Wideband Modulation Techniques, OFDM

Source: WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS: Chapter:11 Upena Dalal

Multiplexing

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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
● Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation scheme that is
especially suited for high-data-rate transmission in delay-dispersive environments
Dr. Chang Proposed in 1955
Advances in hardware and DSP made OFDM realistic
Digital Audio/Video broadcasting, Wireless LANs IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11g
● 3GPP-LTE, WiMAX, 4G
● OFDM splits a high-rate data stream into N parallel streams
● Transmitted by Modulating N distinct carriers.
OFDM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_PNOa_2kus
Basic principles of Orthogonality
Orthogonality:
● Two signals co-exist but are independent in a
specified time.
● Independent with each other and do not
interact in a specified time.
● is a property, allows multiple information
signals over a common channel and detected
without interference.
● Loss of orthogonality results in blurring
between information signals and
degradations in communications
● TDM, FDM…
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
● FDM
Large spacing between carriers
● OFDM
Utilizes the spectrum with narrower Sub-
carriers frequencies fn = nW/N,
W: Total available bandwidth W = N/Ts
PAM with rectangular basis pulses on each
subcarrier for Modulation
Single Vs Multicarrier Systems

Single Carrier Frequency Allocation Multi Carrier Frequency Allocation

Contd..

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FDM Vs OFDM
Contd..

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OFDM and OFDMA

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Contd..

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Contd..

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Contd..

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OFDM Transceivers
Contd..

https://medium.com/@ezeuko.arinze/ofdm-orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing-dc027be46ef2

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OFDM using inverse FFT
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OFDM Block Diagram
CDMA Vs OFDM
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OFDM: Example
A 64 kbps voice frame is to be modulated by OFDM scheme. The duration of OFDM symbol
is 10 µs. Total of 32 subcarriers are to be assigned to this frame. Find out
a. The null-to-null subchannel bandwidth assuming square signal
b. the total bandwidth occupied
Solun:
a. Ts = symbol duration = 10 µs.
Δf =sub carrier spacing = 1/Ts = 1/ 10 µs = 0.1 MHz
= 100 kHz null-to-null subchannel bandwidth = 200 kHz
b. Nc = Number of subcarriers = 32
 Transmission bandwidth = (Nc + 1)x Δf = 3200 kHz
Example-2
Consider a 4G wireless WiMAX standard with fixed profile. The numbers of subcarriers are
36 and the bandwidth associated with each subcarrier is 10.25 KHz. Assume the cyclic prefix
(CP) duration in WiMAX is 8.5% of the OFDM symbol duration without the CP. Calculate
the following!
a. Bandwidth of broadband WiMAX system
b. Symbol duration of OFDM signal without CP
c. Duration of CP
d. Total duration of OFDM with CP
e. How many samples in CP
f. How many samples in OFDM with CP
g. Loss in efficiency.

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Contd..
Given N = 36, Bs = 10.25 KHz.
a. B = Bs * N = 369 KHz
b. To= N/B = 36/369 KHz = 97 µsec
c. Tcp = 8.5% * To = (8.5/100) * 97 µsec = 8.245 µsec
d. T = To+Tcp = 97 µsec + 8.245 µsec = 105.245 µsec
e. Samples in CP = CP duration/sample time
= (8.245 * 10-6)/(1/B) = (8.245 * 10-6) / (1/369 KHz) = 3.042
f. Total samples = 3.042 + 36 = 39.042
g. Loss in efficiency = (L-1) / (N+L-1) = (3.042 / 39.042) = 7.79%

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