Fratricide

FRATRICIDE

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Fratricide
FRATRICIDE

Victims of Fratricide

Terminal Learning Objective

FRATRICIDE
Action: Identify the elements an mitigation measures of Fratricide Condition: Given a classroom envionment, laptop computer, DVD with presentations, Field manual (FM) 5-19 Composite Risk Management, FM 7-1 Battle Focused Training, Army Regulation (AR) 385-10 Army Safety Program Center Army Lessons Learned (CALL) 92-4 Fratricide: Reducing Self Inflicted losses, CALL 92-3 Fratricide Risk Assessment and student handouts Standard: Apply mitigation measures to reduce Fratricide in accordance with Field Manual 5-19

Administrative Data
FRATRICIDE
Safety Consideration: None Risk Assessment: Low Environmental Considerations: None

Agenda
Definition of Fratricide

FRATRICIDE

Historical Perspectives
Contributing Factors

Causes
Effects

Risk Management and Reduction Measures

References
FRATRICIDE
AR 385-10 CALL 92-3 CALL 92-4 FM 5-19

Definition
FRATRICIDE
The employment of friendly weapons and munitions with the intent to kill the enemy or destroy his equipment or facilities, which results in unforeseen and unintentional death or injury to friendly personnelTRADOC Fratricide Action Plan

CALL 92-4 Chpt. 1

Historical Perspective
Most likely to occur in the early stages of combat, during reduced visibility or along shared unit boundaries. In previous 20th century conflicts supporting fires (air and artillery) accounted for 75% of fratricide incidents. Recent operations show risk may be dependant on the specific theater and enemy encountered.

FRATRICIDE

Statistical Data
FRATRICIDE
Fratricide assumed less than 2% of all casualties prior to proper reporting and definition
Downplayed the severity of the situation

The first defined reporting system was published in 1985

The TRADOC definition was published in 1991

CALL 92-4 Chapter 1

Statistical Data
World War I

FRATRICIDE

10% Wounded in Action

World War II
14% of Casualties

Korea
7% of Casualties

Vietnam
11-14% of Casualties

Just Cause
5-13% of Casualties

Statistical Data
FRATRICIDE
Desert Storm
15% Wounded in Action 24% Killed in Action 77% of the US Armored vehicles damaged in battle were due to Fratricides

CALL 92-4 Appendix D

Causes of Fratricide
FRATRICIDE
Primary Causes
Lack of Situational Awareness Lack of Positive ID

Other (weapon errors)

CALL 92-4 CH. II

Student Checks
Question: What is the definition of fratricide?

FRATRICIDE

Answer: The employment of friendly weapons and munitions with the intent to kill the enemy or destroy his equipment or facilities, which results in unforeseen and unintentional death or injury to friendly personnel
Question: What are the three primary causes of fratricide? Answer: Lack of Situational Awareness, No Positive Identification, and Other.

Causes of Fratricide
FRATRICIDE
Lack of situational awareness: Real-time accurate knowledge of one's own location (and orientation) Locations of friendly, enemy, neutral, and noncombatants Awareness of the METT-T conditions that affect the operation.

CALL 92-4 CH. II

Causes of Fratricide
Lack of situational awareness: Inadequate Fire and Maneuver Control Direct Fire Control Failure Land Navigation Failures Reporting, Crosstalk and Battle Tracking Failures Known Battlefield Hazards

FRATRICIDE

CALL 92-3 Section 1

Causes of Fratricide
FRATRICIDE
Lack of situational awareness Inadequate Fire and Maneuver Control:
Fail to disseminate minimum maneuver and fire support control measures to coordinate activities on the ground Fail to tie control measures to recognizable terrain and events Improper use or understanding of control measures

CALL 92-3 Section 1

Causes of Fratricide
FRATRICIDE
Lack of situational awareness Direct Fire Control Failure:
Defensive / Offensive fire control plans not developed or fail in execution No designated target reference points, engagement areas, and priorities or failure to adhere to them

CALL 92-3 Section 1

Causes of Fratricide
FRATRICIDE
Lack of situational awareness Land Navigation Failures:
Complicated by difficult terrain, weather and visibility Can cause units to stray out of sector, report wrong locations, become disoriented Employment of weapons from wrong location

CALL 92-3, 92-4

Causes of Fratricide
FRATRICIDE
Lack of situational awareness Reporting, Crosstalk and Battle Tracking Failures:
Leaders at all levels may fail to generate timely and accurate reports or track subordinates as locations and tactical situation changes Erroneous clearance of fire support and violations of danger close fire

CALL 92-3, 92-4

Causes of Fratricide
FRATRICIDE
Lack of situational awareness Known Battlefield hazards:
Unexploded ordinance Flying debris Booby traps Failure to mark, record, remove, or otherwise anticipate these threats

CALL 92-3, 92-4

Causes of Fratricide
FRATRICIDE
Lack of Positive ID
The immediate, accurate, and dependable ability to discriminate through-sight between friends and foe.

Other
Lapses in unit and individual discipline violations of the Rules of Engagement out-of-sector engagements, unauthorized discharges, mistakes with explosives and hand grenades, charge errors, incorrect gun data and similar incidents.
CALL 92-3, 92-4

Contributing Factors
FRATRICIDE
There are many contributing factors to fratricide Can be favorable or unfavorable

Primary Contributing factors may be identified using METT-T:

Mission Enemy Terrain and weather Troops and equipment Time

CALL 92-3, 92-4

Mission
FRATRICIDE
Mission
Contributing factors
High vehicle or weapons density Commanders intent is unclear or complex Poor coordination Crosstalk lacking No habitual relationships Incomplete control measures

UAS reduction measures

Provide coordination between ground units Identify other units in the area

CALL 92-4 Chapter II

Enemy
FRATRICIDE
Enemy
Contributing Factors
Weak intelligence Intermingled with friendly Intermingled with civilian populace

UAS Reduction measures

Identify targets and friendly units Provide visual near real time intelligence

CALL 92-4 Chapter II

Terrain
FRATRICIDE
Terrain
Contributing factors
Obscuration or poor visibility Extreme engagement ranges Navigational difficulties Absence of recognizable features

UAS Reduction measures

Area and Zone reconnaissance Target Identification Route reconnaissance

CALL 92-4 Chapter II

Troops and Equipment

FRATRICIDE
Troops and equipment
Contributing factors
High Weapons Lethality Unseasoned Leaders and Troops Poor fire control SOPs Incomplete ROE Anxiety and confusion Failure to adhere to SOPs

UAS reduction measures

Near real time video to commanders Positive identification Conducting in-direct fire support
CALL 92-4

Time
FRATRICIDE
Time considerations
Contributing factors
Soldier and leader fatigue Inadequate rehearsals Short planning time

UAS reduction measures

Can change crews with AV continuing mission Near real time video

CALL 92-4

Effects of Fratricide

Hesitation to conduct limited visibility operations Loss of confidence in the unit's leadership Increase of leader self-doubt Hesitation to use supporting combat systems Over-supervision of units Loss of initiative Loss of aggressiveness during fire and maneuver Disrupted operations Needless loss of combat power General degradation of cohesion and morale
CALL 92-3

FRATRICIDE

Student Checks
FRATRICIDE
Question: Name 7 of the 10 effects of fratricide? Answer:
Hesitation to conduct limited visibility operations Loss of confidence in the units leadership Hesitation to use supporting combat systems Increase of leader self doubt Over-supervision of units Loss of initiative Loss of aggressiveness during fire and maneuver Disrupted operations Needless loss of combat power General degradation of cohesion and morale

Control Measures
FRATRICIDE
Tactical Plan Training Technical Solutions Risk Management Process

CALL 92-4

Tactical Plan
FRATRICIDE
Direct fire weapons control measures
Rules of Engagement (ROE)

Clearance of indirect fires

Establish and practice routine positive controls Establish simplified procedures for external clearance of fires Incorporate fire support members in liaison teams for detailed flank coordination at each level Establish procedures for manning rear CP FSEs and positive control in rear areas Anticipate special controls needed for mixed voice-digital environments

CALL 92-4

Tactical Plan
FRATRICIDE
Reconnaissance Priorities
Identifying hazards and confirming fire control measures feasibility of the routes, navigation and maneuver plan

Rehearsals
understanding the concept of operation, verifying specific responsibilities, timing, and backup procedures to help synchronize unit operations
CALL 92-4

Training
FRATRICIDE
Combat Vehicle Identification (CVI) Training Battle Rostering Crew Drill or Battle drill Fratricide Training

CALL 92-4

Technical Solutions
FRATRICIDE
UAS mIRC Blue force tracker Imaging devices (FLIR) BUDD Lights and DARPA Lights
CALL 92-4

Risk Management Process

FRATRICIDE
The Fratricide Risk Assessment Matrix allows you as a leader to address fratricide using the following steps:
Identify the fratricide risks using the matrix during your analysis of METT-T factors Using each sub-matrix, assess possible fratricide loss and probability Make decisions and develop ways and means to reduce risks Implement measures by integrating them into plans, orders, SOPS, training performance standards and rehearsals Supervise and enforce safety measures and standards

CALL 92-3

Fraticide Risk Matrix

FRATRICIDE

Fraticide Risk Matrix

FRATRICIDE
How to fill out the Fratricide Risk Matrix using the following scenario: A UAS has observed an insurgent mortar team firing rounds into a FOB (Forward Operating Base) and has called a fire mission.

Risk Management Process

Sub-matrix 1: Fire and Maneuver Control

FRATRICIDE

There is a large friendly ground force converging on the area with multiple enemy targets in the area.

CALL 92-3

Risk Assessment Process

Sub-matrix 2

FRATRICIDE

The friendly ground forces are moderately trained and the entire force has trained for the mission

CALL 92-3

Risk Assessment Process

Sub-matrix 3

FRATRICIDE

An extensive recon of the area has been conducted and the sky condition limited by blowing dust

CALL 92-3

Risk Assessment Process

Sub-matrix 4

FRATRICIDE

Positive communication between the ground forces and air forces has been established and maintained

CALL 92-3

Risk Assessment Process

Sub-matrix 5

FRATRICIDE

The ground forces have a partial knowledge of existing hazards in the area and UXO from the enemy and incoming rounds could constitute a major hazard

CALL 92-3

Risk Assessment Process

Sub-matrix 6

FRATRICIDE

Friendly recognition is limited by the blowing dust; however, engagement ranges are very good

CALL 92-3

Risk Assessment Process

Sub-matrix 7

FRATRICIDE

ROE are complete and leadership is attached to the ground and air components

CALL 92-3

Risk Assessment Process

Sub-matrix 8

FRATRICIDE

Forces have just come off of R&R and are relatively experienced

CALL 92-3

Risk Assessment Process

Sub-matrix 9

FRATRICIDE

Total all of the Sub-matrix = 25 and makes this operation a CAUTION range for fratricide.

CALL 92-3

End Result
FRATRICIDE

Summary
FRATRICIDE
Definition of Fratricide Historical Perspectives Contributing Factors Causes

Effects
Risk Management and Reduction Measures

FRATRICIDE

Questions?