Computer Networks

Introduction

Zaka Ul-Mustafa
Zaka-mcs@nust.edu.pk Faculty offices, Old telecom building. Office timings: During Student Teacher Interaction

Text Book

Computer Networks (Fourth edition)

By Andrew S. Tanenbaum Data Communication and Networking: by Fourouzan

For reference books, see course handout.

Course Goals

Fundamental understanding of the network architecture and how to provide application requirements Cover core as well as newer networking technologies Goal is to cover as much breadth rather than depth As much hands on experience as possible Quantitative approach

Home work projects should help

Course policies

Course organization and expectation Grading policy

Final: 50% Midterm 30% Quizzes & Assignments 20% None Projects/homework/critiques are due at right before the beginning of class. I do not accept late

late policy

submissions.

Please contact me regarding unforeseen emergencies

Academic honesty Plagiarism may not be tolerated.

DATA COMMUNICATION

Communication and Telecommunication. Data Communication---------- Exchange of 0s and 1s. Data Communication --------- Local; Remote Effective Data Communication: (Fundamental characteristics) a) Delivery-------- correct destination b) Accuracy------- correct data c) Timeliness----- Same order; No significant delay

Block Diagram of a communication System

Components

Data or Massage Sender Receiver Link or Medium or communication Channel Protocol

Network Applications

Marketing and Sales Financial Services Manufacturing Electronic Messaging Directory Services Information Services Electronic Data Interchange Teleconferencing Cellular TelePhone Cable Television

Uses of Computer Networks

Business Applications Home Applications Mobile Users Social Issues

Business Applications of Networks

A network with two clients and one server. Resource Sharing & Client Server Model

Business Applications of Networks (2)

The client-server model involves requests and replies.

Strong Communication. Emails, video conferencing Manufacturing Processes Inventory control E-commerce

Home Network Applications

Access to remote information

(hobbies, newspapers)

Person-to-person communication Interactive entertainment Electronic commerce

Mobile user Social issues (e.g privacy issues,)

Home Network Applications (3)

Some forms of e-commerce.

PROTOCOLS

Merely sending the bit stream from one node to another and expecting a proper communication to occur ! Life is not that simple!!! Protocol defines: What is communicated; how it is communicated and When it is communicated.

STANDARDS

There are many factors needed to be synchronized. Why standards are necessary?(Competitive Market) Two types of standards: a) De facto (By Fact) b)De Jure (By Law)
i) Proprietary (closed standards) ii) Nonproprietary (Open standards;Developed by groups or committees)

De Jure Standards

De jure standards are those ratified by recognized international standards bodies such as the ISO and IEEE. Ethernet is an example of a de jure standard

De facto standards

de facto standards usually result from a standards battle in the market where dominance is achieved by being first, being bigger, being better or having more marketing clout. But standards battles can also be won by second to market, smaller, inferior products and standards. The Sony Playstation was second to market after Sega Those which arent necessarily open or based on any de jure standards. DOS is an example of a de facto standard. At a time when it mattered, there were three distinct DOS products on the market: MS-DOS from Microsoft, PC DOS from IBM, and DR DOS from Digital Research. Although they were similar products with similar features, each had its own quirks which meant you could never be 100 per cent certain your software would run on them all.

Standards and Organizations

Standards are developed by cooperation between: Standards Creation committees, forums and government agencies Standards Creation Committees: a) ISO(International standards Organization,1947,82 members)
Provides models for Compatibility, improved Quality, increased productivity decreased prices) Standards Sector) United nation developed CCIIT. Two popular standards developed by ITU are V series and X series.

b) ITU-T c) IEEE

(International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication

It sponsored an important project for local area network called Project 802

Forums

To accommodate the need of working models, agreements and to facilitate the process of standardization. Forum works with universities and users to test evaluate and standardize new technologies. Internet Society (ISOC) and Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF)
ISOC concentrates on user issues, including enhancement to the TCP/IP protocol suit. IETF reviewa internet software and hardware. e.g SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)

Regulatory Agencies

All communication Technologies require approval from Government Agencies The purpose of these agencies is to protect people interest by regulating radio and Wireless communication IN Pakistan: PTA (Pakistan Telecom Authority) In America: FCC

Network Hardware

Local Area Networks Metropolitan Area Networks Wide Area Networks Wireless Networks Home Networks Internetworks

Broadcast Networks Types of transmission technology Broadcast links Point-to-point links

Metropolitan Area Networks

A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.

Wide Area Networks

Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet.

Wide Area Networks (2)

A stream of packets from sender to receiver.

Broadcast Networks

Types of transmission technology Broadcast links

By a specific bit pattern in address field Multicast, one bit for indicating multicast transmission other n-1 bits for group address.

Point-to-point links

Also called Unicasting

Broadcast Networks (2)

Classification of interconnected processors by scale.

Types of Networks

There are three different ways in which we classify the networks Organizational Point of View Geographical Point of View Computing Point of View

Organizational Point of View

From organizational point of view, networks are divided into two types
Peer-to-Peer Server based

Peer-to-Peer

These are also called Workgroups. A peer-to-peer network comprises of 10 or less users and is suitable for small-sized business organizations. In this model of networking the resources are randomly scattered on the network with every machine acting as a server as well as client

Server Based networks

They are sometimes referred to as Domains. This is a centralized model of networking with resources placed on a dedicated machine called Server. There is no user limit as such, as it depends directly on your hardware resources and capacity to support users.

Geographical Point of View

From geographical point of view, there are three types of networks. LAN WAN MAN/CAN

LAN or Local Area Network

A LAN encompasses a small area such as a floor or a building with all the machines connected directly via the same medium generally.

LANs may be characterized by:

their size Their transmission technology Their topology

Tree

Local Area Networks

Arbitration may be centralized or distributed

Channel allocation may be static (e.g round robin) or dynamic Two broadcast networks (centralized or decentralized).

Local Area Network

Mesh: Some more I/O ports are needed? topologies How many cables and Advantages & disadvantages

Star: Hub. As a repeater, active Hubs, passive Hubs. Advantages Less cables as compared to ? In case of a single link failure Easy Fault Identification
Disadvantages

Mesh topology

WAN or Wide Area Network

A WAN comprises of a very large physical area that covers countries and continents. Internet is one good example of a WAN. The machines in a WAN are connected through different mediums and protocols. Generally, the Dial-up-Networks are used for this purpose.

Wide Area Network

Wide Area Networks

Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet. Host: Machines for running user programs.

Wide Area Networks (2)

A stream of packets from sender to receiver.

STORE & FORWARD

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) or CAN (Campus Area Network) A MAN is almost similar to a WAN except that a MAN only encompasses an area that is within a city. CAN is a campus area Network which is used with in a campus for the sharing of resources.

Computing Point of View

Networks are divided into two types from the point of view of computing.
1. Centralized Networks 2. Client-Server Networks

Centralized Networks

The centralized networks rely totally on one dedicated machine called server for all the processing and computing and the clients or the terminals act as dumb entities. If the client requires a certain set of data, whole of the data set is transferred at the client end, which also is wastage of the network bandwidth.

Client-Server Networks

In this model of networking, only the required set of data is returned to the client while both the server and the client take part in the processing or computing of the queries. This is a more efficient way of processing and is hence applied generally more than the centralized method, nowadays. .

Wireless Networks (2)

(a) Bluetooth configuration (b) Wireless LAN

Wireless Networks (3)

(a) Individual mobile computers (b) A flying LAN

Network Software

Layers . To reduce complexity Shielding, data encapsulation Peer layers Protocol. The agreement between layers and parties. Interfaces No data is directly communicated between two layers Protocol stack Network architecture. Set of layers and protocols.

Dessign issues

Addressing Error control Flow control Multiplexing Routing