Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Very high levels of radiation — People exposed to very high levels of radiation are
much more likely than others to develop leukemia. Very high levels of radiation have
been caused by atomic bomb explosions (such as those in Japan during World War II) and
nuclear power plant accidents (such as the Chernobyl accident in 1986
Down syndrome and certain other genetic diseases — Some diseases caused by
abnormal chromosomes may increase the risk of leukemia. Children and adolescents
with Down's syndrome have a 10 to 30-fold increased incidence of leukemia
Human T-cell leukemia virus-I (HTLV-I) — This virus causes a rare type of Chronic
Lymphocytic Leukemia known as Human T-cell leukemia.HTLV II – Hairy cell leukemia
CLASSIFICATION
ACUTE
• Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia ( AML)
• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ( ALL)
• Acute Monoblastic Leukemia ( AMOL)
CHRONIC
• Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ( CLL)
• Chronic Monocytic Leukemia ( CMOL)
• Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia ( CGL)
ACUTE LEUKEMIA
• Found frequently in children and young adults
• Incidence - 5 out of 100000
• Abrupt onset
• Runs a rapidly fatal course
• Fever
• Rapidly developing anemia, thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage
• Bone pain ( ALL)
• Lymphadenopathy (ALL)
• Splenomegaly & hepatomegaly
• Bleeding gums & bruising
• Headache,nausea
• Normochromic normocytic anemia
• WBC count –normal / raised
• Blast Cells seen in the peripheral blood
• Decreased platelet count
• Bonemarrow hypercellular with characteristic blast cells
• Proliferation of lymphoblasts
• WBC count – 20,000 – 1 lakh /cu mm
• > 50 % of the cells are lymphoblasts
• They are 1½ times the size of lymphocytes
• Smudge cells in the peripheral blood smear
• The most vulnerable section to be affected are children. 1 person per 100,000 affected
• Anemia, thrombocytopenia,lymphadenopathy & splenomegaly.
• Bone marrow infiltrated with lymphoblasts
• 25% adults and 3% children diagnosed with ALL have Philadelphia Chromosome
CLINICAL FEATURES
- Fever , sore throat
- Enlargement of liver, lymph nodes, spleen
- Bone pain
CHRONIC
• Disease of middle aged and elderly - cases reported in individuals older than 55 years
• WBC count – 2 – 2.5lakhs / cu mm
• 95% small lymphocytes 5% blast cells
• Prolymphocytes are seen
• Clinical features – fever, lethargy, wt.loss
• infections
• Moderate enlargement of lymph nodes
• Splenic and hepatic enlargement
• Mild anemia
• As disease progresses – severe hemolyticanemia develops
• Benign condition – lasts upto 20years
• Initial course that is relatively benign but followed by a terminal progressive and
resistant phase lasting 1-2 years.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------