OFDM, Quick Intro

K7DEN

OUTLINE
z OVERVIEW ABOUT OFDM
z DEFINITION AND PRINCIPLES
z OFDM ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS
z APPLICATIONS
z CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES

OVERVIEW ABOUT OFDM
z OFDM was invented more than 40 years ago.
z OFDM has been adopted for several technologies:
y Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) services.
y IEEE 802.11a/g, IEEE 802.16a.
y Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB).
y Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcast: DVD in
Europe, ISDB in Japan
y 4G, IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.16, and IEEE 802.20.



WHY OFDM ?
z High bit rate needs are clumped by the nature of
communication channels.
z Multi-path Propagation effects forbid increasing of
transmission rates.

OUTLINE
z OVERVIEW ABOUT OFDM
z DEFINITION AND PRINCIPLES
z OFDM ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS

OFDM DEFINITION
z OFDM = Orthogonal FDM
z Carrier centers are put on orthogonal frequencies
z ORTHOGONALITY - The peak of each signal coincides
with trough of other signals
z Subcarriers are spaced by 1/Ts
Modulation
PRINCIPLES
z BASIC IDEA : Channel bandwidth is divided into multiple
subchannels to reduce ISI and frequency-selective
fading.

z Multicarrier transmission : Subcarriers are orthogonal
each other in frequency domain.
PRINCIPLES
z Time-domain spreading:
y Spreading is achieved in the time-domain by
repeating the same information in an OFDM symbol
on two different sub-bands => Frequency Diversity.

z Frequency-domain spreading:
y Spreading is achieved by choosing conjugate
symmetric inputs for the input to the IFFT (real
output)
y Exploits frequency diversity and helps reduce the
transmitter complexity/power consumption.


FDM OFDM



z Frequency Division Multiplexing



z OFDM frequency dividing



EARN IN SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY
z The baseband OFDM signals can be written as


Where is the central frequency of the mth sub-
channel and is the corresponding transmitted symbol.

z The signals are orthogonal over [0, T ] as
illustrated below:





OFDM THEORY

=
s s
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
0
0 , 2 exp ) (
N
m
m
T t t
T
m
j X t x t
T
m
f
m
=
m
X
|
.
|

\
|
t
T
m
j t 2 exp
ml
T
dt t
T
l
j t
T
m
j
T
o t t =
}
) 2 exp( ). 2 exp(
1
0
FEC
IFFT
DAC
Linear
PA

add cyclic extension
bits
f
c

OFDM symbol
Pulse shaper
&
view this as a time to
frequency mapper
Generic OFDM Transmitter
Complexity (cost) is transferred back from the digital to the analog domain!
Serial to
Parallel
AGC
f
c

VCO
Sampler
FFT
Error
gross offset
Slot &
fine offset
Freq. Offset
Estimation
Timing
Sync.
(of all tones sent in one OFDM symbol)
Generic OFDM Receiver
Recovery
P/S and
Detection
OUTLINE
z OVERVIEW ABOUT OFDM
z DEFINITION AND PRINCIPLES
z OFDM ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS
z APPLICATIONS
OFDM ADVANTAGES
z OFDM is spectrally efficient
y IFFT/FFT operation ensures that sub-carriers do not
interfere with each other.

z OFDM has an inherent robustness against narrowband
interference.
y Narrowband interference will affect at most a couple
of subchannels.
y Information from the affected subchannels can be
erased and recovered via the forward error
correction (FEC) codes.

z Equalization is very simple compared to Single-Carrier
systems



OFDM ADVANTAGES
z OFDM has excellent robustness in multi-path
environments.
y Cyclic prefix preserves orthogonality between sub-
carriers.
y Cyclic prefix allows the receiver to capture multi-
path energy more efficiently.

z Ability to comply with world-wide regulations:
y Bands and tones can be dynamically turned on/off
to comply with changing regulations.

z Coexistence with current and future systems:
y Bands and tones can be dynamically turned on/off
for enhanced coexistence with the other devices.



OFDM DRAWBACKS
z High sensitivity inter-channel interference, ICI

z OFDM is sensitive to frequency, clock and phase offset

z The OFDM time-domain signal has a relatively large peak-
to-average ratio
y tends to reduce the power efficiency of the RF
amplifier
y non-linear amplification destroys the orthogonality of
the OFDM signal and introduced out-of-band radiation



OUTLINE
z OVERVIEW ABOUT OFDM
z DEFINITION AND PRINCIPLES
z OFDM ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS
z APPLICATIONS

Standards
z Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)
z Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB)
z Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
z Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11a
y Wireless networking, device connectivity
z Proposed for 802.16 standard
y Connection between subscriber's transceiver
station and a base transceiver station

Digital Radio
z Coded OFDM Transmitter
COFDM Transmitter


DRM
z For HF Frequencies
y 4.5 5 kHz for half channel
x Data Rates of 4 14.5 kbit/s
y 9 10 kHz for full channel
x Data Rates of 8 35kbit/s
y 18-20 kHz for double channel
x Data Rates of 31 72kbit/s
Products
z AOR ARD9800
y http://www.hamradio-dv.org/aor.htm
z Icom D-Star
z WinDRM
Proprietary OFDM Flavours
Wideband-OFDM
(W-OFDM) of Wi-LAN
www.wi-lan.com
Flash OFDM
from Flarion
www.flarion.com
Vector OFDM
(V-OFDM) of Cisco, Iospan,etc.
www.iospan.com
-- 2.4 GHz band
-- 30-45Mbps in 40MHz
-- large tone-width
(for mobility, overlay)
-- Freq. Hopping for
CCI reduction, reuse
-- 1.25 to 5.0MHz BW
-- mobility support
-- MIMO Technology
-- non-LoS coverage,
mainly for fixed access
-- upto 20 Mbps in MMDS
Wi-LAN leads the OFDM Forum -- many proposals submitted to
IEEE 802.16 Wireless MAN
Cisco leads the Broadand Wireless Internet Forum (BWIF)