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Journal of Information & Knowledge Management

Vol. 20, No. S1 (2021) 2140009 (15 pages)
.c World Scienti¯c Publishing Co.
#
DOI: 10.1142/S0219649221400098

Internet of Things (IoT) for MC-CDMA-Based

Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) in 5G:
Performance Results

M. R. H. Khan* and M. A. Hoque

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Islamic University of Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
*rhkhan@iut-dhaka.edu

M. Saifur Rahman
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering
and Technology (BUET), Bangladesh

Published 3 February 2021

Abstract. Both the internet-connected devices, i.e. IoT and Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) are
considered to be the future technologies for the ¯fth generation of cellular wireless standards (5G). On the
one hand, Internet of Things (IoT) focuses primarily on how to allow general objects to see, hear, and smell
their own physical environment and make them connected to share the observations. On the other hand, a
CRN is based on a complex spectrum allocation system, and licenced primary users (PUs) or unlicenced
secondary users (SUs) are allowed to share the spectrum, provided they do not cause signi¯cant inter-
ference. The IoTs are meaningless if IoT objects are not equipped with cognitive radio capability. In
cognitive radio, it is important to control the transmission power of SUs so that the interference should not
be harmful to the quality of service of PUs. In this paper, the authors addressed the e®ects of imperfect
power control between primary users (PUs) and the secondary users (SUs) of an IoT-based CRN. The
e®ect of the co-channel interference (CCI) and adjacent channel interferences (ACIs) occurring in CRN
using MC-CDMA system is also analysed. A new expression of the signal-to-interference-noise ratio
(SINR) for CRN-based MC-CDMA system over a Nakagami-m fading channel with imperfect power
control condition is derived and investigated. The performance of IoT-based CRN using MC-CDMA
system over the frequency selective multipath fading channel is examined with varying the number of
users, the SINR per bit, number of fading path and number of sub-carriers. From the simulation results,
we have seen that the SINR performance is a®ected by these parameters. The result of the analysis will
provide relevant information to design the physical layer protocol for high-speed IoT-based CRN system
for 5G.

Keywords: Spectrum sensing; internet of things (IoT); code division multiple access (CDMA); cognitive
radio network (CRN); co-channel interference; multiple access interference (MAI).

1. Introduction
With the exponential increase in the number of internet-connected devices, i.e.
Internet of Things (IoT), allocation of su±cient spectrum bands is one of the
key challenges and other includes transmission performance degradation and

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interference amongst devices (Li et al., 2014). Coexisted with traditional wireless
network, a signi¯cant number of high-bandwidth applications are likely to be
accessing the network simultaneously could hardly adapt to the demand of IoT. An
e±cient resource allocation system is on high demand that makes cognitive radio
networks (CRNs) one of the most important IoT systems. Recently, IoT's imple-
mentation of CRNs has shown better performance than networks currently in use
such as Wi-Fi, WiMAX, Bluetooth, etc. (Haykin, 2005). Cognitive radio (CR) is a
revolutionary technology which uses spectrum sensing and dynamic spectrum access
(DSA) that provides e±cient radio resource utilisation (Zaho and Sadler, 2007). The
CRN is advised to o®er higher bandwidth by revealing idle spectrum (Haddad et al.,
2011). Hence, by necessity, the CR-based IoT framework becomes a priority for
wireless communication systems researchers. There are two groups of users in CNR,
one being primary users (PUs) with complete rights to use it, the other being
secondary users (SUs), or users of CR. There are three ways through which a SU
can share the spectrum band of a PU, these are overlay, underlay and interweave
(Awin et al., 2019). The SU's transmission power in the underlay scheme should
never exceed any limit, whilst the SU will produce an orthogonal signal to the PU
signal to remove interference in the overlay scheme. Practically, SUs improve the
capacity of transmission to reach the desired throughput. This performance will
threaten the quality of service (QoS) of PUs. Therefore a trade-o® between the
e±ciency and fairness between SUs and PUs is accomplished by optimally managing
the transmitting power of SUs (Zhang et al., 2010). Because several non-contiguous
frequency holes need to be transmitted by CR transceivers, multi-carrier-based
systems are the best candidates for their physical layer.
Two elements are required to bene¯t from CR transmission. First, a spectrum
control system capable of detecting and/or gathering information on interfering
signals, and second, an adaptive transceiver architecture capable of leveraging that
expertise. Moreover, the cognitive system should be able to use intermittent idle
waves, using a technique called \spectrum ampli¯cation," e.g. multi-carrier modu-
lation. In Weiss and Jondral (2004), multiplexing of the Orthogonal Frequency
Division (OFDM) was used for spectrum sharing. In addition, Poston and Horne
(2005) proposes an OFDM-based architecture for cognitive operations, namely dis-
contiguous OFDM. To reduce interference, both Weiss and Jondral (2004) and
Poston and Horne (2005) deactivate the ¯xed-bandwidth sub-bands interfering with
the primary framework. In this regard, Multi-Carrier Direct Sequence Code Division
Multiple Access (MC-DS-CDMA) systems are constrained in interference; a cellular
architecture has been proposed for CR networking using Direct Sequence Single-
Carrier CDMA (DS MC-CDMA) (Attar et al., 2008; Karthipan et al., 2016). DS-
CDMA has to use many rake ¯ngers which increase the complexity of the system.
Since MC-CDMA does not need a RAKE receiver, it is simpler than DS-CDMA and
shows great potential for CRN use. This has given rise to research on MC-CDMA
systems that allow variable data rates (Chih-Lin and Gitlin, 1995; Chih-Lin et al.,
1995; Schotten et al., 1997). In the meantime, MC-CDMA has emerged as an

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e®ective alternative to the traditional direct sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA) in mobile

wireless communications (Yee et al., 1994; Gui and Ng, 1999; Andrews and Meng,
2004), and has proved superior performance in multipath fading to single-carrier
CDMA. MC-CDMA working through CRN, subcarriers located in a PU's vicinity will
be deactivated to prevent interference. This scheme is called Non-Contiguous MC-
CDMA (NC-MC-CDMA) (Rajbanshi et al., 2007). Deactivated subcarriers result in
loss of orthogonality amongst spreading codes and increase the NC-MC-CDMA error
°oor. Instead of shutting o® the ¯xed-bandwidth sub-bands, a cognitive MC-CDMA
can change its transmission parameters, such as bandwidth and sub-band power,
according to the interference pattern in that sub-band (Attar et al., 2008). For such
cognitive MC-CDMA, the bottleneck is the availability of sharp, customisable ¯lters
and proper spreading codes. The performance of CRN-based MC-CDMA system for
Rayleigh fading channel was simulated in Dhevi and Vishvaksenan (2017).
The IoT-based CRN systems are widely believed to be able to mitigate inter-
ference by searching for interference-free channels with a dynamic spectrum control
capability (Wu et al., 2014). Spectrum decision support framework for CRN is
presented in Akhtar et al. (2018). The IoT-based CRN frameworks for e±cient
spectrum sensing and sharing mechanism are presented in Awin et al. (2019). Sal-
ameh et al. (2017) suggested a probabilistic spectrum assignment algorithm under
constructive jamming attacks in time-critical IoT-based CRNs. They sought to re-
duce the invalidity ratio of each CRN transmission to packets, subject to delay
constraints. Shigueta et al. (2014) implemented a channel assignment strategy in
IoT networks that uses opportunistic spectrum exposure by CRN. A co-channel
interference-constrained spectrum allocation scheme with simultaneous power and
network capacity optimisation technique is presented in Tiwari and Saha (2015).
Denis et al. (2016) examined the problem of optimising energy output for SUs under
secondary total power and primary constraints of interference (Denis et al., 2016).
A Signal-to-Interference-Noise Ratio (SINR) and position constraints model is pre-
sented in Wen et al. (2018) without considering channel modelling. A complete
system performance analysis for IoT-based CRN system considering channel inter-
ferences with realistic channel modelling for multi-user scenario is yet to be reported.
There are two major interferences occurring within CR system, namely co-
channel interference (CCI) and adjacent channel interferences (ACIs). The CCI
arises because the same sub-band frequency is used by a coexisting CR transmitter
and the ACI is due to power leakage from the neighbouring IoT station (He et al.,
2016). Proper ¯lter design can minimise the existence of ACI. To test the BER
performance of MC-CDMA systems, it is commonly assumed that ACI and CCI are
distributed in Gaussian (Kondo and Milstein, 1996; Sourour and Nakagawa, 1996).
Very recently, the Nakagami-m distributed channel has drawn considerable atten-
tion of the researchers (Simon and Alouini, 1999; Zhang, 1998) because it is a more
realistic model then the others. This generic channel model is used, since the
Nakagami-m distribution is a generalised distribution, which often gives the best ¯t
to land-mobile and indoor-mobile multipath propagation environments, as well as to

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scintillating ionospheric radio links (Nakagami, 1960). A good ¯t to these widely

varying propagation scenarios is achieved by varying the single parameter of in the
Nakagami-m distribution (Kim and Lee, 2000; Yang and Hanzo, 2001, 2002). Fur-
thermore, the Nakagami-m distribution o®ers features of analytical convenience, as it
has been shown in numerous treatises (Tiwari and Saha, 2015; Yang and Hanzo, 2001.
In this contribution, we evaluate Bit-Error-Rate (BER) performance of cognitive MC-
CDMA system for multi-user scenario in the context of downlink communications for
Nakagami-m channel. The rest of this paper is organised as follows. Section 2 discusses
the system model of the proposed IoT-based MC-CDMA for CNR system. The SINR
and BER of the proposed system are derived in Sec. 3. Section 4 presents the numerical
result of the proposed system. At last, Sec. 5 presents the conclusions.

2. CRN-Based MC-CDMA System Model

In an IoT enabled CRN system, the IoTs are the cognitive users (SUs) (Salameh et al.,
2019). In this paper, both the PUs and SUs use MC-CDMA-based CR for e±cient
spectrum allocation.

2.1. Transmitted signal model

The transmitter schematic of the kth cognitive link is shown in Fig. 1 for the CRN-based
MC-CDMA system. At the transmitter side, the binary data stream having a bit duration
of Tb is serial-to-parallel converted to N parallel substreams. The new bit duration of each
substream or the symbol duration is Ts ¼ NTb . After serial-to-parallel conversion, the nth
substream modulates a subcarrier frequency fn using binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)
for n ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; N. Then, the N subcarrier-modulated substreams are added in order to
form the complex modulated signal. Eventually, it imposes spectral spreading on the
complex signal by multiplying it with a spreading code. Therefore, the transmitted signal
of cognitive links can be expressed as (Yang and Hanzo, 2002)
X N pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Sk ðtÞ ¼ n¼1
2Pk bkn ðtÞck ðtÞ cosð2fn t þ kn Þ; ð1Þ
where Pk represents the transmitted power per subcarrier, whilst bkn ðtÞ, ck ðtÞ, fn , and kn
represent the data stream, the DS spreading waveform, the subcarrier frequency set and
the phase angles introduced in the carrier modulation process. The waveform of the data

Fig. 1. Transmitter of the proposed CRN-based MC-CDMA.

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stream, bkn ðtÞ, consists of a series of mutually independent rectangular pulses of length T s
and equally probable amplitude þ1 or 1. The ck ðtÞ spreading sequence denotes the kth
cognitive relation signature sequence waveform, assumes equally possible values of +1 or
1.

2.2. Channel model

As seen from Fig. 1, the kth transmitted signal, Sk ðtÞ is transmitted through a
channel, hk ðtÞ. We assume that the channel between the kth transmitter and the
corresponding receiver is a Nakagami-m fading channel with L multipath. The
complex low-pass equivalent representation of the impulse response experienced by
subcarrier n of cognitive link k is given by John (2001)
XL
hkn ðtÞ ¼ l
nl ðt   kl Þ expðjnl Þ; ð2Þ
where nl ,  kl and nl represent the attenuation factor, delay and phase-shift for the
lth multipath component of the channel, respectively, whilst L is the total number of
diversity paths and ðtÞ is the Kronecker-Delta function. We assume that the phases
nl in Eq. (2) are independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables
uniformly distributed in the interval ½0; 2, whilst the L multipath attenuations nl
in Eq. (2) are independent Nakagami random variables with a probability density
function (pdf) of John (2001)
e    nl
2
2m m  2m1
m

P ðnl Þ ¼ 11
; nl  0; ð3Þ
ðmÞ m
where ð:Þ is the gamma function, and m is the Nakagami-m fading parameter,
which is equal to m ¼ E 2 ½ðnl Þ 2 =var½ðnl Þ 2 . The parameter m of the amplitude
distribution characterises the severity of the fading over the lth resolvable path. The
parameter, nl is the second moment of nl , i.e. nl ¼ E 2 ½ðnl Þ 2 . In this paper, we
assume a negative exponentially decaying multipath intensity pro¯le (MIP) distri-
bution. Hence, nl ¼  for all l and k.

2.3. Received signal

The receiver schematic of the kth cognitive link is shown in Fig. 2. In this paper,
the total number of asynchronous cognitive links is K and each sub-band has N
subcarriers. Furthermore, it is assumed that the chip rate and the bit rate of message
signals are ¯xed so that the processing gain, G, is ¯xed by the ratio of the chip rate
and the bit rate. Under these assumptions, when K signals obeying the form of
Eq. (4) are transmitted over the frequency selective fading channels characterised by

Fig. 2. Receiver of the proposed CRN-based MC-CDMA.

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Eq. (2) the received signal including the other cognitive link interference, fading and
the background noise at the base station can be modelled as
X K X N X L pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
rk ðtÞ ¼ k¼1 n¼1 l¼1
2Pk nl bkn ðt   kl Þck ðt   kl Þ cosð2fn t þ ’kn Þ

þ nðtÞ; ð4Þ
where ’kn ¼ kn  nl  2fn  kl , which is assumed to be an i.i.d. random variable having
a uniform distribution in ½0; 2, whilst nðtÞ represents the additive white Gaussian noise
(AWGN) with zero mean and double-sided power spectral density of N0 =2.

3. System Analysis
In this section, we analyse the statistics of the decision variable of Zkn . Let us assume
that the desired user is the ¯rst user. Let the correlation between the signals of the
kth sub-band with carrier n and signals of the Vth sub-band with carried v be. With
no loss of generality, it can be assumed also that  11 ¼ 0 and ’11 ¼ 0. Then the
output of the matched ¯lter for the kth sub-band using nth subcarrier is
Z Tb
Zkn ¼ rk ðtÞck ðtÞ cosð2fn tÞdt
0
Z Tb hX K X N X L pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi i
¼ k¼1 n¼1 l¼1
2Pk nl bkn ðt   kl Þck ðt   kl Þ cosð2fn t þ ’kn Þ
0
ð5Þ
Z Tb
ck ðtÞ cosð2fn tÞdt þ nðtÞck ðtÞ cosð2fn tÞdt
0
XL XN XL XK XL
¼Dþ l¼1
I 1 þ n¼1 l¼1
I 2 þ k¼2
I
l¼1 3
XK XN XL
þ k¼2 n¼1
I þR
l¼1 4
¼ D þ Z1 þ Z2 þ Z3 þ Z4 þ Z; ð6Þ
where R is contributed by nðtÞ of Eq. (4) which is a Gaussian random variable with
zero mean.

3.1. Desired term D

From Eq. (6)
Z Tb pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
D¼ 2Pk 11l b11 ðtÞc 21 ðtÞcos 2 ð2fn tÞdt
0
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z Tb
2Pk
¼ 11l b11 ðtÞ½1  cos 2ð2fn tÞdt
2 0
rffiffiffiffiffiffi
Pk
¼  b ðT ÞT ð7Þ
2 1l 11 b b

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R Tb
Here c 21 ðtÞ ¼ 1 and 0
b11 ðtÞ½cos 2ð2fn tÞdt ¼ 0 for 2fc  2=Tb
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi P
E½D ¼ T b2 E½ Pk =2 2 ½1l  2 ¼ T b2 k  21l : ð8Þ
2

3.2. Interference term

The output of the correlator matched to the nth subcarrier, lth path, and the refer-
ence cognitive link associated with k ¼ 1 contains CCI and ACI elaborated as
following four type of interference in Eq. (6):
. Interference due to the remaining L  1 paths 6¼ 1, on the same carrier n from the
same cognitive link k ¼ 1.
. Interference due to the remaining L  1 paths 6¼ 1, from the other carrier n from
the same cognitive link k ¼ 1.
. Interference due to the L paths from the same carrier n from the other cognitive
link k > 1.
. Interference due to the L paths from the others carrier n from the other cognitive
link k > 1.
It is readily shown that R1, R2, R3, R4 have a zero mean hence, we are only
interested in their variances.

3.3. Self, same carrier interference, Z1

The interference term Z1 is contributed by the path l ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; L, associated with
the same subcarrier n as the reference cognitive link, which can be expressed as
XL
Z1 ¼ I
l¼1 1
Z Tb X pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
L
¼ l¼1
2Pk nl bkn ðt   kl Þck ðt   kl Þ
0
 cosð2fn t þ ’kn Þck ðtÞ cosð2fn tÞdt ð9Þ

Consequently,

XL T b2
varðZ1Þ ¼  21 ¼ l¼1
E½Pk  : ð10Þ
6G

3.4. Self, other carrier interference, Z2

The interference term Z2 is contributed by the path l, where l ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; L, asso-
ciated with the subcarrier n, where n ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; N.n 6¼ v induced by the reference

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cognitive link, which can be expressed as

XN XL
Z2 ¼ n¼1
I
l¼1 2
Z Tb X X L pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
N
¼ n¼1 l¼1
2Pk nl bkn ðt   kl Þck ðt   kl Þ
0
 cosð2fn t þ ’kn Þck ðtÞ cosð2fn tÞdt: ð11Þ

Due to the orthogonality of the subcarrier signals received over the same path and
from the same cognitive link, we have
Z Ts
cosð2fn t þ ’il Þ cosð2fn t þ ’jl Þdt ¼ 0: ð12Þ
0

Therefore, the interference term of Z2 due to the path l on the subcarrier u;

u ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; N; u 6¼ v engendered by the reference cognitive link is zero. For
this case

varðZ2Þ ¼  22 ¼ 0: ð13Þ

3.5. Other cognitive link, same carrier interference, Z3

The multi-link interference (MLI) term Z3 in Eq. (3.1) is due to the path associated
with the same subcarrier engendered by the interfering cognitive links, k ¼ 2; . . . ; K,
which can be expressed as
XK XL
Z2 ¼ k¼2
I
l¼1 3
Z Tb X X L pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
K
¼ k¼2 l¼1
2Pk nl bkn ðt   kl Þck ðt   kl Þ
0
 cosð2fn t þ ’kn Þck ðtÞ cosð2fn tÞdt: ð14Þ

Following the same simpli¯cation method used for Z1, we can write

XK XL T b2
varðZ3Þ ¼  23 ¼ k¼2 l¼1
E½Pk  : ð15Þ
6G

3.6. Other cognitive link, other carrier interference, Z4

Finally, the MUI term Z4 in Eq. (3.1) is due to the path l, l ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; L, induced by
the subcarriers n, n ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; N and n 6¼ v of the interfering cognitive link k,

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k ¼ 2; . . . ; K, which can be expressed as

XK XN XL
Z2 ¼ k¼2 n¼1
I
l¼1 4
Z Tb X
K X N X L pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ k¼2 n¼1 l¼1
2Pk nl bkn ðt   kl Þck ðt   kl Þ
0
 cosð2fn t þ ’kn Þck ðtÞ cosð2fn tÞdt: ð16Þ
Following the same simpli¯cation method used for Z1, we can write
XK XN XL T b2
varðZ3Þ ¼  23 ¼ k¼2 n¼1 l¼1
E½Pk  : ð17Þ
6G
Thus, MAI power
MAI ¼  21 þ  22 þ  23 þ  24
XL T b2
¼ l¼1
E½P k 
6G
XK XL T 2 XK XN XL T2
þ k¼2 l¼1
E½Pk  b k¼2 n¼1 l¼1
E½Pk  b : ð18Þ
6G 6G

3.7. Noise term, Z

From Eq. (6),
Z Tb
Z¼ nðtÞc1 ðtÞ cosð2fn tÞdt: ð19Þ
0

Now,
Z Tb Z Tb 
E½Z 2  ¼ E nðtÞnðÞc1 ðtÞc1 ðÞ cosð2fn tÞdt cosð2fn Þd
t¼0 ¼0
Z Tb Z Tb
¼ ½nðtÞnðÞc1 ðtÞc1 ðÞ cosð2fn tÞdt cosð2fn Þd
t¼0 ¼0
Z Tb Z Tb
N0
¼ ðt  Þc1 ðtÞc1 ðÞ cosð2fn tÞdt cosð2fn Þd
t¼0 ¼0 2
Z
N 0 Tb 2
¼ c ðtÞcos 2 ð2fn tÞdt
2 t¼0 1
 
N0 1
¼ Tb þ cosð4fn Tb Þ
4 4fn
N0 1
 T ; for fn  ; ð20Þ
4 b Tb
N
varðZÞ ¼  2N ¼ 0 Tb : ð21Þ
4
In the case of imperfect power control (IPC), the set of power level for the K1
interfering cognitive links are not constant, but a random variable. The received

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amplitude Pk of the kth cognitive link can be modelled as a random variable with
uniform distribution around the nominal value of the received power level P0 . The
pdf of Pk can be assumed as
1
fðPk Þ ¼ ; P0  V  Pk < P0 þ V ; ð22Þ
2V
where V is the maximum variation range of the received signal with respect to the
mean value P0 . Here,
Z P0 þV
E½Pk  ¼ Pk fðPk ÞdPk ¼ P0 : ð23Þ
P0 V

Hence, conditional SINR conditioned on 1l

Signalpower
SNIR1l ¼
Interferencepower þ Noisepower
D
¼ 2
 MAI þ  2N
 21l
¼ P L PK PL PK PN PL  N0
1
3Pk G l¼1 E½Pk  þ k¼2 l¼1 E½Pk  þ k¼2 n¼1 l¼1 E½Pk  þ 2E b

 21l
¼ ; ð24Þ
P0
3Pk G ½ðLK þ NLK  NLÞ þ 2E
N0
b

where energy per bit Eb ¼ Pk Tb and we assuming  21l is a random variable with
Nakagami-m distribution. Equation (24) is the generalised expression of conditional
SINR conditioned on 1l .

3.8. Expression for SINR

Unconditional SINR can be derived as follows:
Z 
SINR ¼ SINR1l P ð1l Þd1l
0

¼ : ð25Þ
P0
3Pk G ½ðLK þ NLK  NLÞ þ 2E
N0
b

For BPSK modulation scheme, over any channel BER is expressed by the well-
known relation (John, 2001)
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
BER ¼ Qð SINRÞ: ð26Þ

4. Numerical Results
The SINR in case of IPC of IoT-based MC-CDMA for CNR system has been plotted
in Figs. 3 and 4 versus the number of cognitive links K and the SNR per bit Eb =N0 ,

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Fig. 3. SINR versus the number of cognitive links for IoT-based MC-CDMA for CNR system with IPC.

Fig. 4. SINR versus Eb =N0 for IoT-based MC-CDMA for CNR system with imperfect power control.

respectively. Here, P0 =Pk ¼ 1 corresponds to the perfect power control (PPC) con-
dition and P0 =Pk ¼ 2 is an IPC condition where the maximum variation of the
received amplitude P0 is twice to the mean value of the received amplitude Pk .
In Fig. 3, SINR is plotted versus the number of simultaneously active cognitive
links, K, using G ¼ 128, N ¼ 5 and Eb =N0 ¼ 30 dB to draw the two curves con-
sidering PPC and IPC condition. From Fig. 3, it is observed that keeping all other
parameter constant, if the number of simultaneously active cognitive link is in-
creased, the SINR decreases. The cause behind this trend of SINR can explain easily.
As the number of cognitive link increases, the interference amongst the cognitive

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links increases which in turn increases the MAI power and consequently, the SINR
decreases.
The variation of SINR versus Eb =N0 using G ¼ 128, N ¼ 5, K ¼ 5 is shown in
Fig. 4 and it is observed that all other parameters are kept constant, if the ratio
Eb =N0 is increased, the SINR increases almost linearly up to a certain value. After
that certain value of Eb =N0 , the SINR becomes almost independent of Eb =N0 . It can
be explained as follows. For lower value of Eb =N0 , the interference power caused by
multiple cognitive links is negligible compared to the noise power. Consequently, for
the lower value of Eb =N0 , SINR is linearly related with Eb =N0 . But after a certain
value of Eb =N0 , the noise power becomes less signi¯cant compared to that MAI
power. Hence, the SINR becomes almost independent of Eb =N0 .
Next, the BER performance of the proposed MC-CDMA-based CRN system is
compared with the theoretical performance in Fig. 5. As observed, in IPC condition,
the BER performance degrades almost three folds compared to its theoretical values.
This phenomenon can be explained with assist of Fig. 4. For lower value of Eb =N0 ,
the interference power caused by multiple cognitive links is negligible compared to
the noise power. Consequently, for the lower value of Eb =N0 , SINR is linearly related
with Eb =N0 . Hence a lower value of SINR ultimately means a low change of Eb =N0 .
So, the BER appears to be constant. But after a certain value of Eb =N0 , the noise
power becomes less signi¯cant compared to that MAI power. Hence, at higher value,
the SINR becomes almost independent of Eb =N0 and ultimately the BER decreases.
BER versus SINR for IoT-based MC-CDMA for CNR system performance for
Nakagami-m fading channel with IPC condition is compared with Rayleigh fading
channel (Gui and Ng, 1999) and °at fading channel condition (Yang and Wang,
2007) in Fig. 6. As shown in Fig. 5 in IPC condition the BER performance degrades
almost three fold compare to its theoretical values. Figure 6 shows that for IPC
condition both the Nakagami-m fading channel and the Rayleigh fading channel

Fig. 5. BER versus SINR for IoT-based MC-CDMA for CNR system.

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IoT for MC-CDMA-Based CRN in 5G: Performance Result

Fig. 6. BER versus SINR performance comparison for MC-CDMA-based CNR system.

shows similar degraded performance. As observed, °at fading channel condition

shows better performance compared to all the previous conditions due to coherence
bandwidth of the channel being larger than the bandwidth of the signal.

5. Conclusion
The performance of CRN-based MC-CDMA communication system over a Naka-
gami-m distributed frequency selective multipath fading channel considering IPC
control has been analysed in this paper. A complete analysis of SINR performance of
the MC-CDMA for the reverse link of IoT-based CRN has been presented. From the
results, we concluded that the proposed MC-CDMA is an attractive wireless mul-
tiple access candidate, which is capable of interworking with the existing 4G CDMA
system, whilst providing an evolutionary path for future 5G networks without rigid.
The proposed matched ¯lter detection-based system shows robustness against in-
terference but requires exact synchronisation and full prior knowledge of PUs signal.
The future research may incorporate space time block code (STBC) as multi-input
and multi-output (MIMO) pro¯le due to its dominance in spatial diversity and
multi-access code division (CDMA) for the simultaneous transmission of cognitive
data to multiple IoT users (Leela and Vishvaksenan, 2019).

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