; Shim et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2016). Beamforming is applied at the multi-antenna
node with instantaneous channel condition being used as a weight matrix for signals from
multiple antennas. Rahimi and Shahbazpanahi (2017) introduces beamforming approach
in the performance evaluation of TWRN in terms of minimum total power while Tian
et al. (2020) proposes a design for joint beamforming and relay selection with energy
transfer. In Li and Yang (2020), the relay is equipped with multiple antennas and the
beamforming matrix is optimised in order to increase the sum rate performance of a
TWRN. Shim et al. (2016) investigates joint design of relay and receive beamforming
such that the mean square error of the system is minimised. Zhang et al. (2016) analyses
the spectral and energy efficiency of the relay system which employs multiple transmit
and receive antennas at the relay to communicate with the users. However, the increased
hardware complexity in multi-antenna relay systems due to radio-frequency (RF)
transceiver chains is the main challenge. The RF chain includes transceiver front end
components like amplifier, phase-shifter, converters, local oscillator associated with each
antenna element at the mobile node, relay node and base-station node. The hardware
complexity increases the processing cost and decreases the energy efficiency. Thus, RF
chain management is introduced in two-way relaying in order to reduce the overhead
incurred due to hardware complexity. The selection of pair of transmit and receive
antennas in bidirectional MIMO cooperative communication systems result in achieving
the enhanced sum-rate performance with reduced number of RF chains (Zhou et al.,
2015). The antenna selection algorithm targets maximisation of average sum-rate of the
communication system. The RF chain management results in energy efficient
performance of MIMO wireless communication system (Jang et al., 2016). The variant of
antenna selection algorithm selects antenna pair at each source based on maximum and
second maximum signal-to-self-interference-plus-noise ratio between source and relay
(Fidan and Kucur, 2018). The antennas can be selected on the basis of magnitude,
orthogonality and determinant of the signals (Daniel et al., 2017). The comparison of two
different antenna selection algorithms is performed with the aim of maximising the
energy efficiency (Taneja and Saluja, 2020a) and sum rate Taneja and Saluja, 2019) of
the system. Taneja and Saluja (2020b) proposes an antenna selection scheme with energy
harvesting relay node to minimise the overall system bit error rate (BER). The energy
efficiency and the lifetime of the network are optimised by means of node selection in
Kumar and Chaparala (2020) and node deployment in Singh and Pant (2019). Nguyen
et al. (2020), Wang et al. (2020) and Taghizadeh et al. (2021) investigates the role of RF
chain selection with transmit antenna selection in combating the effect of non-ideal
hardware or hardware impairments in cooperative relay systems.
As discussed earlier in the section, the RF chain selection is essential for optimising
the performance of the cooperative communication system. The usage of joint relay and
antenna selection models for RF chain management are evaluated in literature. The
selection of RF front ends by means of joint relay and antenna selection is evaluated for
the cooperative communication system with non-mobile users and destination nodes (Hu
et al., 2016, 2017). The optimal and sub-optimal joint relay and antenna selection results
in increased computational complexity (Li et al., 2016). The joint relay and antenna
64 A. Taneja and N. Saluja

selection can also consider the selection of antenna as per the channel conditions and
relay selection as per the SINR (Yang et al., 2015). Yu et al. (2020) minimises the energy
consumption of the system by enabling sleep mode at the BS which activates only few
RF chains at a time. Demirkol and Kucur (2020) and Huang et al. (2018) compares
different antenna selection schemes to evaluate the outage performance of the energy
harvesting relay cooperative network. Duarte et al. (2020) proposes an RF chain
management scheme that enables switching to the best relay link using max-min distance.
In this paper, a practical 5G system with cooperative environment is considered in
which multi-antenna users communicate with the multi-antenna base station through a
number of single antenna relays. The challenge with multiple antennas at the nodes is the
hardware complexity owing to large number of RF chains associated with each antenna
element. The novel contributions of the paper are summarised as:
• The hardware complexity of the cooperative system is reduced by means of an
efficient RF management scheme. An RF chain selection algorithm is proposed that
enables selection of optimum antennas and associated RF front ends, thus resulting
in optimal utilisation of the resources.
• The proposed system is evaluated for outage probability whose expression is derived
for proposed mobile communication scenario.
• The performance is further evaluated in terms of ergodic capacity and average
end-to-end signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR).
• The impact of RF chain selection on the energy consumption of the system is also
provided in terms of energy efficiency.
• Comparison of proposed selection scheme with conventional random selection
approach is discussed.

2 System model

A cooperative two-way relaying system is considered in Figure 1 in which two users A

and B with multiple antennas communicate through an intermediate relay R. The relay
has a single antenna while the users A and B have M antennas each. The information
exchange between the user nodes and the relay takes place using AF relaying protocol. It
is assumed that the users are located far from each other and there is no direct path
between them. There are two time slots in which the data transmission takes place. At
first, the mobile node (user A) and base-station node (user B) transmit the information
signals to the relay. And then, after amplifying the signals received, the relay broadcasts
them back to the mobile node and base-station node in the second time slot. The fading in
the A-R link and B-R link is assumed to be independent and identically distributed
Rayleigh fading.
 A reduced hardware complexity algorithm with improved outage 65

Figure 1 An illustration of system model (see online version for colours)

In the first phase, user A and B transmit their signals xA and xB to the relay using multiple
antennas. The antennas at each source are multiplied with a weight matrix w that depends
on the channel coefficients between nodes and relay. The received signal at the relay is
given by:

y R = PS hTA wA x A + PS hBT wB xB + nR (1)

where PS is the average transmit power of each source, nR is the additive white Guassian
noise with zero mean and unit variance, hA = [h1, h2, ………, hM] is the M × 1 channel
vector between user A and the relay R while hB = [h1, h2, ………, hM] is the channel
vector between source B and R. wA and wB are the weight vector at A and B respectively
T T
 h†   h† 
such that wA =  A  and wB =  B  . Here (.)† denotes the conjugate transpose and
 hA   hB 
||.|| denotes the Euclidean norm of a complex vector.
The received signals are further processed by the relay which amplifies the signals by
the amplifying factor GR. Thus
yR′ = GR yR (2)

PR
GR = (3)
2 2
PS hA + PS hB +1

In the second time slot, the amplified signals are transmitted to the users with transmit
power PR. Maximal ratio combining (MRC) (Goldsmith, 2005) is used to combine the
signals received at all the antennas of node A. The received signal at user A is given by:

y A = w†A ( GR PR hA yR + n A ) (4)

yB = wB† ( GR PR hB yR + nB ) (5)

where nA and nB are the M × 1 noise vectors with zero mean and unit variance at source A
and B respectively.
After the suppression of self-interference, the received signal at A becomes

y ∗A = GR PR PS w†A hA hB† wB xB + GR PR w†A hA nR + w†A n A (6)

The end-to-end SNR at terminal A is:

66 A. Taneja and N. Saluja

2 2
PR PS hA hB
ϒ FULL
A = (7)
( PR + PS ) hA 2 + PS hB 2 +1
Equation (7) can be written as:
α γ A γB
ϒ FULL
A = (8)
(α +1)γ A + γB +1

PR
where α = , γA = PS||hA||2 is the SNR of A-R link while γB = PS||hB||2 is the SNR of B-R
PS
link.

3 RF chain selection

The challenge with multiple antenna systems is the hardware complexity of the RF chains
associated with each antenna. Since, the users contain multiple antennas; the hardware
complexity poses challenge in performance enhancement of wireless systems. The
hardware complexity is reduced by efficient utilisation of selected RF front ends in the
proposed wireless communication system. The trade-off between hardware complexity
and outage probability can further be improved using RF chain selection (Zhang and Ge,
2017; Hayajneh and Gulliver, 2019; Demirkol et al., 2019). In this, all the RF front ends
are not selected but only one RF chain gets activated corresponding to the selected
antenna element. In this paper, an RF chain selection scheme is proposed and the
presented cooperative scenario is evaluated in terms of outage probability. Also, the
proposed scheme is compared with the conventional random selection.

3.1 RF chain selection scheme

In the proposed scenario, it is assumed that user A has M antennas and user B has M
number of antennas, so total number of possible combinations of antenna pairs become
M2. So, corresponding to M2 antenna pairs, there are M2 RF front ends consisting of filter,
phase shifter, converter and amplifier. Here, it is assumed that user A and user B adopt
the same selection scheme and only two RF front ends are selected, one at A and one at B,
out of total of M2 candidates. This scheme first calculates the metric γiAB which define the
i
received SNRs of the link A-R-B and metric γBA which define the received SNR of the
link B-R-A for each pair i = 1, 2, ……, M defined as follows:
2

2 2
PR hiB PS hiA
γ iAB = (9)
( PR + PS ) hiB 2 + PS hiA 2 +1
2 2
PR hiA PS hiB
i
γBA = (10)
( PR + PS ) hiA 2 + PS hiB 2 +1
where hiA is the channel coefficient between ith antenna of user A and R while hiB is the
channel coefficient between ith antenna of user B and R.
 A reduced hardware complexity algorithm with improved outage 67

Out of these, minimum value is taken, that is min{γ iAB , γBA

i
}. This way, there are M2
values corresponding to M pairs. The maximum of the M values is chosen whose index
2 2

gives the selected RF front end pair.

The selection scheme can be written as:

i∗ = arg max ( min {γ iAB , γBA

i
}) , 1 ≤ i ≤ M 2 (11)

where i* gives the index of the selected RF front end pair.

Thus, the scheme follows the maximum-minimum criteria.

4 Outage probability analysis

4.1 Without RF chain selection

The outage probability is defined as the probability that the instantaneous data rate
RA = log 2 (1+ ϒ Full
A ) / 2 or RB = log 2 (1+ ϒ B ) / 2 falls below a given threshold R0. The
Full

system outage probability is given as (Wang et al., 2018; Da Costa et al., 2012):
Full
Pout = Pr {min ( ϒ Full
A , ϒ B ) < R0 }
Full
(12)

where RC = 22 R0 − 1.
Theorem 1: The end-to-end outage probability of the system is approximated as:
Full
Pout = Fϒ Full ( 22 R0 − 1) (13)
A

where Fϒ Full
A
is the CDF of ϒ Full
A which is derived in Appendix.

4.2 With RF chain selection

First, the CDF Fϒi (γ) of ϒi = min{ϒiAB , ϒiBA } is evaluated (Xu et al., 2011).
Where ϒiAB and ϒiBA are defined in equations (9) and (10).
Here, γ1 = PS|hiA|2 and γ2 = PS|hiB|2 it is assumed that PS = PR = P0 and P0 >> N0. Thus,
equations (9) and (10) can be written as:
γ1γ2
ϒiAB = (14)
γ1 + 2γ2

γ1γ2
ϒiBA = (15)
2γ1 + γ2

1
i
The information rates of the two links are given by RAB = log 2 (1+ ϒiAB ) and
2
1
i
RBA = log 2 (1+ ϒiBA ) .
2
The outage probability in case of RF selection is given as:
68 A. Taneja and N. Saluja

AS
Pout = Pr {min {ϒiAB , ϒiBA } < R0 } (16)

1
Let X j = , j = A, B, the probability density function of Xj is given by Guo et al.
hij
(2011) and Hasna and Alouini (2002).
1  1 
f Xj ( x j ) = exp  − U ( x j ) (17)
β jxj 2
 β jxj 
where U(.) is a unit step function.
Let ϒi = min{ϒiAB , ϒiBA }, then CDF of ϒi is given by:

  γ 
Fϒi (γ) = 1 − exp  −   U (γ) (18)
  ϒi 

γ0
where ϒi =
Kj
AS
Pout = Fϒi ( RC ) (19)

 K j RC 
AS
Pout = 1 − exp  − (20)
 γ0 

2( β Aj + β Bj )
where K j = .
β Aj β Bj

5 Results and discussion

Here, the simulation results are presented in order to validate the performance analysis.
The transmit power at both the sources is taken to be equal to the relay transmit power PS
= PR. The number of antennas at each source is taken to be M = 3. The distance between
the two users is normalised to 1, the normalised distance from user A to relay is d1 which
is set to be 0.3. The path loss exponent is 3. βAj = d1–3 and βBj = (1 – d1)–3. The outage
probability is evaluated for two different threshold values of information rate, that is,
R0 = 1 and R0 = 2.
Figure 2 gives the comparison of system outage probability for the above two
mentioned scenarios, vis., without RF chain selection and with proposed selection. In the
first case, all the antennas at the sources (M = 3) are participating, while in the later case,
one antenna is selected at both the users and the RF chain associated with the selected
antenna gets activated. For low values of SNR, the outage probability improves with the
RF chain selection.
Figure 3 illustrates the outage performance of the relay system under the given two
scenarios for different values of information rates, R0 = 1 and R0 = 2. It is observed that
the crossover between the two curves occur at 21dB for R0 = 1 while for R0 = 2 this
crossover occurs at 27.5 dB.
 A reduced hardware complexity algorithm with improved outage 69

Figure 2 Comparison of outage performance with RF chain selection

100

10-1

Outage Probability
10-2

10-3

10-4 without AS
with AS

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Ps[dB]

Figure 3 System outage probability vs. PS for different information rates

100

10-1
Outage Probability

R0=1
R0=2
10-2

10-3 without AS
with AS

10-4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Ps[dB]

Figure 4 Ergodic capacity of system with RF chain selection

1.6

1.4

1.2 Random_AS
Proposed_AS
Ergodic Capacity

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Ps[dB]

Figure 4 gives the ergodic capacity of the two-way relay system with the proposed
selection scheme. The system capacity increases with increase in source transmit power.
70 A. Taneja and N. Saluja

On comparison with random selection, the proposed approach increases the system
capacity by 52% at source transmit power of 16 dB.

Figure 5 Variation of energy efficiency with RF chain selection

4.0x104

3.5x104
Energy Efficiency (bits/Hz/Joule) Random_AS
3.0x104 Proposed_AS

2.5x104

2.0x104

1.5x104

1.0x104

5.0x103

0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Ps [dB]

Figure 5 presents the energy efficiency of the system with the proposed selection
technique. As compared to random selection, the proposed scheme offers huge
improvement in the energy consumption of the system.

Figure 6 Average end-to-end SNR with RF chain selection

25

20
Average end-to-end SNR

15

Random_AS
10 Proposed_AS

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Ps[dB]

Figure 6 depicts the average end-to-end SNR of the system under the proposed selection
approach and conventional random selection. It is shown that the proposed selection
scheme outperforms the random selection scheme.

6 Conclusions

We proposed a practical 5G system with cooperative environment in which multi-antenna

users communicate with the base station through a number of single antenna AF relays.
The challenge with multiple antennas is the hardware complexity owing to large number
of RF chains associated with each antenna element. Hence, the proposed RF chain
 A reduced hardware complexity algorithm with improved outage 71

selection algorithm enables the optimal utilisation of the resources. The system outage
performance is evaluated for the two cases vis., without RF chain selection and with
proposed selection scheme. The paper claims that the presented algorithm performs
superior in terms of outage probability with low value of SNR. The ergodic capacity of
the proposed algorithm is evaluated and presented to calculate the energy efficiency of
the proposed mobile communication system. The paper concludes that the system
capacity improves by 52% at SNR of 16dB with proposed algorithm. It also improves the
energy efficiency. Further, it is shown that the average end-to-end SNR of the proposed
algorithm increases with transmit power PS.

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Appendix

Proof of Theorem 1ist as follows:

The CDF of instantaneous end-to-end SNR Fγ AFull is expressed as:

 α γ A γB 
Fγ AFull (γ) = Pr  ≤ γ
 (α +1)γ A + γB +1 
Ωγ ∞
= 
0
Pr  γ A >  γB  f γB ( γB ) dγB + 
Ωγ
Pr  γ A ≤  γB  f γB ( γB ) dγB (21)
∞
= 1−  Ωγ
FˆγA ( ) f γB ( γB ) dγB

γ (γβ +1)
where FˆγA (γ) = 1 − Fγ AFull (γ ) and  = .
α γβ − (α +1)γ
The CDF of γA(γ) is given as (Da Costa and Aissa, 2009):
γ n
1 γ 

− M −1
FγA (γ) = 1 − e γA (22)
n =0 n !  γ A 

The PDF of γA(γ) is given as:

γ
γ M −1 −
f γB (γ) = M
e γB (23)
Γ( M ) γB

where γ A = E[PS||hA||2] and γB = E[PS||hB||2].

Using the binomial expansion given in Gradshteyn and Ryzhik (2000), [eq. 1.111]
and substituting (22) and (23) in (21) with γB = i + Ωγ, we get:
 A reduced hardware complexity algorithm with improved outage 75

 1 Ω γ
γ M −1 − γ + 
Fγ AFull (γ ) = 1 − M
e  α γA γA  γB n
Γ( M ) γB
1 M −1  n   M − 1
  
M −1 n
×   
n=0 n! p =0 q =0
 p q 
n
(24)
 γ  M − q −1
× p
 (Ωγ +1) (Ωγ)
 α γA 
γ (Ωγ +1) i
∞ − −

 − p+q α γ Ai γB
× i e di
0

The last term in equation (24) can be solved using Gradshteyn and Ryzhik, 2000)
[eq. 3.471.9].
1− p + q
 γ γ(Ωγ +1)  2
s1 = 2  B 
 α γA  (25)
 γ(Ωγ +1) 
×K1− p + q  2 
 α γ A γB 

Here, Kv(x) is the vth order of modified Bessel function of second kind.
We get the desired result in equation (26) by substituting equation (25) into
equation (24), as follows:
n
1− p + q 1− p +q
+  M −1 n M −1  
 1 Ω n+ M−
−γ
2 p   M − 1  1  2  1 

 α γA γ A  2
FϒFull (γ) = 1 −     
A
Γ(M )e n =0 p =0 q =0
n!  q  α γA   γB  (26)
M +n −
1+ p +q 1+ p +q  γ(Ωγ +1) 
×ΩM −q−1γ 2 (Ωγ +1) 2 K1− p+q  2 
 α γA γB 