10982760, 2016, 3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mop.29637 by Altinbas University, Wiley Online Library on [08/12/2022].
See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
TABLE 2 Comparison of Different Parameters Between Proposed and Published Works
Total Electrical Size
Proposed 0.269 k0 3 0.159 k0
Work
[9] 0.282 k0 3 0.166 k0
[13] 0.393 k0 3 0.173 k0
[12] 0.3 k0 3 0.12 k0
Where, k0 is the free space wavelength at lowest resonant frequency.
1.59 GHz, 3.26 dBi at 2.34 GHz, and 3.53 dBi at 3.63 GHz.
The comparison between the proposed work and other published
works is shown in Table 2.
4. CONCLUSION
A novel microstrip-fed quad band monopole planar antenna,
loaded with compact CRLH unit cell of electrical size 0.038 k0 3
0.016 k0 only at 0.85 GHz, is designed and fabricated. The first
three bands are generated from the combined effect of CRLH unit
cell and a conventional quarter-wavelength monopole, while the
fourth band is achieved by properly designing an additional bent
monopole on the same antenna. A huge size reduction of 61% is
achieved due to loading of CRLH unit cell to the Monopole-I. The
S11 parameters of the fabricated antenna are measured and they
are in good agreement with those of the simulated results. The
radiation patterns obtained are quasi-omnidirectional in all operat-
ing frequencies. The proposed antenna would be useful for Wi-Fi
(2.4 GHz) and WiMAX (2.3, 2.5, and 3.5 GHz) applications.
Addition to that, another two narrow bands at 0.85 and 1.61 GHz
are also available. The antenna efficiencies are 94% and above in
all the operating bands.
REFERENCES
1. M.A. Antoniades and G.V. Eleftheriades, A broadband dual-mode
monopole antenna using NRI-TL metamaterial loading, IEEE Anten-
nas Wireless Propag Lett 8 (2009), 258–261.
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small monopole antenna for WiFi applications, Electron Lett 45
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on Loading a CPW-Fed Monopole with One CRLH-TL Unit Cell,
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7. H. Huang, Y. Liu, S. Zhang, and S. Gong, Multiband metamaterial-
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CRLH unit cell loaded triple-band monopole antenna, Microwave
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10. A.A. Ibrahim and A.M.E. Safwat, Microstrip-fed monopole antennas
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line theory and microwave applications, Wiley-IEEE Press, Hobo-
ken, NJ 2006.
658 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 3, March 2016
Electrical Size of the Antenna Frequency Bands
0.045 k0 3 0.079 k0 0.85, 1.61, 2.42, 3.55
0.055 k0 3 0.083 k0 0.89, 1.66, 2.57
0.159 k0 3 0.093 k0 0.93, 1.23, 2.10
0.099 k0 3 0.12 k0 1.8, 2.4, 3.5, 5.2
12. A. Soliman, D. Elsheakh, E. Abdallah, and H. El-Hennawy, Multi-
band printed metamaterial inverted-F antenna (IFA) for USB appli-
cations, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett 14 (2015), 297–300.
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microstrip_fed monopole antenna loaded with CRLH unit cell, IEEE
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2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A BROADBAND KU-BAND MICROSTRIP
REFLECTARRAY ANTENNA USING
SINGLE-LAYER FRACTAL ELEMENTS
Fei Xue,1,2 Hong-Jian Wang,2 Min Yi,2 and Guang Liu2
1
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
Corresponding author: 07083003xuefei@163.com
2
The Key Laboratory of Microwave Remote Sensing, National Space
Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190,
China
Received 22 July 2015
ABSTRACT: A novel single-layer microstrip reflectarray element with
fractal structure is proposed. Ansoft HFSS is used to analyze the reflect
phase for the fractal element in honeycomb lattice. A 469-element prime
focus microstrip reflectarray antenna composed of the proposed fractal
elements is designed, manufactured, and measured. The measured gain
level of 29.8 dB is obtained at the center frequency of 13.58 GHz with
1-dB gain bandwidth of 15.3%. V C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:658–662, 2016; View this article online
at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.29637
Key words: reflectarray; fractal structure; single-layer; honeycomb lat-
tice; broadband
1. INTRODUCTION
The conventional parabolic reflector antenna has been widely
used in both military and civil field. Due to the increasingly
high requirements for flexible communication system, the disad-
vantages of the traditional parabolic reflector antenna have
become increasingly apparent, such as heavy, bulky, and nonpla-
nar. To avoid the disadvantages, efforts have been made to
replace a parabolic reflector by its equivalent such as a micro-
strip reflectarray [1]. A reflectarray antenna consists of an array
of microstrip patch elements, each one imparting an appropriate
phase delay to the incident wave to produce a collimated beam
in front of the antenna aperture plane.
The main limitation to reflectarray performance is the narrow
bandwidth, generally lower than 5% and even less for large
reflectarrays [2]. The element bandwidth and spatial phase delay
dispersion are the two factors limiting the reflectarray band-
width. However, for the moderate gain antennas, the element
bandwidth seems to be the main reason of bandwidth limitation
[3]. The bandwidth of the radiating element can be improved by
an appropriate design of the phase-shifter element. The F/D ratio
DOI 10.1002/mop
 10982760, 2016, 3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mop.29637 by Altinbas University, Wiley Online Library on [08/12/2022]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Figure 2 Honeycomb lattice model of the fractal element. [Color figure
can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.
com]

self-similarity of the antenna structure results in multifrequency

operation, which increases the bandwidth of the antenna. The
self-loading property also broadens the useful bandwidth [11].
The miniaturization feature of fractal antenna is used in [12] to
design a miniaturized reflectarray unit cell offering wide-angle
scanning capabilities. The designed X-band fractal reflectarray
cell gives an improved maximum scan angle of 508. Fractal-
shaped patch-slot configurations have been studied as reflectar-
ray unit cells in [13]. Variable-length slots on the ground plane
have been used to adjusting the phase. It has been shown that
fractal configurations can reduce the size of the reflectarray unit
cell and increase the maximum phase swing.

Figure 1 Top view and side view of the fractal element with honey-
comb lattice. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is
available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

must be large enough so that the incident field is locally a plane

wave and the effect of the spatial phase delay can be decreased.
However, a larger F/D ratios will affect the illumination effi-
ciency. Much effort has been made to improve the bandwidth
[4–9]. In [4], a reflectarray element made up of double crossed
loops of variable lengths printed on a conductor backed sub-
strate has been demonstrated. A single-layer reflectarray was
fabricated and measured, which showed a 1-dB gain-bandwidth
of 10%, centered at 22 GHz. In [5], a significant improvement
in bandwidth has been demonstrated using elements which allow
true-time delay.
In [6], a novel bandwidth improvement method is proposed,
which combines the multilayer approach with the subwavelength
element technique. A method is proposed to design three-layer
printed reflectarrays with patches of variable size for broadband
operation in [7], and significant bandwidth and gain stability
improvements were obtained. In [8] and [9], multiresonant ele-
ments are used for broadband operation.
In conventional microstrip patch antennas, dual-frequency or
multifrequency operation can be obtained using multiple radiat-
ing elements or reactively loaded patch antennas or multifre-
quency dielectric resonator antennas [10]. However, these
methods have increased the complexity and manufacturing cost
of the antenna. Fractal-shaped antennas which combine the
antenna design theory and fractal geometry have already been
proved to have some unique characteristics that are linked to the
geometrical properties of fractals. The microstrip reflectarray Figure 3 Reflect phase and magnitude curve of element at 13.58 GHz
combines microstrip antenna design with the fractal technology for different h with h1 5 0.5 mm, h2 5 3mm, and k 5 0.75. (a) u 5 08.
to make full use of their advantages. The space-filling character- (b) u 5 908. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is
istic of fractal antenna makes the antenna miniaturization. The available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 3, March 2016 659

Figure 4 Phase-size characteristics of the proposed fractal element for
different k at 13.58 GHz for normal incidence. (h1 5 0.5 mm,
h2 5 3 mm). [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is
available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
A novel fractal microstrip element on a single layer substrate
is presented in this article. To achieve a larger reflection phase
variation range with less slope than conventional single layer
element, an air layer is inserted between the substrate and the
ground plane. The novel fractal microstrip element can meet the
requirements of reflection phase curve linearity and variation
range, so it has a broad bandwidth characteristic.
2. ELEMENT DESIGN AND PHASE CHARACTERISTICS
The reflectarray presented in this article is composed of fractal
microstrip elements on a grounded substrate. The impedance
characteristics of the element vary with the size of the element,
so it can be used to adjust the phase of the reflected electromag-
netic wave. The configuration of the proposed fractal element is
shown in Figure 1. The fractal element is a multiresonant struc-
ture that demonstrates a larger phase range and a more linear
phase variation than the conventional square or circular patch. It
Figure 5 Phase-size characteristics of the proposed fractal element for
different h1 at 13.58 GHz for normal incidence. (k 5 0.75, h2 5 3 mm).
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
660 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 3, March 2016
10982760, 2016, 3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mop.29637 by Altinbas University, Wiley Online Library on [08/12/2022]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Figure 6 Phase-size characteristics of the proposed fractal element for
different h2 at 13.58 GHz for normal incidence. (k 5 0.75,
h1 5 0.5 mm). [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is
available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
consists of two concentric hexagon rings and a hexagon where
each side of the inner hexagon is equal to the adjacent outer
hexagon multiplied by the factor of k. Each patch was etched on
Rogers RT/duroid 5880 laminates with relative permittivity of
2.2 and thickness of h1. The layer between the substrate and
ground plane is an air layer whose relative permittivity is 1 and
thickness is h2. L 5 13 mm is the lattice period of the element
and equivalent to 0.59 wavelengths at 13.58 GHz. To derive
reflection coefficient of the element, simulations are analyzed
using Ansoft HFSS that uses master-slave boundaries and Flo-
quet ports to model periodic structures. Figure 2 shows the hon-
eycomb lattice model of the fractal element in Ansoft HFSS.
The phase of the reflection coefficient is dependent not only
on elements size but also on the incident angle of the plane
wave. When the incident angle is less than 408, the reflection
phase difference between normal incidence and oblique inci-
dence can be neglected [14]. Figure 3 shows reflection magni-
tude and phase of element at 13.58 GHz for different h (from 08
to 308) and u (08 and 908) with h1 5 0.5 mm, h2 5 3 mm, and
k 5 0.75. (h, u) is the direction of incident wave. It can be con-
cluded that h and u have little influence on reflection magnitude
and phase. Furthermore, the incident angles of elements close to
the edge of reflectarray are around 308. Thus, the assumption
that the elements are excited by a normal incident plane wave is
qualified in this article.
A parametric study is performed to optimize element struc-
ture to obtain a smoother reflection phase curve and improve
the bandwidth. Figure 4 shows the influence of k factor on
phase variations. It can be concluded that a factor of 0.75 leads
to a better linear reflection phase and enough phase variation
range. Figures 5 and 6 show the effect of variations in the thick-
ness of substrate and air layer, respectively.
It can be concluded from Figure 5 that the substrate thick-
ness has little influence on the reflection phase curse. Taking
into account the manufacture factor, the thickness of the
TABLE 1 Elements Geometry
a1 a2 a3 a4 k h1 h2 L
ka ka1 ka2 ka3 0.75 0.5 mm 3 mm 13 mm
DOI 10.1002/mop
 10982760, 2016, 3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mop.29637 by Altinbas University, Wiley Online Library on [08/12/2022]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Figure 7 Phase-size characteristics for different frequencies (12.5–
17 GHz) for normal incidence with k 5 0.75, h1 5 0.5 mm, and
h2 5 3 mm. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is
available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

substrate is 0.5 mm. It can be drawn from Figure 6 that the

thickness of the air layer has great influence on the reflection
phase curse, so the thickness of the air layer is 3 mm for better
linear reflection phase and large phase variation range.
With the result of parametric study, the fractal element with
k 5 0.75, h1 5 0.5 mm, and h2 5 3 mm, is the results of optimi-
zation, as depicted in Table 1. The reflection phase variation
range is in excess of 4308 with the element size changes within
the range of 1.5–6 mm. Reflection phase curses versus element
size for different frequencies (12.5–17 GHz) are shown in
Figure 7. The reflection phase curses almost parallel to each
other that indicates the wideband property of the novel fractal
element. Figure 9 Normalized simulated and measured radiation pattern of the
reflectarray antenna for copolar and cross-polar components at
3. DESIGN REFLECTARRAY AND PERFORMANCE 13.58 GHz. (a) E-plane. (b) H-plane. [Color figure can be viewed in the
online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
To validate the proposed fractal structure, a prime-focus 469-
element reflectarray is designed using the proposed fractal struc- level at the reflectarray edges is about 11 dB below the level at
ture as phase-shift elements and the performances of the reflec- the aperture center. Figure 8 presents the photograph of the
tarray are simulated and measured. The size D and focal reflectarray prototype. Foam and bracket are used to fix the feed
distance F of the reflectarray are 325 mm(14.5k0) and 260 mm
separately. A pyramidal antenna is used as the feed of the
reflectarray. The phase center of the pyramidal antenna is placed
at the focal point (F) of the reflectarray and the illumination

Figure 10 Measured radiation gain of the reflectarray antenna with

Figure 8 Photograph of the designed reflectarray. [Color figure can be frequency varying from 12.58 to 16.58 GHz. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com] viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 3, March 2016 661

horn. The radiation pattern of the antenna is tested in the near-
field anechoic chamber. Figure 9 shows the simulated and meas-
ured radiation patterns of the reflectarray antenna for co-polar
and cross-polar components both in E-plane and H-plane at the
center frequency of 13.58 GHz.
As shown in Figure 9, the simulated antenna gain is 30.04
dB at the center frequency of 13.58 GHz with the 3-dB beam-
width of 4.958 in both E-plane and H-plane. The simulated
results of side lobe levels are below 218.8 dB with regard to
the peak level. The measured gain levels 29.8 dB is obtained at
13.58 GHz with the 3-dB beamwidth of E-plane and H-plane
both are 4.968. The measured side lobe levels are below 218
dB with regard to the peak level of both the H-plane and E-
plane. The measured cross-polarization levels are below 235
dB for the E-plane and 228 dB for the H-plane. The simulation
results are performed using the real material to coincide with
the measurement condition. In practice, the air layer is substi-
tuted by a cellular board. Besides, clear epoxy adhesive is used
to bind the cellular board and substrate layer.
The measured peak gains against frequencies from 12.58 to
16.58 GHz are shown in Figure 10. It can be concluded that the
measured bandwidth, defined from the gain variation with fre-
quency (1 dB drop in peak gain is considered), reaches 15.3%.
The small difference between simulation and measured results
are due to the fabrication and the measurement errors. The
blockage of the foam and bracket and the feed misalignment are
the reasons for the disagreement between simulations and meas-
urements as well.
4. CONCLUSION
A novel fractal microstrip reflectarray element with a single-
layer substrate has been proposed and studied. The analysis of
the fractal element shows that the proposed element can provide
sufficient phase variation range with good linear reflection phase
and gentle slope. The reflection phase curses of different fre-
quencies indicate that the fractal element has broadband prop-
erty. A concentric circle reflectarray which is composed of lots
of the proposed fractal elements is designed, fabricated and
measured. The measured 1-dB gain bandwidth reaches 15.3%.
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2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DESIGN OF UWB MICROSTRIP
BANDPASS FILTER USING
STUB-LOADED QUINTUPLE-MODE
RESONATOR
Elif Gunturkun Sahin,1 Ali Kursad Gorur,2,3
Ceyhun Karpuz,2 and Adnan Gorur1
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nigde
University, Nigde 51245, Turkey; Corresponding author:
elifgunturkun35@hotmail.com
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Pamukkale
University, Denizli 20070, Turkey
3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nevsehir Haci
Bektas Veli University, Nevsehir 50100, Turkey
Received 7 July 2015
ABSTRACT: Design of a novel ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip
bandpass filter is presented by using a square loop quintuple-mode reso-
nator (QMR) having open-circuited stubs. The proposed resonator has
five resonant modes in UWB band range and is coupled to Input/Output
(IO) ports by parallel-coupled feed lines. The first three resonance
modes are resulted from the stub loaded square loop resonator, whereas
the remaining two modes can be formed by means of the coupling
between the open-circuited stubs and the resonator. The designed UWB
filter has totally seven poles including two poles resulting from the
nature of the coupling sections and five poles from the QMR. Theoreti-
cal analysis of the resonator is realized by defining the equivalent cir-
cuit model. Coupling scheme and coupling matrix of the designed filter
are also extracted to clarify the filter topology. In addition, two patch
perturbation elements are used to control the in-band return loss levels.
A seven pole UWB bandpass filter is designed, analyzed, and fabricated.
Measurement results show a good agreement with the predicted results.
C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:662–
V
666, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI
10.1002/mop.29649
Key words: UWB; bandpass filter; multi-mode resonator; open-
circuited stub
1. INTRODUCTION
In 2002, ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency spectrum is released
from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz by US Federal Communication Commission
[1] for commercial use. Recently, UWB communication systems
have gained great interest to be used at a very low energy level
for short-range and high-bandwidth communications. One of the
essential components of these systems is UWB filters.
DOI 10.1002/mop