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A comprehensive survey of massive‐MIMO based on 5G antennas

Article in International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering · October 2022

DOI: 10.1002/mmce.23496

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DOI: 10.1002/mmce.23496

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

A comprehensive survey of massive-MIMO based on 5G

antennas

Suverna Senger | Praveen Kumar Malik

Department of Electronics, Lovely

Professional University, Phagwara, India
Correspondence
Suverna Senger, Department of
Electronics, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
Email: suverna.22490@lpu.co.in
Abstract
The rapid increase in the innovation of fifth-generation (5th G) technology is a
critical indicator of an explosion in technologies that satisfy everyday needs, and
antennas for 5G with reduced delay, minimal path loss, and a continuous pattern
of radiation will be essential. The upcoming 5G Massive multiple inputs, multiple
outputs (MIMO) antenna will improve the performance of future-generation wire-
less communication systems. The primary advantages of 5G technologies are their
greater transmission speeds, extremely high data rates, improved reliability, less
latency, enhanced spectral efficiencies, and the possibility of connecting a greater
number of wireless devices to the networks. The Massive MIMO antenna is one
of the most anticipated 5G technologies, which boosts the capacity compared to a
conventional MIMO antenna, increasing the spectral efficiency by 50 times. In
this review article, we discussed mutual coupling and then techniques and how to
reduce the coupling between antennas. The goal of this study is to look at the
huge MIMO antennas from a number of different angles.

KEYWORDS
5G (5th generation), antenna, gain, isolation, massive MIMO, millimeter-waves, multiple-
inputs multiple-outputs (MIMO), mutual coupling, wireless communication system

1 | INTRODUCTION Throughput ðbits=sÞ ¼ Bandwidth ðHzÞ

As a result of market demands and technological
advancement, wireless communication systems have
made remarkable progress in daily life. Throughout the
evolution from 1G to 5G,1,2 there has been a huge
increase in the field of wireless network communication.
Wireless communication systems must be able to handle
more users and different types of traffic, as well as multi-
ple applications, and access technologies. 5-G wireless
communication systems may promote idea like smart
power-grids, smart cities, smart parking, smart libraries,
and e-health, but these applications have lots of different
requirements and necessities. One of the most important
things to think about when it comes to wireless data traf-
fic is how many bits per second it can send and receive.
 Spectral efficiency bits S1 Hz1
ð1Þ
So, increasing bandwidth has consequences, such as
lowering the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by hertz with the
same transmitted power that satisfies the present
research focusing on spectral efficiency approaches.
Increasing spectral efficiency by using several antennas
at the transceivers is a well-known method.3 Here, in this
context, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) commu-
nication systems using an antenna array at the transmit-
ter and receiver are described. It allows for more
transmission while maintaining a minimum level of ser-
vice quality. Another thing that has become more

Int J RF Microw Comput Aided Eng. 2022;e23496. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/mmce © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. 1 of 27
https://doi.org/10.1002/mmce.23496
2 of 27
important as the need for wireless systems has grown is
how efficient the spectrum is?
As 5G wireless communication systems will meet all of
the above key characteristics, they will be able to enable
services such as very high data rates, better dependability,
improved quality of service (QoS), minimal latency, higher
network coverage, and low cost. All-dimensional link
between people and things will be possible due to 5G com-
munication technology, which eliminates the barrier of
space and time.4 The 3GPP proposed a Non-Stand-Alone
(NSA) New Radio (NR) specification for 5G during its ini-
tial proposal in 2017, which called for integration with the
prior 4G systems based on Long-Term-Evolution (LTE)
communication technology.5 However, 3GPP concentrated
on the first complete set of isolated 5G standards during
2018. The 5G NR release 15 and 16 versions jointly
included this set of standardized measures.6 The perfor-
mance evaluation of the three generic 5G services sup-
ported by the ITU, enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB),
massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC), and
Ultra Reliable Low Latency (URLLC)—was the major
objective7–9 as shown in Figure 1.
1.1 | Enhanced mobile-
broadband (eMBB)
It has ultra-high spectral efficiency with good internet
connectivity, broader bandwidth, minimal latency, ultra
high definition (UHD) live stream, etc.
1.2 | Massive machine-type
communications (mMTC)
It facilitates the connection of a large number of devices
via the Internet of Things (IoT). It supports long-range
and higher broadband machine-to-machine communica-
tions at a low cost and with less power consumption. For
Internet of Things (IoT) applications, it offers a high data
rate, lower power consumption, longer coverage, and
reduced device complexity.
1.3 | Ultra-reliable and low-latency
communication (uRLLC)
It has extremely low latency and very high reliability, as
well as a high quality of service (QoS). It was made to be
used for things such as remote surgeries and vehicle-to-
vehicle communication. It was also used for smart power
grids, smart homes and cities, and intelligent transporta-
tion systems.10–14
SENGER AND MALIK
For each of the three use cases, several deployment
scenarios are taken into consideration. Some of these are
indoor hotspots, dense urban, rural, and urban macro
areas, high speed, extremely long-distance coverage in
rural locations, urban coverage for massive connection, a
highway scenario, an urban grid for connected cars, com-
mercial air to ground scenarios, light aircraft scenarios,
and satellite extension to terrestrial applications.
The 3GPP has defined certain targets for 5G services,
as listed in Table 1.
1.4 | The evolution from 1G to 5G of
wireless network systems
1.4.1 | The first-generation (1G)
It had a poor rate of data that was 1–2.8 kilobits per second
(Kbps). It is utilized in circuit switching. It supports analog
technology and operates in the 800–900 MHz frequency
range, with a bandwidth of up to 40 MHz. Frequency divi-
sion multiplexing (FDM) was employed (FDM). It solely
supported audio. It made poor-quality calls. The amount of
energy used was really high. 1G allowed for the use of sev-
eral locations of cells and the transmission of screams from
one cell to the next as the user moved between them during
a discussion. Low capacity, poor information transfer, and
weak voice communication are just a few of the flaws of 1G
wireless technology. The early phones, which used analog
technology, were huge and bulky. It was possible for third-
party people to listen in on voice exchanges in radio towers
because they were rebroadcast.16
1.4.2 | The second-generation (2G)
It had a low rate of data that was 9.6–19.2 Kbps and was
used in packet switching to boost the efficiency of the
spectrum. It supports digital technology and operates at a
frequency range of 20–200 kHz. It uses CDMA technol-
ogy to boost audio quality. It delivered email and text
messaging services. It is extremely safe. To enhance secu-
rity, it uses digital encryption. It has significantly better
connectivity. It is not prepared to handle complicated
data, such as videos. Limited data services are provided
through networks. It increased the effective delivery of
transmission. In the early 1990s, 2G wireless networks
were introduced, which were based on digital rather than
analogue standards. The rapid phone-to-network trans-
mission was facilitated by 2G digital networks, which
also assisted in the introduction of pre-paid mobile
phones. Furthermore, 2G enabled text messaging (SMS)
first on GSM (Global System for Mobile
SENGER AND MALIK 3 of 27

F I G U R E 1 Advanced 5G wireless
communication applications

TABLE 1 Targeted 5G use cases15 packet switching have been used in this. It supports CDMA,
Targets Target value
WCDMA, and UMTS, which in the future improves voice
quality, service quality, and data rates. It also enables you
Peak data rate for eMBB 20 Gbps for downlink, 10 Gbps
to access high-speed multi-media assistance. It is delivered
for uplink
with broad-band wireless data and video calling facilities.
Peak spectral efficiency for 30 bps/Hz for downlink, 15 bps/
Device-to-device communication was possible due to W-
eMBB Hz for uplink
LAN and Bluetooth, but the quality of service (QoS) was
Latency 10 ms
terrible. It failed to meet the network's expectations. In
User plane latency for 0.5 ms 1998, the third-generation (3G) wireless network systems
URLLC
were created with high-speed data transmission capabilities
Reliability 105 packet error rate for 32 byte for downloading and delivering movies from internet
within 1 ms user-plane latency sources. Signals are carried by a network of cell towers
Mobility 500 km/h using 3G technology, ensuring a stable connection across
Connection density for 1 million devices/km2 vast distances. The high-speed connections of 3G technol-
mMTC ogy enable multimedia (audio and video) streaming of
User experience data rate 100 Mbps for downlink, 50 Mbps broadcast and even television (TV) signals to 3G mobile
in dense urban area for uplink phones. Video conferencing and faster web browsing were
(eMBB) also possible because of the technology.18
Mobility interruption time 0 ms
for eMBB and URLLC
1.4.4 | The fourth-generation (4G)
Communications) networks and later on other digital
networks. Low battery usage, enhanced voice clarity, and It transfers data at a speed of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps. In this,
reduced line noise are among the advantages of 2G digi- both CDMA multiplexing and packet switching were
tal networks. Data and voice calls were kept private and used. It provides high-definition televisions (HDTV), digi-
secure thanks to digital encryption. Finally, digital trans- tal video broadcast (DVB), video streaming or messaging
missions are thought to be eco-friendly.17 (SMS), integrated wireless solutions, and multimedia
message services (MMS), along with other services and
applications. It also provides global mobility assistance.
1.4.3 | The third-generation (3G) It uses a common communications protocol to trans-
mit and receive data in the form of packets. According to
It had a medium rate of data that was 144 Kbps to 2 Mbps, these conventional packets, 4G allows data to cross all
with a bandwidth (BW) of 5–20 MHz. Both circuit and types of networks without being jumbled or distorted. 4G
4 of 27 SENGER AND MALIK

TABLE 2 Summary of 1G to 5G wireless communication

Second- Third- Fourth-

Key features Frist-generation generation generation generation Fifth-generation
Development (year) 1970–1984 1980–1999 1990–2002 2000–2015 2015–till present
Technology used AMPS, NMT, TACS GSM W-CDMA LTE, Wi-Max Massive-MIMO,
milimeter-waves
Frequency band 30 KHz 1.8 GHz 1.6–2 GHz 2–8 GHz 3–30 GHz or >30 GHz
Data rate or speed 2 Kbps 14.4–64 Kbps 2 Mbps 200 Mbps–1 Gbps >1 Gbps
Access technology FDMA TDMA and CDMA CDMA OFDM and BDMA
CDMA
Network's Core PSTN PSTN Packet- Internet Internet connectivity
network connectivity

TABLE 3 5G network issues and its detail description

Features Brief descriptions Technology used

High data-rate (in The high data rate increased by 10 times as compared Millimeter-waves and massive multiple input,
Gbps) with 4G data speeds multiple output (Massive-MIMO)
Device connection An increase in the device connection numbers (106), The Internet of Things (IoT) provides real-time audio
numbers (device which benefit from wireless connectivity like sensors, and video connectivity from huge machine-to-
per meter square) machines, weather sensors, and medical sensors, as machine and device-to-device communications.
compared to 4G (105) Broader bandwidth, millimeter waves, tiny cells,
and other technologies are being developed
Spectral-efficiency Spectral efficiency is improved in 5G FBMC, NOMA, massive MIMO, and coordinated
(bits/s/Hz) multi-points
Latency (ms) 5G supports much lower (1 ms) latency as compared to Small cell deployment, Device-to-Device (D2D)
4G (10 ms) communications, and Smart data delaying
Data speed In a given place, 5G will be 100 times faster than 4G in D2D communications, millimeter-wave band, dense
processing (Mbps processing data tiny cells, network function virtualization, and the
per meter square) millimeter-wave band are all examples of
technologies
Energy-efficiency 5G technology will be able to deliver data at speeds of M-MIMO, millimeter-waves
(mj/b) up to 100 megabits per second while using
significantly less power, limiting its carbon footprint
Mobility (milli per 5G technology allows for faster user speeds Advanced heterogeneous network
second)

networks are a development of 3G networks that add
more bandwidth (BW), services, and high-quality audio
and video streaming features. Consumers may access the
web and watch high-definition (HD) films on their hand-
sets due to 4G technology. Using 4G communication net-
work systems, users can download gigabytes of data in
minutes or even seconds.19
1.4.5 | The fifth-generation (5G)
It has a data rate of up to 10 Gbps in the 6-GHz fre-
quency band, and its latency is less than 1 ms. Digital
cellular networks make up 5G networks. The service
area is separated into cells, which are small sections.
Analog sounds and visuals are turned digital. It is sent
as a series of bits. Millimeter waves (mm-waves) are
used in 5G, which has smaller antennas. Massive MIMO
is another approach that can be utilized to boost data
rates. There are many antennas in the wireless commu-
nication system per cell, which are connected to multi-
ple wireless devices. Data will be delivered in a lot of
different bits at the same time, which will make it more
efficient.
The base station (BS) analyses the best network path
to the wireless device, and multiple antennas work as
digitally scanned with phased arrays controlled by a com-
puter to produce radio wave beams that are beamformed
SENGER AND MALIK
FIGURE 2 Key enabling technologies for 5G
to the wireless devices, which supports millions of 5G
devices/km2. FCMA and BDMA are both supported. The
first generation of mobile phones was characterized as
network-centric since they were reliant on base stations.
5G has a comprehensive network that is controlled by
the devices. 5G is based on a device-focused strategy with
greater throughput; lower latency, enhanced system
capacity, and improved spectrum efficiency are the
results. The evolution of 1G to 5G systems for wireless
communication is shown in Table 220–22:
1.5 | Fifth generation technology
For the past several seasons, high data rates have become
an ever-increasing demand in the wireless communica-
tion network. To fulfill this requirement, a few advanced
technologies have been proposed, such as multiple-input
multiple outputs (MIMO) or massive-MIMO, beam form-
ing, densifying the network, smell-cells etc.23 The 5G
requirements are as given below:
• Data rate: The data rate of a 5G network would be 10
Gbps, which is about a hundred (100) times faster
than any other network.
5 of 27
• Latency (delay): In comparison to 10 ms of latency, the
5G network has a very low latency of 1 ms.
• Efficient-signaling: For the internet of things connectiv-
ity and machine-to-machine (M-to-M) communication
systems, 5G networks offer signaling that is effective.
• User experience: Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Real-
ity (VR), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are all
improved by 5G technology.
• Spectral efficiency: The spectral and network efficiency
of 5G would be 10 times higher.
• Battery life: For lower-power IoT devices, 5G promises
roughly a decade of battery life.
5G technology has a lot of benefits as discussed above
but it also has some drawbacks. The following are few of
the difficulties or drawbacks that 5G technology faces to
achieve the above requirements.
• Frequency band: For 5G networks, frequency bands up
to 300 GHz have been considered. Cellular providers
will be required to pay millions of dollars if this high-
frequency band becomes more expensive for cellular
providers.
• Coverage: The wavelength of a high-frequency pulse is
shorter; it cannot travel a greater distance. Because of
6 of 27 SENGER AND MALIK

FIGURE 3 The frequency bands for microwave, millimeter waves and terahertz wave band.

TABLE 4 Frequency ranges with its applications

Wave
Frequency length
Frequency band range range Uses and designations Applications
Ultra-high frequency 300 MHz to 100 mm to TV broadcasts Microwave ovens and
(UHF) band 3 GHz 1m instruments, communication,
radio astronomy, cellular devices,
WLAN, Bluetooth, GPS etc.

Cellular-site (base station

antennas)
Super-high frequency 3–30 GHz 10–100 mm Modern radars, Television (TV)
(SHF) band broadcasting satellites, WLAN,
Wi-Fi, Wi-MAX, microwave
devices and modern
communication systems etc.

TV satellite & communication

systems
Extremely-high 30–300 GHz 1–10 mm High-frequency microwave relays,
frequency (EHF) microwave remote sensing,
band millimeter-wave guided energy
weapons scanners, and so on.

Morden satellite navigation

systems

this problem, more base stations should be placed in
narrow areas to provide each user with a stable con-
nection. The additional base station raises the entire
network's cost and complexity.
• Cost: Since 5G is more than just an extra layer on top
of a 4G network, the expense of having to start from
scratch is unaffordable.
• Current phones do not support 5G infrastructure, so it
will be difficult for device companies to produce a less
expensive phone that can support 5G.
• Even though the fact that 5G uses the Authentication and
Key Agreement (AKA) system, it is still vulnerable to mid-
dleman attacks, location tracking, and eavesdropping.
• Availability: Network overload and congestion will be
key issues in the future as M2M and IoT become more
prevalent. Because of these radio access network
issues, it will be difficult to make the network available
to everyone (Table 3).
1.6 | Reading map and organization
The primary goal of this study is to provide a comprehen-
sive overview of 5G technology and how to apply it to
antenna design. What are their issues, and how can we
build a solution to address them?
SENGER AND MALIK 7 of 27

FIGURE 4 Frequency spectrum that has previously been assigned globally by international regulators26

TABLE 5 Newly defined NR bands and applicable subcarrier spacing's26,27

Applicable subcarrier spacing for data

Frequency band Newly defined NR bands transmission
Frequency range 1 (FR1) 450 MHz to 7.125 GHz n77 (3.3–4.2 GHz) 15 kHz
n78 (3.3–3.8 GHz) 30 kHz
n79 (4.4–5 GHz) 60 kHz
Frequency range 2 (FR2) 24.25–52.6 GHz n257 (26.5–29.5 GHz) 60 kHz
n258 (24.25–27.5 GHz) 120 kHz
n260 (37–40 GHz)
n261 (27.5–28.35 GHz)

In Section 1, we will discuss the evolution from 1G to
5G and the depth of advanced 5G technologies, and the
frequency spectrum that covers the emerging applica-
tions of 5G and several fields of research in the 5G wire-
less communication networks. This survey discusses the
current 5G network scenario, advantages and applica-
tions, key technology and features. The background of
massive MIMO and beamforming techniques is explained
in Section 2. Detailed analysis and recent progress of 5G
mobile network upcoming technologies, including
MIMO, massive MIMO, and beamforming, as well as cur-
rent approaches and corresponding challenges, are
provided.
During the development of the 5G technology,
antenna design issues like antenna technical specifica-
tions are looked at in Section 3 of this text.
Finally, future directives and scopes are discussed in
the article.
research questions after deciding on the topic. The fol-
lowing are the study's basic research questions:
RQ1: What is massive multiple-input multi-
ple-output (massive-MIMO) and what are
the benefits over 5G technologies?
RQ2: What are the challenges of antenna
design for 5G and existing solutions?
RQ3: What was done in the literature in the
early stages?
RQ4: What will be the scope of research in
the upcoming years?
2 | K E Y T E C H N O L O G I E S FO R 5 G
OR BEY OND

1.7 | Research questions (RQ) As shown in Figure 2, 5G networks have been proposed
for full-duplex technology, Massive-MIMO, and other sig-
The first stage in beginning a systematic mapping is to nificant technologies have been proposed for 5G
determine the purpose of this research: to determine the networks.
8 of 27
2.1 | Frequency spectrum for 5G
For 5G communications (Marcus 2020), the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) designated frequency
spectrums of 3.4–3.6, 5–6, 24.25–27.5, 37–40.5, and 66–
76 GHz, while the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) designated spectrum of 27.5–28.35 GHz. The spec-
trum for 5G networks is separated into three different fre-
quency ranges, unlike earlier technologies.24
For the development of 5G wireless communication
systems, an extremely high-data rate, higher capacity,
reliability, security with less complexity, and signal
quality are essential.25 The anticipated data rates for 5G
standard range from 10 megabits per second to 10 giga-
bits. The term microwave encompasses a wide range of
frequencies, from ultra-high frequency (UHF) at fre-
quencies between 300 and 3000 MHz to extremely high
frequency (EHF) at frequencies between 30 and
300 GHz. Ordinarily, the super-high frequency (SHF),
with frequencies ranging from 3 to 30 GHz, and the
extra-high frequency (EHF) bands are used by unli-
censed wireless Ethernet networks and licensed micro-
wave bridges. The signal will generally travel at a low
frequency because of this common phenomenon as
shown in Figure 3.
This divide is a necessary part of this appealing new
technology (5G), as shown in Table 4.
In addition to these recently announced frequencies,
the NR can also be used on bands that were previously
designated for LTE in FR1. LTE-Advanced is limited to a
single SCS of 15 kHz and CA with up to five component
carriers (CCs), which results in a maximum aggregated
bandwidth of 100 MHz. NR can handle up to 10 compo-
nent carriers (CCs) and up to 20 kHz. Additionally, FR2
SENGER AND MALIK
F I G U R E 5 Massive-MIMO
basic architecture
does not support LTE-Advanced rollout. Table 4 summa-
rizes the newly defined NR bands and applicable SCSs.
The 3GPP 5G NR specification will enable 3300–
3800 MHz now. It is advised that each 5G network be
given at least 100 MHz of continuous bandwidth from
the 3300–3800 MHz range because this band will be the
major 5G channel with the greatest potential for global
harmonization over time, in keeping with the release
plans of several nations as shown in the Figure 4.
By designating certain frequencies for investigation
within the 24.25–86 GHz range for potential designation
for IMT under Agenda Item 1.13 of WRC-19, the World
Radio communication Conference 2015 (WRC-15)
opened the path for the future development of IMT on
higher frequency bands. In the on-going ITU-R work in
advance of WRC-19, the 24.25–27.5 and 37–43.5 GHz
bands are given priority. It is advised that all regions and
nations support the selection of these two bands for IMT
during WRC-19 and work to harmonize the technical
requirements for using these frequencies in 5G
(Table 5).27
2.2 | Full duplex
Full duplex wireless technology enables transmitting and
receiving at the same time and same frequency band as
radio, and it is regarded as one of the technologies under
consideration beyond the 5G wireless communication
network. When we compare half-duplex (HD) communi-
cations with full-duplex (FD) technology, it has recently
received attention because of its theoretical ability to dou-
ble spectral efficiency (SE). Full-duplex communications
also provide various additional potential advantages,
SENGER AND MALIK
F I G U R E 6 Classification of
5G massive-MIMO antennas
such as minimizing end-to-end packet delay or latency,
enhancing network privacy, increasing network sensing,
and avoiding hidden terminal problems. Reduced latency
is one of the major benefits of the new radio interface
(NR) for 5G. Full-duplex communications have been
thought of as a feasible method for NR with low
latency.28 The advantages include the potential for
increased bandwidth and improved spectrum efficiency.
To enhance network capacity and coverage, cellular oper-
ators are rapidly introducing small-sized cells, such as
micro-cells, pico-cells, and femto-cells, into the coverage
area of macro-cells. Researchers say that more small cells
and more dense networks should be used in 5G and other
wireless networks in the future. This means that there
will be a low user-to-SBS ratio.
2.3 | Massive multiple-input-multiple-
output (massive-MIMO)
New ideas that will aid 5G systems in achieving the antic-
ipated theoretical specifications have largely paved the
9 of 27
way for 5G implementation. Among other things, the tra-
ditional cell architecture will change as a result of ultra-
network densification from a collection of macro-cells
covering broad areas to a plethora of small cells offering
better services and a larger capacity to customers while
utilizing less transmit power. Another innovation that
will enable us to take use of very wide bandwidths and
achieve extremely high-data rates is the move to the mil-
limeter wave band. These high frequencies, however,
place additional restrictions on the system's architecture
in terms of signal attenuation and blockage.
As a result, multi-antenna techniques like Massive
MIMO become essential in future communication stan-
dards since they allow for effective modification of the
transmitted signal's properties to mitigate the effects of
the millimeter wave channel.
The usage of Massive MIMO, also known as Very
Large MIMO arrays or Large-Scale Antenna Systems, is a
further option that is generating a lot of interest in wire-
less communication. This method, also known as Full
Dimension MIMO, Hyper MIMO, and ARGOS, uses a
large number of components and operates completely in
10 of 27
T A B L E 6 The characteristics of the various Massive-MIMO
antennas type used in the 5G applications are described here.55
5G antennas Detailed history
Monopole antenna It has an “λ/4” microstrip. It can be
implemented in different shapes
according to the applicability and
massive MIMO requirements, such as
spiral, conical, T-shaped, and L-
shaped structures are represented.48
Dipole antenna It has two “λ/4” microstrip lines used as
a feed between them. For 5G
applications, various numbers of
dipole antenna arrays are
presented.56,57
Magneto-electric Both planar-electric and vertical-
(ME) dipole magnetic short polarizations are seen
in ME. The feed is inserted on the
substrate's bottom side, exciting the
magnetic dipole.58–60
Fractal antenna Under the mathematical rule of
iteration, the same structure is
repeated several times. Patches can be
used in various shapes.61,62
Inverted-F antenna When bending the two lines concerning
(IFA) one vertical line, an antenna creates
microstrip lines and an inverted F-
shape. The vertical line that receives
the majority of the feed is co-axial.63
Planar inverted-F It is a form of tiny patch antenna with
antenna (PIFA) two planes joined by a shorting and
fed mainly from the bottom.64
Antipodal vivaldi Two similar-shaped conductors are
antenna (AVA) placed on the substrate from top to
bottom, with the conductor on top
acting as a radiator and the
component on the bottom acting as a
ground.65–69
Slotted loop These antennas are made up of rings
antenna with various shapes, like squares,
diamonds, rectangular, circular, or
any other suitable shape. In such
antennas, the slots serve as major
feeding.70,71
a coherent and adaptive manner. Massive MIMO expands
on the original idea of multiple-input multiple-output by
using hundreds or thousands of antennas, aiming to
improve the system's spectral efficiency and provide a
uniform level of services.
The basic communication system of 5G advanced
technologies such as MIMO consists of a transmitter,
receiver, and a wireless communication channel. Every-
thing that comes between the transmitter and the
receiver is considered a part of the channel, which could
SENGER AND MALIK
include buildings, people, vehicles, trees, and any obsta-
cles. The channel capacity theorem says that a channel's
capacity is determined by the amount of transmission
bandwidth it has been given.
According to the “Shannon Huffman” theory, the
channel capacity is defined as:
C ¼ B log 2 ð1 þ S=N Þb=s: ð2Þ
where B is defining bandwidth and the signal to noise
ratio is define by (S/N).
MIMO systems have become very important in
today's wireless networks, and they have been employed
over the last few years to attain high spectral energy-effi-
cient systems. The single-input, single-output (SISO) sys-
tems were common before this, but they had a lower
throughput and could not always keep up with a lot of
people at the same time (Figure 5).
Various innovative MIMO technologies were
included, including single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO) sys-
tems,29,30 multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems,31–36
and then massive-MIMO systems.37,38 They were devel-
oped to meet the tremendous demands of their users. As
a result, the 5G systems are looking into massive-MIMO
technology, which is a possible solution to all the prob-
lems of high data traffic and increasing numbers of
users.39 Figure 3 shows the basic architecture of the mas-
sive-MIMO system. Several studies on massive-MIMO
and their benefits have been carried out.40
RQ1: “Massive-MIMO (also known as
Extreme-large scale antenna systems, very
high number of MIMO, and Hyper-MIMO)
is an exciting concept in 5G wireless commu-
nication systems. This research promises to
meet the massive capacity requirements
demanded by the users as well as the
systems.”
2.3.1 | Massive MIMO's benefits for 5G
The following are the characteristics of massive-MIMO
systems.
• Spectral efficiency of the network: Massive-MIMO
enhances spectrum efficiency by allowing a single user
to be targeted by an antenna array. Because of the
MIMO system used in 4G and LTE systems, it could be
possible to get more spectrum efficiency than that.
• The antenna array uses very little radiated power and
reduces the amount of energy used in massive-MIMO
systems because it's focused on a small area.
SENGER AND MALIK
FIGURE 7 Design methodology for massive-MIMO antenna system.
FIGURE 8 Performance enhancement Techniques of 5G Antennas
• High data-rate: Massive-MIMO boosts the transmission
rate and efficiency of wireless network systems by pro-
viding diversity gain and beamforming.
• User tracking: User monitoring becomes more pre-
cise and accurate as a result of significant massive
MIMO usage of narrow signal beams focused on
the user.
• Massive-MIMO is based on extremely low-power linear
amplifiers, which minimizes the need for large elec-
tronic components. This energy consumption can be
greatly reduced.
• Less fading: Massive-MIMO is resistant to fading due
to multi-antennas on the receiver side.41
• Massive-MIMO reduces air-interface latency to
1 ms.42
• Robustness: Massive-MIMO systems are immune to
intrinsic jamming and accidental interference. Due to
the enormous antennas, these systems are also tolerant
to one or more antenna failures.43
11 of 27
• It takes a lot of antennas for Massive-MIMO to
improve connection reliability because it needs a lot of
antennas to improve diversity gain (DG).
• Enhanced security: Because of the orthogonal mobile
station channels and small beams, massive MIMO can
protect you better.44–46
• As the number of base station antennas grows, simple
signal detectors become more complicated.
A typical antenna system has 2–4 numbers of anten-
nas, but massive MIMO has a bigger number of antennas
(>100 of antennas). Here, Massive-MIMO promises
increased throughput and as well as spectrum efficiency
and those are critical for future 5G deployments. Massive-
MIMO is widely identified as the most important 5G tech-
nology. Beamforming is a technique that uses either con-
structive or destructive interference from spatially
supplied antenna elements to guide an array of antennas
in the desired direction as also defined in the next section.
12 of 27 SENGER AND MALIK

TABLE 7 Advantages and disadvantages of performance enhancement techniques for MIMO antennas

Performance
enhancement
techniques Advantages Disadvantages
Mutual coupling 1. Antenna performance will improve in terms of impedance 1. A large ground area is needed.
reduction78,79 matching, efficiency, and gain. 2. Antenna gain is less, but the response
2. Several techniques help in miniaturizing the size of antennas. becomes poor during adequate weather.
Substrate80 1. Dielectric Substrates with high permittivity enhance the return Low permittivity substrates are very
loss parameter. expensive, which increases the cost of
2. By using a low-permittivity substrate, you can improve antenna design.
antenna efficiency, gain, and bandwidth while also reducing
antenna size.
Multiple antenna It improves the gain, bandwidth, return loss, and efficiency of the 1. The overall size is increased by an
elements81 antenna. antenna.
2. Designing a multi-element antenna array
system becomes difficult with a feed
network.
Corrugation 1. From the corrugation method, reduces the back side-lobe level, Reduced input impedance
which will increase the front-to-back ratio (FBR).
2. It improves the efficiency, bandwidth, and gain of an antenna.
Dielectric lens82 1. It also improves the front-to-back ratio (FBR) with stable Size of antenna is increased.
radiation patterns and radiates maximum energy in the main
direction.
2. The antenna's overall gain will improve.

2.4 | Beamforming technology massive-MIMO system. It is possible to employ frequen-

Beamforming is a signal processing technique that uses
multiple antenna arrays at the transmitter and/or
receiver to send and detect multiple signals from a large
number of terminals at the same time to improve system
quality and performance. It is often used for transmitting
radio or sound waves appropriately and then receiving
them accurately at the receiver terminal. It is done using
two different sorts of angular arrangements, in which
specific angles are formed at the antenna array to
encounter destructive or constructive interference, or vice
versa. As a result, tiny, directional antenna beams or
lobes will emerge. Beamforming is utilized in radars,
sonars, biological systems, telecommunications, wireless
communication, seismology, acoustics, radio astronomy,
and biomedicine, to name a few. The three types of
beamforming based on antenna configurations are static,
dynamic, and dynamic beamforming, and transmit
beamforming.47
It is created with a finite impulse response (FIR) fil-
ter, which adjusts the weights in an adaptive manner to
give the optimal beamforming. Large multiple-input mul-
tiple-output (MIMO) systems offer increased energy and
spectral efficiency (SE), as well as the ability to interface
with the mm-Wave spectrum and better system security.
The mm-wave broadband beamforming technology out-
performs standard narrowband beamforming in a
cies in the 60 GHz and higher range. Another advantage
of beamforming is that these frequency ranges have a lot
of bandwidth.
3 | TYPES O F 5G MASSIVE-MIMO
ANTENNAS
There are several different types of 5G massive-MIMO
antennas, such as Monopole, Dipole, Magneto-Electric
(ME) dipole, Loop antenna or slotted antenna, Antipodal
Vivaldi antenna (AVA), Fractal antenna, Inverted-F
antenna (IFA), and Planar Inverted-F antenna (PIFA),48–
54
which are shown in Figure 6 and define the compari-
son between all antennas in Table 6.
4 | MASS IVE- MIMO ANTENNAS
CONFIGURATION FOR 5G SYSTEMS
Due to their vast quantity, compactness, and different
modes of operation, the antennas in massive-MIMO sys-
tems must meet stringent requirements. The performance
of the system is affected by where the antennas are in the
array, how they look, and how they work together.
Antenna topologies for Massive-MIMO 5G network
schemes should be investigated and assessed as a
SENGER AND MALIK
FIGURE 9 Mutual-coupling reduction/Isolation enhancement techniques for 5G massive-MIMO antennas
consequence. The effects of rectangular, circular, and
cylindrical array topologies, as well as the number of ele-
ments, different beam-width patterns, diversity gain,
overall system gain, mutual coupling or decoupling, and
mutual coupling or decoupling on network coverage
area, received signal strength, and channel capacity,
could all be investigated. Some of the bands that could be
examined for this are 6, 27–28, and 60–70 GHz. Antenna
elements that could be used include dipoles, horn anten-
nas, printed antennas, etc.
5 | MASSIVE MI MO A N TEN N A
DESIGN M ETHODOLOG Y
The design of massive-MIMO antennas for 5G wireless
communication networks is a difficult and time-consum-
ing task. To limit the system complexity, 5G anticipates
the need for wide-band and multi-band antennas. In
addition, 5G massive MIMO antennas have problems
with such things as small design, easy integration with
other devices, multi-antenna system operation, and opti-
mal massive-MIMO operation, among other things. Mas-
sive-MIMO antenna systems need the following critical
steps, which are broken down into two groups72–74:
13 of 27
1. The physical layout of antenna systems.
2. Techniques for improving the performance of Massive
MIMO antennas.
The concept behind this main idea for designing a
massive-MIMO antenna system is represented below in
Figure 7.
5.1 | Frequency
The first step to designing a massive MIMO system is the
selection of the proper operating frequency. In a 5G sys-
tem, antennas should operate in the frequency spectrum
allotted by the FCC to optimize the overall performance
parameters of the system.
5.2 | Single-cell
Multiple transmitted signals will be received by the
receiving antennas via distinct pathways, which are
known as “diversity,” and will have complicated fading
coefficients and noise. Three alternative strategies will be
used to choose a path: selection diversity, maximum ratio
14 of 27 SENGER AND MALIK

TABLE 8 Advantages and disadvantages of different isolation techniques for MIMO antennas

Isolation technique Advantages Disadvantages

Neutralization lines (NL) 1. It iniaturizes the antenna. Complex in antenna designing.
2. It improves the efficiency of the antenna and also
provides a broader bandwidth.
Defected ground 1. It's simple-to-understand layout It becomes tough to analyze the overall concept.
structure (DGS)99 2. It enhances the antenna parameters like
bandwidth, efficiency, and front-to-back ratio.
Electromagnetic band- It improves impedance matching and provides a good Complexity of structure.
gap structure (EBG)100 front-to-back ratio.
Dielectric resonator The efficiency of the antenna is enhanced, which also The design of the complete antenna structure
antenna (DRA) provides wide bandwidth and improved gain. becomes very complex.
Slot or parasitic element Bandwidth (BW), diversity-gain (DG), and spectral The placement of the parasitic element is very
(PE) efficiency of the antenna were enhanced. difficult with respect to the other components.
Complementary split ring Antenna size was reduced with the improved Achieves low bandwidth.
resonator (CSRR)101,102 diversity gain.

combining (MRC), and equal gain combining (EGC). An
antenna should be required for a feedback loop first from
the receiver towards the transmitter. The greatest equiva-
lent SNR values can be used to choose a single transmit-
ting antenna.
Small cells or single-cell, which add focused capacity
to macro communications networks, increase coverage in
a particular location. By enabling high-speed wireless
broadband and everything that comes with it to be
offered in more locations, small cells also support new
services and deliver improved user experiences.
The following are the three different kinds of small
cells:
i. Femtocells: These wireless router-like gadgets typi-
cally have a maximum range of 10 m. Femtocells are
often used inside and can only support a small num-
ber of users at once.
ii. Picocells: Having a greater range of up to 200 m and
a maximum user capacity of 100, picocells are fre-
quently installed in bigger interior spaces like hospi-
tals, airports, and railway stations.
parameters are affected by the number of antenna ele-
ments (n). On the other hand, as n increases, mutual cou-
pling, and bandwidth both increase. As a result, the
trade-off between all of these properties must be carefully
considered. A single receiving antenna must be fixed in
order to pick several radiating elements for the transmit-
ter Tx end and the receiver Rx end. The most acceptable
Pt number of antennas can be selected from the whole Mt
number of antennas (Mt > Pt).
5.4 | Antenna mutual coupling
As the total number of radiating elements increases to
increase capacity, adjoining elements begin to interfere
with one another, a phenomenon known as decoupling
or mutual coupling (MC) between antenna array ele-
ments. This undesired coupling lowers the antenna sys-
tem gain and causes interference. To keep radiation
elements from interfering with each other and improve
the system's performance, strong port isolation is needed.

iii. Microcells: which have a range of up to 2 km, are the
most powerful tiny cell kind. Typically, street signs
and traffic lights are equipped with microcells.
5.3 | Number of elements in antenna
array
The system's diversity gain and throughput can be
improved by using an (n  n) antenna array in a massive
MIMO configuration. The overall performance
5.5 | Bandwidth
The largest operating frequency band of any communica-
tion equipment is known as its bandwidth. The FCC has
currently allocated the sub-6 GHz range and the 22–
28 GHz band (e.g., its centre frequency-fc is 24 GHz).
Within the band, the MIMO antenna system (single-cell
and more cells or arrays) should work ideally. In order to
improve throughput, increased bandwidth is obtained by
increasing the number of radiating antenna elements. As
a result, this trade-off should be carefully calculated.
SENGER AND MALIK
5.6 | Gain
Antenna gain refers to an antenna's ability to transmit
and radiate in a certain direction when compared to an
isotropic antenna. Isotropic antennas operate better in
one direction than directional antennas.
6 | PARAMETER ENHANCEMENT
TECHNIQUES FOR 5G ANTENNA
DESIGN:-
A number of researchers have experimented with various
antenna performance enhancement strategies, with the
goal of improving one or more factors, such as band-
width, gain, efficiency, mutual coupling reduction, and
compact size.75 Here in Figure 8, we show important
antenna parameter enhancement methods that may be
employed for 5G antennas.
Because the antennas are so tightly placed together,
there may be a lot of mutual coupling, which reduces the
antenna system performance. Insolation techniques are
used to improve the isolation between antenna ele-
ments.76 Mutual coupling is reduced using a decoupling
network, parasitic elements, a defective ground plane, a
neutralization line, and other techniques.77 The
approaches that are currently used are shown in Table 7.
7 | M U T U A L C O U P LI N G
REDUCTION A ND ISOLATION
ENHANCEMEN T TECH N I QU E S FO R
5G ANTENNAS
When antennas are placed close to each other, the effect
of mutual coupling is produced, which further causes a
decrease in the performance of the antenna systems.
Hence, to avoid this, isolation techniques are used to
increase the isolation between the closely placed anten-
nas. Hence, to minimize or overcome the mutual cou-
pling among the closely packed and placed antennas,
there are different isolation techniques so as to avoid or
shrink the mutual coupling of the antenna system. In the
literature, there are a lot of ways to keep the antennas
apart and keep them from interfering with each other in
systems with a lot of antennas. The performance
improvement techniques used for mutual coupling or
decoupling in the literature includes the following:
7.1 | Dielectric resonator approach
The dielectric resonator antenna (DRA)83,84 is a type of
antenna that uses various forms of ceramic material
15 of 27
blocks that are mounted to a metal surface or ground
plane. DRA is a technique for converting guided waves
into unguided RF signals that can travel through a vac-
uum, air, and water. One of the most common forms of
DRAs is cylindrical dielectric resonator antennas, which
are discussed in this section. Due to the little metal ele-
ment at iniaturiz-wave frequencies, this antenna has
higher efficiency and lower loss than entire metal anten-
nas. Dielectric resonator antennas (DRA) are available in
various shapes like rectangular, cylindrical, and hemi-
spherical. DRA provides low loss, high gain, and high
efficiency.85
7.2 | Metamaterial approach
To reduce the impact of negative permittivity and per-
meability, metamaterial structures are designed in the
patch, ground, or between antenna elements. Negative
permittivity or permeability is used to reduce mutual
coupling between nearby antenna elements. Metama-
terial has an electromagnetic characteristic. These are
available in a variety of shapes and are mostly open-
ended. To improve the isolation bandwidth, a T-shaped
branch is inserted behind the insulator. There are dif-
ferent types of meta-materials used, like a single and
double negative, electromagnetic band-gap, anisotropic,
isotropic, terahertz, photonic, frequency selective, sur-
face-based, and tunable. They are designed manually
with the help of two or more materials. By using
meta-materials with less mutual coupling, high gain,
good bandwidth, and compact size of an antenna may
be designed.86,87
7.3 | Neutralization lines
A neutralization line is a thin metallic design that elimi-
nates the matching problem and enhances isolation
between antenna elements. The antenna elements
depend on the shape, size, and orientation of the neutral-
ization line. This structure is simple to design. An ECC
value of 0.006, a gain of 2.1 dBi with isolation of 19 dB,
and bidirectional radiation patterns were achieved with a
neutralization line approach. Using the neutralization
lines technique, mutual coupling between antenna ele-
ments is reduced by passing electromagnetic waves
through the lumped or metallic slit. To achieve a low
ECC value, a hexa-band antenna with a neutralization
line was used in the design. A neutralization line with an
F-shaped monopole antenna was employed to achieve
DG of 10 dB and isolation of 15 dB. The GSM, UMT,
LTE, and WLAN bands are all covered by the neutraliza-
tion line approach.88
16 of 27 SENGER AND MALIK

TABLE 9 Comparison of various antenna designs

References Work done Findings Topology Application

103 The author was designed a Frequency band: 22.9– mm-wave in 5G
coplanar wave guide 28.8 GHz communication
(CPW) fed stub-loaded Isolation is < 20 dB
slot-antenna array with Bandwidth: 22.8%
10 multiple input ECC is <0.0004
multiple output (MIMO) CCL: 0.1 bps/Hz
elements. Antenna gain is 1.46–3.32
Antenna Size: dBi
32  80 mm2 Front-to-Back ratio (FBR)
Dielectric Substrate: is 8.9–17.9 dB
FR4, εr ¼ 4:4

104 2  2 MIMO dome-shaped Frequency bands: 2.11– LTE, Wi-Fi, W-LAN,

monopole radiating 4.19 GHz and 4.98– Bluetooth, and Wi-MAX
elements are used to 6.81 GHz etc.
design Isolation is >21
Antenna size: ECC is <0.004
20  34  1.6 mm3
Dielectric substrate:
FR4, εr ¼ 4:4

105 Spider-shaped multiband Frequency band used: Wi-Fi, Wi-MAX, Bluetooth,

MIMO antenna. 2.24–2.50 GHz, 3.60– C-Band etc.
Antenna size: 3.99 GHz, 4.40–
37  56  1.6 mm3 4.60 GHz, and 5.71–
Dielectric substrate: FR4 5.90 GHz
Isolation is <10 dB
ECC is <0.08
Antenna gain: >2 dBi

106 A hexagonal—shaped Frequency bands: 2–4 GHz, S-Band, X-Band WLAN,

multiple input multiple 3.1–10.6 GHz and 8– UWB etc.
output (MIMO) patch or 12 GHz Applications
printed antenna was Isolation: 20 dB
devised by the author. ECC is <0.04
Antenna Size: TARC: < 10 dB
48  48 mm2 DG: >9.985
Dielectric substrate: Radiation efficiency: 78–
FR4, εr ¼ 4:4 94%
Peak gain: 1.4–6.6 dB

107 The author was designed a Frequency band: 12 GHz Wi-Fi operation in mobile
novel compact 2  2 for IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n/ devices
planar MIMO antenna ac.
array system with ultra Return loss: 10 dB
wide band (UWB) Mutual Coupling is less
capacities. then 20 dB
Antenna size: Antenna Gain: 4.8 dB
13  25  0.254 mm3 ECC: 0.009
Dielectric substrate: DG: 9.8 dB
Rogers-5880, εr ¼ 2:2
SENGER AND MALIK 17 of 27

TABLE 9 (Continued)

References Work done Findings Topology Application

108 A four-band slot antenna Frequency Bands: 1.575– GPS,
was designed. 1.665 GHz, 2.4– Wi-MAX,
Antenna Size: 2.545 GHz, 3.27– WLAN etc.
0.44  0.35 mm2 3.97 GHz, and 5.17–
Substrate: FR4, εr ¼ 3:5 5.93 GHz
Antenna gains: 3.55, 3.93,
5.02, and 4.86 dBi

109 Design an 18 element LTE band—42: 3.4– Used in both 4G and 5G

antenna system. 3.6 GHz and LTE band— 6-Inch smartphone
Antenna size: 43: 3.6–3.8 GHz. applications
150  80  1.6 mm3 Reflection coefficient is
Substrate: FR4, εr ¼ 4:4 greater than 20 dB
Isolation is >20 dB
Total antenna efficiency
improved by 87%
ECC is <0.01
Antenna Gain is >5.3 dBi
110 In this review a Frequency band are used: Mostly used application
complementary-split 3.43–3.62 GHz, and 4.78– sub-6 GHz 5G Wireless
ring-resonator (CSRR) 5.04 GHz. smartphone
based massive MIMO ECC: <0:15
antenna system were Isolation: >15 dB
designed.
Antenna size:
75  150  1.6 mm3
Dielectric substrate: FR4
111 In the research paper the Frequency Band: 3.3– Used in 5G array or
author were proposed a 5.1 GHz massive MIMO
5G array for massive ECC is 0.004 communicate-on system
MIMO communication Antenna gain is 17.3 dBi applications
system with a dual- Front-to-back ratio (F/B):
polarized antenna. 22.7 dB
Substrate: FR4 Isolation is 27 dB

112 In this paper the author Frequency bands: 3.5, 4.3, Used in the 5G wireless
were designed a two- 28, and 35 GHz device applications
element MIMO antenna Isolation is improved by
array featuring a planar 21 dB
inverted – F antenna Efficiency is greater than
(PIFA) structure as an 65%
antenna element for sub-
6 GHz and mm-Wave 5G
systems

(Continues)
18 of 27
TABLE 9 (Continued)
References Work done
113 Author was designed—For
public safety, a compact
and low-cost MIMO
Bowtie dielectric
resonator antenna for
two, four, and eight
elements has been
developed.
Antenna size for unit cell:
30  25.6 mm2 and eight
elements:
120  51.2 mm2
114 In this article, the author
was proposed an
extremely compact
MIMO antenna for
portable wireless ultra-
wide-band (UWB)
devices.
Antenna size: 38  38 mm2
Substrate: FR4
115 In this article, the author
was proposed a compact
tree shape planar quad
element MIMO antenna
array for 5G
communication system.
Antenna size:
80  80  1.57 mm3
Substrate: FR4
116 In this article the author
was designed an
innovative super-
wideband multiple-input
multiple-output (SWB-
MIMO) antenna array
system has been
developed.
Antenna size:
58  58  1 mm3
Substrate: FR4
117 Here author was developed
a dual-band dual-
polarized base-station
antenna array for the
fifth generation
applications.
Antenna size:
250  250 mm2
Dielectric substrate: RF-30,
εr = 3.0
SENGER AND MALIK
Findings Topology Application
Frequency bands: Used in WLAN
4.94–4.99 GHz and 5.15– applications
5.35 GHz
Antenna gain for unit cell:
5.24 dBi, two elements:
5.49 dBi, four elements:
5.68 dBi, eight elements:
6.2 dBi.
Isolation = 25 dB
ECC = 0.04
Frequency band: 20 GHz Used for UWB applications
Antenna gain: 1.3–6.2 dBi
Isolation is >17 dB
ECC is <0.08
Efficiency is improved by
75%
DG: > 9.97 dB
Frequency band: Used in millimeter-wave
300 GHz spectrum for Wi-Fi, Wi-
Antenna gain: 12 dB MAX, Bluetooth, ISM,
Isolation is >20 dB and mobile
Efficiency is improved by communicate-on etc
70%
ECC: <0.0014
Frequency band: Used in WLAN system
3.2–13.2 GHz application
Bandwidth: 2.9–40 GHz
Antenna gain: 4.3–13.5 dBi
Isolation: <17 dB
ECC: <0.04
Frequency bands: 0.69– Used in 5G applications
0.96 GHz and 3.5–
4.9 GHz
Isolation: >25 dB
Bandwidth: 43.8%
VSWR: 2
SENGER AND MALIK 19 of 27

TABLE 9 (Continued)

References Work done Findings Topology Application

118 A dual-polarized slot Frequency band: 3.4– Used in the 5G smartphone
antenna array with eight 3.8 GHz applications
ports and four resonators Antenna gain is improved
for MIMO 5G mobile by 1.9 dB
terminals. ECC is <0.5
Antenna size: 25  25 mm2 Mutual coupling: < 15 dB
Dielectric substrate: FR- Isolation: >25 dB
4, εr ¼ 4:4

119 Here the author created a Frequency bands: Used in the 5G

substrate-integrated 3.4–3.6 GHz, and 4.8– Wi-MAX, WLAN and X-
magneto-electric (ME) 5 GHz Band MIMO applications
dipole antenna with a Antenna gain: 6.1–9.1 dBi
meta-surface. for lower band and 5.6–
Antenna size: 9.2 dBi for upper band
60  60  7.92 mm3 Front-to- back ratio (FBR):
Dielectric substrate: >18 dB
FR4, εr ¼ 2:2 ECC: <0.5

120 Here the author was Frequency ranges: 2.5– Used in 5G smart phones
proposed a modified 2.7 GHz, 3.4–3.8 GHz,
planar-inverted-F and 5.6–6 GHz
antenna (PIFA) element TARC: <20 dB
designed for MIMO. ECC: <0.01
Antenna Size: Mutual coupling <10 dB
20.5  6.5 mm2 Antenna gain: 3–4.5 dBi
Substrate: FR4

7.4 | Decoupling networks approach 7.5 | Defected ground structure (DGS)

The decoupling network approach is simple to design
between the antenna elements. T, I, and inverted L-shape
structures are available for the decoupling network. In
MIMO antenna systems, decoupling networks are uti-
lized to improve isolation. By providing a second cou-
pling path, the decoupling structure reduces the previous
coupling and improves isolation. The T-shaped coupling
structure of a massive-MIMO antenna produces a gain of
2 dBi, isolation of 30 dB, peak efficiency of 60%, and an
omnidirectional radiation pattern. Using a suspended
line and lumped parts, the massive-MIMO isolation per-
formance can be increased. To enhance gain, isolation,
and ECC values, the structure is inserted between the
massive-MIMO antenna parts. Gain is between 25.8 and
23.8 dB, isolation is between 12 and 16 dB, and ECC is
0.45.33. A shunt element-based decoupling network was
used to improve antenna performance and make sure
there was enough separation between antennas.89
For frequency shift, size reduction, multiband opera-
tion, and isolation improvement, various types of slots
can be etched in patches as well as in the ground. The
slot etching functions as a band-stop filter and controls
the current on-ground plane by minimizing coupling
between the closely spaced antennas. A T-shaped short
strip was inserted at the ground plane edge to reduce
mutual coupling and improve isolation among the
three antenna elements. Modifying the value of surface
current improves isolation. With this design, the isola-
tion between antenna elements is >20 dB, and the
peak gain was 2.5 dBi. For isolation enhancement, a
T-shaped and dumb tumbled defective ground structure
(DGS) was used in massive-MIMO antennas. The mas-
sive-MIMO antenna design with such a DGS produces
low mutual coupling and also allows for adjustment of
the antenna structure's overall size. The ideal value of
ECC, isolation, and gain is obtained by the defective
20 of 27 SENGER AND MALIK

TABLE 10 Comparison of various antenna designs

References Work done Findings Topology Application

121 Here, an E-shaped and H- Frequency bands: 27.6– mm-wave for 5G
slotted with Self- 28.6 GHz and 37.4– technology
decoupled compact 38.6 GHz
dual-band mm-wave Antenna gain is 7.9 dB
MIMO antenna array Isolation is 28 dB
were designed. ECC <0.001
Antenna size: Efficiency improved by
20  24  0.508 mm3 85%
Dielectric substrate:
Rogers-5880
122 Here author was designed Frequency bands: 27.94– Used in both 4G and 5G
a 28/38 GHz dual-band 28.83 GHz and 37.97– mobile applications
inverted-F array 38.96 GHz
antenna system for Antenna gains: 16.52 dB
mobile phones at 28.38 GHz, and
(handsets). 15.35 dB at 38.49 GHz
Antenna size: Mutual coupling: <
5.5  4  0.2 mm3 35 dB
Substrate: FR4, εr ¼ 4:4

123 Here, a grounded-CPW Frequency band: 26.25 to Used in pattern diversity

fed with T-shaped 30.14 GHz applications
helical inspired Gain: 5.83 dB
broadband antenna Mutual coupling is <
with an end-fire 30 dB
radiation pattern was ECC: <0.005
designed.
Antenna size:
15  25  0.203 mm3
substrate: Rogers-
5880, εr ¼ 3:38
124 Here, a 4-port MIMO Frequency Bands: Used mm-wave spectrum
antenna array was 24.25–27.5 GHz and 27.5– for 5G applications
designed which 28.35 GHz
operates on the mm- Antenna gain: 8.3 dBi
wave frequency band. ECC: <0.01, DG:
Antenna size: >9.96 dB
30  35  0.76 mm3
Substrate: FR4

125 Here, a broadband Frequency band: 26.5– Used in the 5G wireless

printed-dipole antenna 38.2 GHz cellular network
and 8-element linear Antenna gain: 4.5–5.8 dBi applications
arrays were designed. Mutual coupling:
Dielectric substrate: <20 dB
Rogers RT/
Duroid™  5880,
εr = 2.2

ground plane. Because the defective ground affects the improvement technique is effective, it is not recom-
surface current, mutual coupling between antenna ele- mended for mobile apps because it is complicated and
ments is reduced. Even though the DGS isolation slows down the app's performance.
SENGER AND MALIK 21 of 27

TABLE 10 (Continued)

References Work done Findings Topology Application

126 In the millimeter wave Frequency band: 27.5– 5G mobile
(mm-wave) range, a 28.5 GHz communication base
parasitic patch antenna Gain: >21.4 dBi stations
with 42 elements has cross polarization:
been designed >12 dB
Side lobe levels (SLLs):
>19.1 dB

127 Here the author was Frequency band: 27.5– Used in the 5G mobile
proposed a novel design 28.35 GHz device applications
for 28 GHz beam Antenna gain: >15 dBi
steering phased array
antenna. Dielectric
substrate: Rogers-5880,
εr = 2.2

128 Here the author was Frequency band: 28 GHz Used in the 5G mm-wave
proposed a novel design Antenna gain: 5.5 dBi communicate-on
a single layer MIMO ECC: <0.16 dB applications.
antenna array. Efficiency is improved by
Antenna Size: 92%
30  30 mm2 Isolation: <29 dB
Substrate: Rogers-5880,
εr = 2.2

129 Here, a compact size Frequency band: 3.3– Used in the sub-6 GHz
wide-band circularly 4.2 GHz applications
polarized (CP) 2-port ECC: < 0.10 dB
MIMO antenna array was Isolation: >15 dB
designed. TARC ≤15 dB
Substrate: FR4, εr = 4.4 DG > 9.94 dB
Efficiency is improved by
95%

130 Here, the author was Frequency band: 2.4 and Used in wireless
proposed a 2.6 GHz communicate-on
reconfigurable antenna Isolation is 15 dB systems like: WLAN
system to improved Reflection coefficients: and LTE
data throughput 24.3 dB
limitations in MIMO.
Substrate: FR4, εr = 4.7

To maximize the benefits of isolation, an L-shaped impedance matching.90 To keep MIMO antenna elements
strip on the ground plane was used. A tri-band antenna from interfering with each other, the ground was rede-
with >20 dB isolation and an ECC of 0.005 was reported. signed and an extra isolation structure was added
The strip enhanced radiation efficiency by providing good (Figure 9).91
22 of 27 SENGER AND MALIK

TABLE 11 Comparison of performance of prototype MIMO antenna with existing literature

References Reflection
(year of No. of Frequency Coefficient Isolation Gain
publication) ports Substrate Size (mm3) Band (GHz) (dB) (dB) (dBi) ECC
121 2021) 4 Rogers-5880 20  24  0.8 28 and 38 18 28 7.1 <0.001
and
7.9
131 (2020) 4 FR4 58  58  0.8 3–16 — >18 — <0.07
132 (2021) 4 Rogers RT- 47.4  32.5  0.51 36.83–40.0 — 45 6.5 —
5880
133 (2020) 4 FR-4 63  63  1.6 3.5, 5.5, 8.5 10 >16 5.5 <0.01
134 (2021) 4 FR-4 55  55  1.6 2.75–16.5 — >20 3.5 —
135 (2021) 4 FR-4 43  43  1.5 2.15–20 10 >20 5 —
136 (2020) 4 Xt/duriod 10  10  0.8 35 GHz <10 dB >22 — <0.05
8000 and
8100
137 (2020) 4 Rogers-5880 25  15  0.787 28 GHz 25 17 7.8 0.0001

7.6 | Electro-magnetic bandgap
structure (EBGS)
An electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) is just a structure
that may either block or transmit electromagnetic waves
of a particular frequency.92 Depending on the applica-
tion, different stopband, passband, and bandgap frequen-
cies can be determined.93 This structure is disguised by a
periodic array of metallic or dielectric material. Operating
frequency in the structure and discretization resonance
can produce several band gaps.94 A mushroom-type EBG
structure is used for Massive-MIMO antennas. The EBG
elements surround the mutual-coupling reduction
antenna element. Between antenna elements, an open
mushroom-type EBG structure can be arranged in two
ways. The S-EBG design, which encircles each distribut-
ing patch with a square ring of EBG cells, is one possibil-
ity. Another is the I-EBG structure, which consists of an
array of these S and I-EBG cells placed between two radi-
ating patches. The S-EBG structure cell layout has the
best isolation because it reduces inter-element
interaction.
7.7 | Slot or parasitic element approach
A parasitic element is an isolating element that is only
indirectly connected. It's a simple construction with
the capacity to regulate the mutual coupling effect. It
can be designed to include an enhancing effect to
amplify frequency and provide isolation between
antenna components. The arrangement of parasitic ele-
ments required special attention and is not simple. The
parasitic element emits 360 radiation patterns and dif-
ferentiates the radiating elements at approximately
18 dB. The design advantages have included peak gain
of 5.75 dBi, 15 dB isolation, and a 360 field radiation
pattern. The deployment of parasitic branches in asso-
ciation with antenna elements is also used to reduce
mutual coupling. To improve isolation between
antenna elements, the value of connected surface cur-
rent is lowered, >30 dB isolation is provided by the
design. By inserting a horizontal parasitic element at
the lower side of the antenna element, the mutual cou-
pling was reduced. To reduce coupling between the
antenna elements, where elements are act as a passive
resonator.95,96
7.8 | Complementary split ring
resonator (CSRR)
Alternating configurations of a metallic ring, a shunt
strip, or a capacitive gap are employed for filtering, isola-
tion, and lowering mutual coupling in the Complemen-
tary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR).97,98 It enhances the
antenna efficiency by maintaining a compact size. In the
ground plane, two-segmented L-shaped stubs are estab-
lished to enhance isolation and eliminate mutual cou-
pling to less than 15 dB. The ground plane already has
CSRR, which almost reduces the mutual coupling at
lower frequencies. As a result, this approach also mini-
mizes the antenna's size. This CSRR also serves as an LC-
tank circuit, storing energy at a lower frequency and pre-
venting current from reaching other antenna elements in
the ground. In order to improve antenna isolation, CSRR
SENGER AND MALIK
is used to make sure that no current can get between
antenna parts.
Also explain the merits and demerits of these mutual
coupling reduction techniques in Table 8
8 | LITERATURE R EVIEW
Here, we discuss the numbers of different research arti-
cles in the form of comparison Table 8 and in Table 9
which has given below:
Some more Literature discussed in Table 10
In the above comparison tables (Tables 9 and 10), the
number of research articles discussed with different
decoupling/mutual coupling techniques and different
types of massive MIMO antennas with enhanced isola-
tion techniques from the previous literatures. It has been
observed that the problems of miniaturization, isolation
enhancement, and higher bandwidth still require more
attention for future research which will further improve
the array antenna performance.
In the comparison Table 11 we have discussed about
the latest MIMO antenna designs literatures with their
parametric values which published in recent years.
With this comparison authors have observed that 50%
of the researchers have used FR-4 for their designing,
because it is most economical and easily available. Out of
all the available designs the most efficient and compact
design is proposed by Reference [136], the authors of this
paper have used “Xt/duriod 8000 and 8100,” this material
is an environment friendly alternative of FR-4, with a
flexible surface and with high absorption capacity, fur-
thermore these researchers have achieved a frequency of
35 GHz, that is suitable for various high speed and 6G
applications.
9 | C ON C L U S I ON
In proposed article, we addressed the background and
benefits of future massive MIMO systems for 5G wire-
less communication systems. Some key characteristics,
such as the effect of mutual coupling on antenna per-
formance, were examined for the various massive
MIMO antennas. The main motive of this review arti-
cle is to represent the summary of antenna (massive
MIMO) design for 5G wireless communication system
applications. Massive-MIMO antennas must be devel-
oped in the shortest possible space, demanding a range
of mutual coupling reduction techniques and also
affecting the antenna performance on the basis of
some parameters such as total gain, efficiency, diversity
gain (DG), and radiation patterns etc. The literature
23 of 27
has described several methods for reducing this degrad-
ing factor and increasing the performance of massive-
MIMO antennas. Here, we discussed a detailed about
mutual coupling reduction approaches in massive-
MIMO antennas. In our daily lives, there is a growing
demand for quicker, smarter, and completely secure
networks, which necessitates very high-data rates, bet-
ter throughput, and minimal latency. The 5G technolo-
gies are proven to be more efficient, allowing us to
meet all of our demands. Massive-MIMO, network den-
sification, radio-access networks, device-to-device (D2D)
connectivity, and resource virtualization are only a few
of the key technologies that will help 5G networks sat-
isfy their fundamental needs. Smartphones, mobile
platforms and base stations, and 5G-IoT are some of
the prospective uses for 5G wireless communication
systems.
10 | FUTURE SCOPE
Apart from these requirements there are some more
changes that needs to be brought, that include simplifica-
tion of radio-core connectivity and some economical
alternative for the deployment. Few of the URLLC-cen-
tered improvements, include advanced dependability, fas-
ter processing, improved control of uplink power and
uplink cancelation. Considering the prospective improve-
ments related to industrial IoT, a better support of TSN
and Ethernet reference times, rescheduling and variable
grants are expected in respect to the NR. By choosing
new frequency bands, we can get more spectrums
between 7 and 24 GHz, and for greater than 53 GHz
which are applicable for variety of applications, such as
urban growth, industrial IoT, backhaul, front haul etc.
Additionally, boosts MIMO, mobility, orientation, and
UE power savings applications. Basic characteristics of
6G may include data throughput on the order of terabits
per second (Tbps), latency on the order of a few microsec-
onds (<0.001 μs), and significant energy efficiency for the
networks and devices. High-fidelity holographic commu-
nications and multisensory communications may become
standard in our daily lives. 5G would begin to affect the
healthcare, manufacturing, entertainment, and transpor-
tation sectors, while 6G would have a more noticeable
impact on them. 6G will fundamentally alter the user
experience, which will also revolutionize various
industries.
DA TA AVAI LA BI LI TY S T ATE ME NT
The data that support the findings of this study are
openly available in Google scholar at https://scholar.
google.com/.
24 of 27
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How to cite this article: Senger S, Malik PK. A
comprehensive survey of massive-MIMO based on
5G antennas. Int J RF Microw Comput Aided Eng.
2022;e23496. doi:10.1002/mmce.23496