250 Int. J. Systems, Control and Communications, Vol. 10, No.

3, 2019

FBMC vs. OFDM: 5G mobile communication system

Arun Kumar* and Shikha Bharti

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
JECRC University,
Jaipur 303905, India
Email: arun.kumar1986@live.com
Email: shikhabharti712@gmail.com
*Corresponding author

Manisha Gupta
Department of Physics,
Rajasthan University,
Jaipur 302004, India
Email: drguptamanisha@uniraj.ac.in

Abstract: The study presents the designing of an orthogonal frequency division

multiplexing (OFDM) and filter bank multi carrier (FBMC) modulation
techniques. The proposed method consists of OFDM and FBMC prototype
filters for transmitting and receiving the data symbols. Both of them are
multicarrier technologies used to increase the performance of wireless
communication system. Transmission waveform, bit error rate (BER), peak
average power ratio (PAPR), capacity and spectrum sensing measurements
were simulated and analysed.

Keywords: filter band multi carrier; FBMC; orthogonal frequency division

multiplexing; OFDM; peak average power ratio; PAPR; capacity; bit error rate;
BER.

Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Kumar, A., Bharti, S.

and Gupta, M. (2019) ‘FBMC vs. OFDM: 5G mobile communication system’,
Int. J. Systems, Control and Communications, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp.250–264.

Biographical notes: Arun Kumar is an Assistant Professor in the Department

of ECE at JECRC University, Jaipur, India. He has four years of experience in
the field of teaching and research. He was awarded a PhD from the JECRC
University, on ‘Comparative study and analysis of bit error rate of CDMA,
OFDM and UWB for different modulation techniques’. He started his career as
an Assistant Professor at the EIILM University, Sikkim. He has published
32 research papers in various refereed international and national journals.

Shikha Bharti received her BTech in Electronics and Communication

Engineering from the RTU Rajasthan and MTech in Communication Systems
from JECRC University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, in 2018. The core of her research
area includes 5G waveform, cognitive radio and digital image processing.

Manisha Gupta is an Associate Professor in the Department of Physics at

Rajasthan University. She has 14 years of experience in the field of teaching
and research. She was awarded a PhD from the University of Rajasthan, on
‘Computer aided designing of microstrip patch and array antennas in different

Copyright © 2019 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

 FBMC vs. OFDM 251

environmental conditions’. She has published papers in various national and

international journals and conferences. One of her papers was awarded a
Certificate of Merit by the Institution of Engineers’ national conferences. She
has also been awarded a Rajasthan Energy Conservation Award – 2010 by
Hon. Chief Minister Mr. Ashok Gehlot for outstanding contribution in the field
of energy conservation.

1 Introduction

In the year 1971, Weinstein and Ebert introduced a new multi carrier technique by using
a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) instead of modulators and demodulators with an
objective to take down the complexity in designing the orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) system. OFDM as a radio technique is widely used for high data
rate wireless communication system due to its better utilisation of the spectrum and
immune to fading of signals (Uryvskyi and Osypchuk, 2013). Several technologies have
been planned and modernised to increase the capacity and data rate of wireless
communication system (Mishra and Zaheeruddin, 2017). For example, in OFDM, cyclic
prefix (CP) is inserted between two symbols to eliminate inter symbol interference (ISI),
ISI occurs when channel bandwidth is more than the coherence bandwidth and noise is
greater than received signal. However, CP results in wastage of bandwidth (Saxena and
Joshi, 2013). It has been calculated that by the year 2020, data consumption would have
been increased by more than 30% (Kumar and Gupta, 2017). Hence, next generation
mobile communication is usually known as 5G will play an important part. OFDM
cannot be considered enough for this purpose due to the above mentioned disadvantages.
A new modulation technique such as filter band multi carrier (FBMC), are being explored
and experimented upon in hopes that one of them may become a conceivable option for
5G wireless communication and internet of things (IoT). 5G utilisations are projected as a
complex fusion of next-generation technological improvements to telecommunication
networks, which will benefit 5G become the catalyst for next-generation IoT services.
Examples of such improvements include advanced modulation schemes for wireless
access, network slicing capabilities, automated network application lifecycle management
and software-defined networking and network function virtualisation. FBMC is the most
probable modulation techniques that accept been able to exhibit not similar but better
performance than OFDM. It does not insert a CP between the symbols, signifying the
availability of extra bandwidth. It is an advanced version of OFDM, which practices a set
of filters at both the transmitter and receiving end to provide better communication with
more prudent bandwidth utilisation (Kumar and Gupta, 2015; Nicholas et al., 2013).
FBMC has diverted a great heap of attention every bit one of the alternate to OFDM,
which also occupy an important role in next generation mobile communication system
and cognitive radio (CR) application. FBMC also efficiently increases the spectrum
efficiency with truncated out of band (OOB) interference (Eldessoki et al., 2016). FBMC
utilises the spectrum more efficiently as compared to OFDM without employing CP.
FBMC is implemented by using the PHYDAS filter at sender and receiver. The length of
PHYDAS filter is K times longer than the number of subcarriers N (L = K ∗ N) which
results in better pulse shaping and growth in frequency domain resolution (Kaiming et al.,
2015). Nevertheless, the principle of OFDM and FBMC are same as both are multi
252 A. Kumar et al.

carrier techniques. In multi carrier techniques, the resulting output is the summation of
several subcarriers that leads to a condition where output instantaneous power becomes
more capital than the mean power of the model. In this scenario, the system suffers from
high peak average power ratio (PAPR) which considerably hampers the operation of the
amplifier used in FBMC and OFDM. PAPR generally occurs when high peaks amplitude
swings from linear to nonlinear region. It is defined as the ratio of the maximum power
peak of the signal to the proportion of average power signal (Shrestha and Seo, 2015).
PAPR minimisation techniques used in OFDM cannot be used for FBMC due to their
overlapping structure. Consequently, many PAPR reduction techniques need to be
investigated for FBMC (Ghasemi and Sousa, 2015; Necmi et al., 2013). One of the most
challenging issues in a wireless communication system is to increase the capability of the
system. In this work, the channel capacity of FBMC and OFDM integrated with CR is
discussed and described. The result reveals that the capacity and gain of FBMC are better
than OFDM (Zhang et al., 2010). Greedy suboptimal algorithm-based FBMC CR
performance is discussed and analysed in this work. The main aim of the proposed work
was to efficiently apply the bandwidth without causing any hindrance. The mathematical
results of bit error rate (BER) and SNR were analysed to reveal that performance of the
FBMC was better than OFDM (Bouhadda et al., 2014). The work is based on the
performance of QAM-FBMC and O-QAM FBMC and the effect of time offset (TO) and
carrier frequency offset (CFO) is analysed and computed. The past study reveals that the
effect of ISI is greater for O-QAM FBMC because it includes two different filters whose
orthogonality criteria is not met. QAM-FBMC utilises two types of filters whose
orthogonality criteria are not satisfied which results in severe ISI. Overall, an outcome of
the work reveals that QAM-FBMC performance is better for CFO but sensitive to TO as
compared to O-QAM-FBMC (Wonsuk et al., 2013). In this work, FBMC is designed to
execute a simple synchronisation to access the fragmented spectrum, which also cuts the
physical channel signalling of the scheme. Additionally, the performance and capacity of
OFDM and FBMC are analysed and compared. The result reveals that FBMC perform
better than OFDM (Jean et al., 2013). A proposed work described a new radio wave
technique called QAM-FBMC which overcomes the disadvantage of CP-OFDM. FBMC
does not use CP due to which 10% to 12% efficiency in bandwidth is achieved, but
interference due to non-orthogonal filter results in interference which degrade the
performance of the system. The work introduced a decision feedback equalisation scheme
to overcome the interference problem as mentioned above. Outcome also reveals that, the
proposed radio wave system is superior to a conventional OFDM system (Han et al.,
2016). The performance of FBMC is better than OFDM in the observing field (Saxena
and Joshi, 2013):
a In the uplink of FBMC network, the carriers’ synchronisation is not necessary
because signal separation is accomplished through filtering. The detachment of the
different signals using a filtering method also keeps away the requirement for any
scheduling synchronisation among the subcarriers. On the other hand, OFDM with
filter suffer from the poor magnitude response. Hence, FBMC is a scheme that suits
ideal filtering property that is congenital to be developed.
b The filtering ability of FBMC structure makes them one of the best choices for
CR network, multiple accesses and broadband wired applications whereas OFDM
filtered is a poor fit.
 FBMC vs. OFDM 253

c FBMC system can be implemented to be robust to channel frequency and time

scattering whereas the OFDM system is sensitive to channel deviation that degrades
its performance.
d The excellent design of filters in FBMC makes them an idealistic alternative for DSL
and PLCs application, whereas OFDM is unsuitable for these applications.
The main aim of the proposed study is to design a FBMC with better functioning as
compared to OFDM and using CR for proper utilisation of the spectrum. The remainder
of the paper is structured as follows. Foremost, the implementation of OFDM and FBMC
is described in Section 2. In Section 3, simulation results and measurements of
transmission waveform, BER, energy detection spectrum sensing, probability of detection
(Pd), probability of false alarm (Pfa), PAPR and capacity are shown. In Section 4, results
are concluded.

2 Proposed methodology

The whole work has been implemented by using a MATLAB/Simulink. Here, the
ordinary differential equation-45 (ODE) solver in MATLAB-2017 is used to solve the
mass matrix problem, stiff or non-stiff problem and differential equation by using d-solve
function by considering or without considering preliminary conditions (https://www.
mathworks.com).

2.1 Implementation of OFDM transmitter and receiver

A schematic block diagram for OFDM system is given in Figure 1 (Uryvskyi and
Osypchuk, 2013). A random data is generated by using a Bernoulli binary generator
which generates 1 and 0. The transmitter part of OFDM is implemented by using inverse
fast Fourier transform (IFFT) which converts the signal from the frequency domain to the
time domain, CP which is inserted between OFDM symbols to reduce ISI. The OFDM
signal is propagated over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). From the received
signal, the guard interval is removed, then, the FFT and the demodulation operations are
performed. Finally, the frequency domain signal is converted into a time domain signal
and processed to the destination.
Let X be the random numbers to be transmitted with eight numbers of sub-carriers
and modulated by using a QPSK modulation technique given
X = QPSK ( x1 + x 2KKK X (n) ) (1)

The IFFT of modulated signal is given (Saxena and Joshi, 2013):

X (k ) =
⎛ j 2 πKn
⎞ ⎛1 j 2 πKn j 2 πKn
⎞ (2)
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
N −1 − N −1 N −1 − N −1 −
⎜ X ( n )e n ⎟ No ⎜ X ( n)e N ∗ X ( n)e N
⎟
⎝ n =0 ⎠ ⎝n k =0 n=0 k =0 ⎠
where No = number of data subcarriers which is taken as 64 and N are N point IFFTs.
The cyclic-prefix is added to each symbol to reduce the ISI is given by following
equation:
254 A. Kumar et al.

Xc( K ) = [ X ( K )(el − ncp + 1: e) X ( K ) ] (3)

where el = end sequence of X(k) symbol and ncp = number of CP. Where H is multipath
fading complex coefficient and is fed by:

∑
L −1′
H= ai e − j 2 πfcρτi (4)
i =0

where L= number of path, ai is attenuation and τi is the delay. In parliamentary law to

thin out the noise, the equaliser has to be applied. Thus, the frequency response of
multipath signal is computed and equalised at the receiver as indicated under:

⎛ j 2 πKn
⎞⎛ 1 j 2 πKn j 2 πKn
⎞
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
N −1 − N −1 N −1 − N −1 −
H( f ) = ⎜ He n ⎟⎜ He N ∗ He N
⎟ (5)
⎝ n=0 ⎠⎝ n k =0 n =0 k =0 ⎠

where H(f) is a system model of a random channel. The convolution of transmitting

symbol with random channel is made by:

Yh(t ) = Xc(k ) ∗ H ( f ) (6)

The Gaussian noise with mean (µ = 0) and variance (σ = 1) is given by:

1
Nt = Xtcp + CfoNotcp (7)
2

where Notcp = total number of subcarrier after adding CP and cfo (L (length) = 0:0.1:0.3)
= carrier frequency offset.
The received signal with AWGN noise is given by:
Yr = H ( f ) Xc(k ) + Nt (8)

The term ( Notcp / nFFT ) is to account for the wasted energy due to CP given by:

⎛ Es / No ⎞
Notcp ⎜− ⎟∗ Nt
Yr = ∗ Yh(t ) + 10⎝ 20 ⎠ (9)
nFFT

where Es = received energy and No is noise. For noiseless communication, the received
energy should be greater than noise on the signal. Applying CFO in receiving signal is
given by the following equation:

Yr = e ( ⎛
L∗2∗π ∗CFo ( L )∗⎜ Yr 0 −
⎝
L (Yr ) −1 ⎞
nFFT ⎠
⎟ ) ∗ Yr (10)

where Yr0 corresponds to 0 symbols of receiving a signal and (L(Yr) – 1) is (length of

received signal – 1). Immediately removing the CP at the received signal is made by:

Yr = yr (ncp + 1: el ) (11)

Getting hold of the FFT of the received signal is made by:

 FBMC vs. OFDM 255

⎛ ⎞
(∑ )∑
j 2 πKn
−
∑ n=0 Yre
j 2 πKn N −1
⎛ No ⎞ N −1 N −1 − ∗ N
Yrr = ⎜ ⎟∗ (Yr − 1) ⎜ Yre N ⎟ (12)
j 2 πkn n =0 ⎝ n =0 ⎠
∑
N −1 −
⎜ Yre N ⎟
⎝ n=0 ⎠
At the receiver, the equaliser is used to bring down the interference in receiving signal is
made by:
Yrr
Yrr = (13)
Hf

Finally, the BER is given by:

Error in transmitted signal
BER = (14)
Total transmitted signal

where BER is specified as a ratio of error in the transmitting signal to the proportion of
total transmitted signal.

Figure 1 Block diagram of OFDM system

2.2 Implementation of FBMC

DFT use in OFDM splits the signal into cosine and sine wave which results in a lengthy
time period and signal become narrow which introduces a narrow band interference with
a continuous spectrum. FBMC employs discrete time Fourier transform (DTFT) process
an infinite lengthy signal, aperiodic signal and generate a discrete spectrum with no
narrow band interference (Elfataoui and Mirchandani, 2006). The block diagram of
FBMC is shown in Figure 2. A set of filters is applied at the sender and recipient:
In the transmitting side, the baseband equivalent of a discrete time FBMC signal is
given as:
2π
⎡ mN ⎤ N ⎛ D⎞
∑ ∑
N −1 l
X ( n) = ak , n g ⎢ n − ⎥ e k ⎜ n − ⎟ eiφk ,n (15)
k =0 m∈Z ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎝ 2⎠
256 A. Kumar et al.

where
N no. of subcarriers
D delay
φk,n phase term
ak,n real transmitted symbols.

Figure 2 Block diagram of FBMC

Random data . IFFT and . .

S/P converter  Filters P/S converter 
generator modulation 
. . .
 
AWGN channel 

.  . FFT and .
S/P converter  Filters  P/S converter Serial data out 
de‐modulation 
. . .

2.3 System model of spectrum sensing

Rollout of fifth generation mobile communication is running everywhere and spectrum
use in an efficient manner is a huge concern as most of the spectrum remains unutilised.
Hence, research on dynamic spectrum access is being explored. CR is based along the
dynamic spectrum access method which senses the light spectrum of the primary user
(licensed user) and allocates it to the secondary user (unlicensed user) with no
intervention. Hence, integration of CR in 5G will solve the spectrum scarcity problem.
One of the methods to implement CR in 5G is by allowing spectrum cohabitation of
heterogeneous network by using advanced cognitive beamforming sensing technique,
interference reduction technique, effective power control algorithm, etc. (Badoi et al.,
2011). Energy detection, match filter detection and cyclo stationary detection are
spectrum sensing methods. In this work, energy spectrum sensing method is used
because it is easy to implement and also it do not need prior channel state information
(Muthumeenakshi and Radha, 2014).
Let the probability of false detection is denoted by Pf and let us assume Pf = 0.01. Let
X(n) be the number of samples to be sent, is modulated by using a modulator is presented
by:
X (t ) = Mod ( X (n) ) (16)

Let us assume that if the energy of the received signal is greater than threshold value the
signal is present else signal is absent. The threshold value of the signal is given by:
Th = 2 ∗ X (n) ∗ No 4 ∗ Qinv( Pf ) + X (n) ∗ No 2 (17)

where No = noise variance in the signal.

 FBMC vs. OFDM 257

∞ 1 t2
Q( Pf ) = ∫ e 2 dt and Qin( pf ) = [Q( pf )T ∗ Q( Pf ) ] (18)
pf 2π
where Q(pf)T is the transpose of Q(pf) and Q function is the tail probability of the
standard normal distribution.
The energy of receiving signal is given by:
Y (r ) = H ∗ X (t ) + n (19)

where Y(r) = received signal, H = fading coefficient and n = AWGN. The energy of
receiving signal is given by:

∑
l −1
abs (Y (r ) )
2
E (r ) = (20)
r =0

If E(r) ≥ Th, (Es), the signal is present, else signal is absent. Hence, the average of the Pd
over 1,000 simulations is given by:
Pd ( snr ) = E ( s ) / x(n)m (21)

2.4 Peak average power ratio

The high value of PAPR degrades the efficiency of the system. It normally takes
place when an amplifier used in OFDM swings from linear to a nonlinear region.
Mathematically, it is given as (Horvath and Bakki, 2013):

Max ( x[n]2 )
PAPR = (22)
E ( x[n]2 )

where X(n) represent the amplitude of the transmitted signal and E is expected value.

2.5 Capacity
The channel capacity of a wireless system is presented as:
C = Bw log(1 + S / N ) (23)

S
where Bw is the bandwidth and is the signal to noise ratio. From equation (23), it is
N
S
clear that capacity is directly proportional to Bw and whereas, for multicarrier
N
system, it is given (Dore et al., 2013).
1
∑
Nu −1
C (σ , ρ ) = C ( C ( σ (Γ, ρ) ) ) dΓ (24)
Nu ρ =0

where C(σ, ρ) is the standard deviation, ρ is the carrier index and Nu is the active
users. Equation (23) holds good for synchronous transmission between transmitter and
recipient.
258 A. Kumar et al.

2.6 Probability of false alarm

Mathematically, it is given by:
∞
P ( fa) = ∫
Th
Ph(v)dv (25)

where Ph(v) = noise alarm density probability. Theoretically, it may be also defined as:
False target per PRT
Pfa =
Num. of range cell

where PRT is pulse repetition frequency.

3 Simulation results

In this section, we have designed and compared the performance of OFDM and FBMC.
The simulation Parameters are discussed infra in Table 1.
Table 1 Simulation parameters for OFDM and FBMC

OFDM FBMC
Bandwidth = 4 MHz Bandwidth = 4 MHz
FFT size = 64 FFT size = 64
Subcarrier spacing: 4 MHz/64 Subcarrier spacing: 4 MHz/64
Subcarriers = 64 Subcarriers = 64
CP = 11% of bandwidth is lost due to CP insertion CP = not used
Filter = not used Filter = PHYDAS filter
Overlapping factor K = 4
Filter length = K ∗ M – 1

Let us further demonstrate the effect of CP by taking the example of Wi-MAX

4G wireless system which is based on OFDM where N = 64 sub-carriers and
BW = 4 MHz. Hence, the bandwidth allocated to each sub-carriers is given by
B 4 MHz
= = 62.5 KHz. Now, BW of signal is < than coherence bandwidth (200 to 300
N 64
KHz), hence it experience a flat fading. Say, OFDM transmit without CP is N/B =
16 µsec. Now, standard CP is given by (12.5 / 100) ∗ 16 µsec = 2 µsec. Therefore, loss of
spectrum is given by: standard CP to the ratio of time duration of symbol without CP, i.e.,
2 / 18 = 11.11%. Hence, with the addition of CP, 11% of bandwidth is lost.
The FBMC and OFDM spectrum are plotted fork = 1, 2, 3, 4 (K = overlapping factor)
are presented in Figure 3 and Figure 4. OFDM uses no filter and FBMC using a
PHYDAS filter with the pulse shaping standard, which can decrease the bandwidth
leakage problem of OFDM, which results in diminution of an ISI and inter carrier
interference (ICI).
 FBMC vs. OFDM 259

Figure 3 OFDM spectrum (see online version for colours)

Figure 4 FBMC spectrum (see online version for colours)

The magnitude and phase response of OFDM and FBMC is shown in Figure 5. The
response of FBMC is more compact as compared to OFDM. The compact response of
FBMC will make it immune to noise and linear distortion whereas the OFDM system is
susceptible to disturbance and noise.
In Figure 6, the BER performance of OFDM and FBMC for transmitting the symbols
is given. Due to the internal noise in OFDM and use of CP, its BER measurement
displays marginally differ from FBMC. BER of OFDM is more as compared to FBMC.
Overall, 34% efficiency in BER is achieved in FBMC. Hence, it proves that FBMC is a
better modulation technique as compared to OFDM and no use of CP in FBMC makes it
more preferred modulation scheme for fifth generation mobile communication technique.
260 A. Kumar et al.

Figure 5 Magnitude and phase response of OFDM and FBMC (see online version for colours)

Figure 6 BER comparison of OFDM and proposed FBMC (see online version for colours)

Figure 7 represents a graph of probability of energy detection vs. SNR. The chance of
detection is low when the SNR is low and the Pd is high when the SNR is high. This
means for efficient detection of the spectrum, the received power should be greater than
noise power and power control algorithm is also needed. The proposed work achieved a
better performance as compared to the conventional model implemented in Nandhak and
Kumar (2016).
For high SNR, the Pd is higher and Pfa is lower and for low SNR. The Pd is lower
and Pfa is higher as shown above for –4 dB, –8 dB, –12 dB, –16 dB and –20 dB, where
Pd for –4 dB is better as compared to –8 dB, –12 dB and –16dB as shown in Figure 8.
 FBMC vs. OFDM 261

Figure 7 Energy detection vs. SNR (see online version for colours)

Figure 8 Pd vs. false alarm (see online version for colours)

In Figure 9, the Pd as a function of the number of samples is plotted for different SNR
values. As shown in Figure 9, when the number of samples are increasing, the Pd for high
SNR is increasing and the Pd is decreasing for low SNR.
For PAPR analysis, same OFDM and FBMC transmitted signal is considered.
Selective mapping (SLM) PAPR reduction technique is applied. The simulation results
262 A. Kumar et al.

are presented in Figure 10. Figure 10 shows that PAPR of FBMC is smaller as compared
to OFDM system. Hence, it can be concluded that FBMC amplifiers can transmit and
receive large peaks of the signal in a most effective way. The detail parameters are given
in Table 2.

Figure 9 Pd as a function of number of samples (see online version for colours)

Figure 10 PAPR of OFDM and FBMC

Table 2 PAPR parameters of OFDM and FBMC

OFDM FBMC
Technique: SLM Technique: SLM
No. of symbols: 1,024 No. of symbols: 1,024
Subcarriers = 52 Subcarriers = 52
PAPR of transmitted signal: 9 dB PAPR of FBMC: 9 dB
Reduced PAPR: 5.46 dB Reduced PAPR: 2.82 dB
 FBMC vs. OFDM 263

The capacity of FBMC and OFDM is shown in Figure 11. FBMC shows a better
performance as compared to OFDM. Insertion of CP which results in loss of bandwidth
in OFDM may be taken as the reason for divesting in the performance of OFDM system.

Figure 11 Capacity of OFDM and FBMC (see online version for colours)

4 Conclusions

In this work, simulation investigation and comparison of FBMC and OFDM perform to
analyse BER measurement, multicarrier waveform, capacity and spectrum sensing.
The study indicates that the performance of FBMC is better than that of OFDM for
transmitting and receiving the symbols. Moreover, FBMC utilised the bandwidth in a
more efficient manner as compared to OFDM, as the former does not employ CP, unlike
the latter waveform. Thus, it can be concluded that the FBMC modulation technique is
the best alternative for the 5G mobile communication system and it can be really useful
in IoT applications.

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