THE POLYGRAPH EXAMINER A polygraph examiner is one who is skilled and capable to detect deception or verify truth of statement

through instrumentation or the use of mechanical device. The instrument or device utilized to detect deception or verify truthfulness of the statements must meet the basic instrumentation requirement of being capable of recording simultaneously on a moving chart the physiological responses. The following are qualifications and qualities expected of a polygraph examiner are: 1. He must remember that he is an impartial seeker of the truth, conducts his examination in a professional and ethical manner, and never allow his personal feelings, sympathies, or prejudice influence the result of the examination. 2. He should constantly bears in mind his primary responsibility to his subject to give them all possible safeguards against error and must never accept for polygraph examination, any subject whose physical or mental health or state makes him unfit. 3. Technically, he must have a complete knowledge of the instrument and its potentials and limitations, the most modern polygraph technique, proficiency in the conduct of polygraph examination, test construction and cart interpretation. 4. Morally, he must have a sincere desire to be a polygraph examiner in its strictest sense, by devoting himself to the polygraph profession through maintenance of a high personal proficiency through constant study and research. RESPONSIBILITIES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINER TO HIS SUBJECT In conducting polygraph examination the examiner should be reminded of his responsibilities to his subject. 1. The polygraph examiner recognizes the fact that his primary responsibility must be to the person who has voluntary submitted himself to a polygraph examination. 2. He should never conduct examination on person without first the appraisal of the subjects constitutional rights, rights against self-incrimination. 3. He should never perform examination to any person unless the instrument he is going to utilize is in good working condition and makes a continuous permanent recording on a moving chart of at least two physiological tracings. 4. He should never render a certain or conclusive verbal or written opinion based on the chart analysis without having administered at least two or more charts.

5. He should not suggest testimony concerning the charts or conclusions presented by another examiner unless he is methodically familiar with the techniques and procedures employed. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INVESTIGATOR TO THE EXAMINER In asking polygraph assistance, the investigator must always confer first with the examiner on the requirement for the test. The following should guide the investigator in asking assistance for polygraph examination. 1. He must not wait until the last minute, after all investigative methods and techniques have failed, the test should never be used as a last resort; 2. He must not fail to investigate the case before seeking assistance. The polygraph examination does not establish whether a crime has been committed or not. Faulty or incomplete investigation places the examiner in a position to ask weak questions rather than strong and specific ones; 3. He should not depend on the mass screening of possible suspects to produce guilty party except when no reasonable amount of investigation had produced a likely suspect or material;;y narrowed down the number of possible suspect; 4. Not to stop investigation if polygraph examination is deferred or temporarily delayed; 5. He must not ask the test to bolster the evidence submitted to the court. This is a display of doubts as to his investigative findings of guilt on the part of the accused. Such doubt always build up to the benefit of an accused, and in numerous instances, the opinion of the examiner is accepted by the court in favor of the defense rather for the prosecution; 6. He must not use polygraph as props, ruse or trickery to secure confession or for the evaluation of the mental and physical state of the suspect; and 7. He should not tell to anyone that the polygraph would decide whether the subject or suspect is innocent or guilty. The court makes the decision. 8. He must not think that investigation is over if the test indicated that the subject lied or confessed. Evidence and testimonies should be gathered to prove the facts of the allegation against the subject; RESPONSIBILITIES OF INVESTIGATORS TO THE SUBJECT In asking a person involved in a criminal case under investigation to take polygraph test, the investigator should:

1. Be knowledgeable about the polygraph so that he can talk openly and freely to the person about the test. The subject may know very little or may have been misinformed about it. 2. Not to divulge details of an offense which maybe utilized in application of a peak of tension test; 3. Recommend the test as a means for the subject to indicate his innocence; 4. the tests capacity for indicating through the recorded response whether a person is telling the truth; 5. Guarantee the subject that the examiner is qualified and impartial to all persons involved in the case; and 6. Avoid any claim for the instrument or examiner that is not backed up by fact. EXAMINATION ROOM No one would seriously consider undergoing major surgical procedure in a place other than an operating room intended to minimize the damage of infection and other elements that may impair the successful completion of the operation. Ideally, polygraph test should be performed in a quiet, private, 90% soundproof room. Unusual noise such, as the ringing of the telephone or conversation of persons outside the examination room. Unusual noise, such as the ringing of the telephone or conversation of persons outside the examination room or presence of investigators or other spectators in the room itself, would bring disturbances and distractions that in turn would distort the different physiological recordings and seriously interfere with a satisfactory polygraph diagnosis. TEST PROCEDURE IN POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION THEORY OF POLYGRAPH When a mentally normal person tells a lie, physiological changes occur within his/her body that could be recoded by polygraph machine and evaluated by polygraph examiner. WHAT TAKES PLACE DURING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION The nervous control of the human body includes the central nervous system (the brain and the spinal cord) and the autonomic or regulating nervous system which has two complimentary branches: the sympathetic and parasympathetic of physical exertion or emotional stimuli such as anger, excitement, fear, lie, detection, etc. stimuli, the sympathetic will prevail and over ride the parasympathetic, therefore,

there will be changes in the heart rate, pulse rate, blood pressure, respiratory tracing, psycho galvanic reflexes; time of response to question, voice training etc. The parasympathetic nervous system works to bring back things to normal when the conditions of stress have been removed. It is the prevailing branch when the situation is normal and the subject is calm, contended and relaxed. When subject is asked series of questions the recording of several psycho-physiological reaction and the scientific interpretations are the basis of the tests by the examiner. PURPOSE OF POLYGRAPH EXAMIANTION To determine truth or deception based on the presence of emotional disturbance of the subject as appearing on the recorded physiological responses to question relative to the case under investigation. USES OF POLYGRAPH 1. It is an investigative aid for the investigators to: a. Confirm the statements of victims. b. Ascertain the credibility of witnesses. c. Assess truthfulness of suspects. 2. It speeds up the process of investigation. 3. It eliminates innocent subjects. 4. The investigator can focus to one subject to determine the truth or deception. OBJECTIVES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION 1. Determine if the subject is telling the truth by verifying statements and or comparing conflicting statements. 2. Acquire additional investigative leads to the facts of an offense. 3. Locate fruits or tools of crime or whereabouts of wanted persons. 4. Identify other persons involved. 5. Gain valuable information from unwilling subject. The reliability of polygraph examination depends on the examiner, but the employment of the polygraph has its limitations, and there are the following: 1. It is an invaluable aid, but not a substitute for an investigation. 2. It is not a lie detector, but it is a scientific diagnostic instrument. 3. It does not determine facts; it records responses to that the subject knows to be true. 4. It is as accurate as the examiner is competent. 5. The test should not be given until enough facts of the case have been established to permit an examiner to prepare a complete set of suitable question. 6. A test should not be administered without the voluntary consent of the subject. 7. No indication will be given to any person or written in any report that a person is guilty because he refuses to take the test. 8. A test should not be administered until the accusations have been explained to the subject.

9. No attempt to use polygraph for mental or physical evaluation of any person. 10. Examination should not be conducted to an unfit subject. Limitation of the Subject who will undergo Polygraph Examination 1. The subject must have a goodnight sleep at least five (5) hours prior to the test. 2. He must refrain from smoking for at least two(2) hours. 3. He should not undergo prolonged interrogation prior to the test. 4. The subject must not have been subjected to physical abuse or body contact. 5. He must refrain from drinking alcoholic beverages, taking sedatives,or capsule or syrup for at least twelve (12) hours prior to the test. 6. He must not be suffering from any temporary illness like headache, toothache, fever, menstruation (for female), severe colds and coughs. 7. He must not be hungry and 8. He must not have sex indulgence prior to the test. Undergoing a lie detector test can be an intimidating experience that can challenge the nerves of even the most enduring person. You are sitting there with wires and tubes, attached to and wrapped around your body. Even if you have nothing to hide, you could be afraid that the metal-box instrument sitting ext to you will say otherwise. A polygraph examination is a long process that can be divided up into several stages. How does the test process work? a. The examiner receives and reviews the facts of the case. b. The examiner explains the test process to the subject and review facts of the case during the pre-test interview. c. The examiner designs the specific questions and read each question to the subject to make sure each one is really understood. d. The polygraph instrument is attached on the subjects body and he is given an additional instruction. e. The questions are read to the subject several times while the polygraph sensors are attached to the subjects body. f. After charts (polygram) have been run, the examiner analyzes the charts and develops a numerical score. This score results in a conclusion of truthful, deceptive or inconclusive. g. The examiner will transmit the test result to the client verbally and written report maybe requested. NOTE: Polygraph examinations are conducted in a private with no other person permitted in the examination room during the test except if an interpreter is needed. PHASE I- INITIAL INTERVIEW WITH THE INVESTIFATOR HANDLING THE CASE. It is essential for the examiner to obtain accurate information concerning all the available facts and circumstances that form the basis for the suspicion or

accusation directed against the person to be examined in order to conduct a satisfactory polygraph examination. If victim or other eyewitnesses to an occurrence is available, he or she should be interviewed. Whenever several invesigator have been working on the case, they should be interviewed, otherwise the examiner may obtain only garbled version of the facts of the case. For better polygraph examination purposes than more verbal description or even photographs, a crime scene sketch prepared by the investigator is preferred. Unless the examiner is fully informed about the case, he will not be in the position to conduct a sufficient pretest interview with the subject. It is during this phase that the relevant, irrelevant, control and sometimes the guilt complex question are formulated. It is also helpful for the examiner to know as much about the subject and his background as is available. Such information facilities the pre-test interview as well as post test interrogation of a lying subject. This phase includes: 1. Acquiring and evaluating facts. 2. Determining the areas the subject needs to be asked. 3. The investigator must furnish the examiner the following: a. Sworn statement of the suspect, witness and victim/ complainant b. Incident or spot report c. Background Invesitgation(BI) of suspects, witnesses, and victim/complainant d. Rough sketch or pictures of the crime scene and other facts such as: d.1. Specific article and exact amount of money stolen. d.2. Peculiar aspect of the offense or any strange set. d.3. Exact the offense was committed. d.4. Known facts about the suspects action or movement. d.5. Facts indicating any connection between the suspects, victim and witnesses. d.6. Exact type of weapon, tool or firearms used. d.7. Result of the laboratory test. d.8. Unpublished facts of the offense known only by the vctim, suspects and the investigator of the case. PHASE II- PRE-TEST INTERVIEW The examiner pre-test interview with the subject prior to the test is considered essential both for the purpose of conditioning the subject for the examination and also to provoke and observe indications of guilt or innocence. The examiner should not hold back any information from the subject about the instrument its attachment or recording. this will serve to increase a lying subject concerned over possible detection. The examiner should be friendly to the subject but reserve during the pre-test interview. No accusatory approach is made in this phase. The subject himself is usually the best source information about his behaviour.

This phase includes: 1. The appraisal of subjects constitutional right. 2. Obtain subjects consent to undergo polygraph test by signing statement of consent. 3. The taking of personal data of the subject. 4. Determine his suitability as a subject. 5. Clinical observation of the subject. 6. Evaluating the psychological preparation of the subject. 7. Informing the subject of his involvement of the case. The type of test that the examiner will conduct is based on the pretest interview. It also serves to condition the subject physiologically for the test upon meeting the subject for the first time. The polygraph examiner identifies himself and shakes hands with the subject. He then guides the subject on the subjects chair. The examiner pull out a chair and set himself in front of the subject. The examiner then inform the subject of his constitutional rights and proceed to secure the subjects consent to undergo polygraphic examination. Should the subject give his consent, he is told to sign a Statement of Consent in duplicate, then the examiner will ask the subject whether he was examined before for another case. If the answer of the subject is positive, the examiner will about inquire details of the test as to where it was conducted, how it was conducted, who conducted it or whether or not the subject be acquainted with of or was informed of the result. (A matter of professional ethics, a polygraph examiner should discontinue or stop from examining a subject previously examined by another polygraph examiner for the case except for a worthy cause or reason.) After this, the examiner will then obtain information regarding the subjects bio-data for file and reference. Rights of the Subject- Any person undergoing polygraph examination shall have the right: 1. To be examined by a qualified examiner, 2. To be determined if fit for examination, 3. To be informed of the reason for the lie detector test, 4. To have an explanation of the lie detector machine and what it does, 5. To give consent to the lie detector test, 6. Not to be compelled to undergo prolonged questioning, 7. Not be exposed to oral criticism or abuse, 8. Not to be exposed to physical, mental or psychological abuse, and 9. To refuse to submit to the lie detector test. PHASE III- THE CONDUCT OF INSTRUMENTATION OR ACTUAL TEST After the pre-test interview the examiner should proceed to place the attachment of polygraph components on the subject. In practice, the first to be attached is the Pneumograph, followed by Cardiosphymograph and the Galvanograph. Review all the questions being prepared with the subject before the actual examination is made. The examiner should discourage any lengthy comments or statement by the subject respecting the matter of incident under investigation or his disclaimer of responsibility for it.

Test instruction is given to the subject. Any movement of the body will have an effect on the results on the chart paper. The answer of the subject is limited to YES or NO in order to avoid distortion of tracing on the chart. PHASE IV- POST-TEST INTERVIEW/INTERROGATION This phase includes all consideration that bears on the examination just after the instrument are turned off. If there are significant fluctuations that show up on the polygraph test result this may signal that the subject has been deceptive, especially if the person displayed similar responses to the question that was repeatedly asked, the examiner will then proceed to conduct short interrogation. The purpose of which is to obtain confession or admission. However, if the chart of the polygraph indicates that the subject is innocent, the examiner will just release the subject cordially and thanks him/her for his/her cooperation. Whether you pass or fail a polygraph examination, it will often have very little legal importance. Often, defense lawyers boast that their client has passed a polygraph. Of course, you will learn more about the legalities of polygraph exams. Can a person be compelled to undergo lie detector test? In as much as the test requires the subject to answer the question either by yes or no, it infers the use of intelligence and attention or other mental faculties which is self-incriminatory. Therefore, you cannot compel a person to be subjected to the test. Is there a best time of a day to conduct a polygraph examination? Yes, Since it is important that the person tested be capable of the maximum reactions (for scoring pruposes), that person should be well rested prior to the examination. In other words, testing conducted in the morning will be more productive than those examinations conducted in later in the day and in the evening, these significantly increases the risk of an inconclusive result. The person also should not be tested right after the argument, interrogation or long day of work If possible. Can someone below the age 18 take a polygraph? Yes, but the examiner must have first the written consent of the parent or guardian of the child. However, most examiners will not test anyone who is less than 12 years of age except for extraordinary circumstances. Can medication affect the result? Yes, any drug or medication that suppresses normal activity of the Central Nervous System will reduce the strength of reactions found on the polygraph charts, resulting in a higher likelihood of inconclusive result. Examples of these drugs are sedatives, anti-anxiety meds, blood pressure stabilizers, etc. The medication will not

change the outcome of an examination it only serves to reduce the chances of resolving the problem. What if a person has a medical condition? The polygraph examination does not cause any direct injury to the person being tested. The only discomfort is a standard blood pressure cuff, which is place on the arm (typical) and is inflated for less than five minutes at a time. There are increase stress level during the testing process that should be considered. Some medical conditions are sensitive to increased stress levels, such as some heart conditions. Depending on the medical condition, most examiners would require an approval from the treating physician prior to the administration of the examination on someone with such condition. It is suggested that a person who is using these types of drugs or under medication be subjected on a computerized polygraph, which is capable of greater sensitivity than the analog version. Can pregnant woman be tested? It does not affect the outcome of a polygraph examination to test a pregnant woman unless the fetus is making excessive movements or causing pain to the mother during the test. Most examiners will not test pregnant woman under any circumstances, but others conduct examination to a pregnant woman after the first trimester. Some examiners will only test if there is a note from the womans physician stating that there are no complications from the pregnancy and the stress of taking a polygraph test would not have an impact on the health of the mother of the fetus. UNT IV FORMULATION OF TEST QUESTIONS Questions are formulated from the information given by the investigators, from declaration of witnesses or the subject himself, from records, interviews, and from other information like those delivered by the media. Test questions must relate to past events of a factual in nature. Questions in the same exam must be related to one another. If distinctly separate issues must be covered, they must be asked in a separate examination Personal and disturbing questions have no place in a properly conducted polygraph examination. There are general and specific questions to be followed in the formulation of the test questions. The questions must: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Be simple and direct. Not involve legal terminology like murder, rape etc. Be answerable by YES or NO. Be clear and phrased in a language the subject can easily understand. Not be in the form of an accusation. Never contain an inference that presupposes knowledge on the part of the subject. 7. Refer to one offense only. 8. Not contain influence to ones religion, race or belief. Here are some examples of acceptable and unacceptable questions:

Unacceptable On April 3, 2002, were you thinking of stealing that television set from the house of Mr. Suave? AcceptableOn April 3, 2002, did you steal the television set from the house of Mr. Suave? TYPES OF QUESTIONS During the examination, the examiner raise questions that becomes verbal stimulus, the messages are received by the ear and send out to the brain. The brain analysis the query, if the query is not peril to the well being of the subject, the thought central center rejects it and the body continues to function normally. However, when the question is imperative to the subject, physiological chain reaction occur within his body that is recorded by the polygraph instrument and can be evaluated by the polygraph examiner. 1. Relevant Question- These are direct question having an extreme and specific relationship to the crime or matter under investigation and these are primary or key question ask by the examiner in order to solve a specific issue. Relevant Question is classified into two: a. Strong Relevant or Primary or Crucial Question- These questions are intended and created to test for direct participation only and specifically designed to produce an emotional response in guilty subject. b. Weak Relevant or Secondary Question- These are questions concern in several secondary aspects of the crime or problem and often deal with guilty knowledge and partial involvement. 2. Irrelevant Question- These are questions devised without definite relationship with the case under investigation. They are intended to establish subjects physiological norm and to lessen the excitement stage produced by relevant question. 3. Evidence Connecting Questions- This is intended to arouse the guilty subject and focus his attention on the probability of incriminating proof that would tend to establish his guilt. In formulating the question, the examiner must know from the investigator whether or not pieces of evidences were collected from the scene of the crime. 4. Knowledge Question- This question is intended to discover whether the subject possesses information regarding the identity of the offender, or as to the location of the evidence or other secondary elements of the facts of the case under investigation. 5. Sacrifice or VYAT Question- This is intended to obtain responses usually produced by the introduction of the first relevant question in the sequence. These divulge the subjects norm plus stimulus and excitement stage. 6. Control Question (Probable Lie)- This is a question intended to generate a response in an innocent subject and provide the basis for assessing the subjects perceptual set. It is classified into two:

a. Primary Control Question is based on known lie. It must concern about actions that transpired within three(3) to five(5) years time prior to case under investigation occurred. b. Secondary Control Questionis more precise in nature and is based on another experience of unlawful activity, which will improve the chance for responsiveness. Its range covers up to the case under investigation. 7. Symptomatic Question- These are three groups of question place as one by Backster and they are intended to verify the previous charts and detect indirect participation or guilty knowledge. The S stands for suspect; the K stands for know; and the Y stands for you. TEST TECHNIQUES R/I TECHNIQUE This examination is composed of five (5) tests. Test I. General Question Test This test is about the case under investigation. These are sequence of relevant, irrelevant and control question asked in a designed order. The questions are arranged in order to contrast the subjects responses between relevant questions and control questions. The answer to the question is restricted to yes or no only. The sequence and sample of General Question Test are as follows: 1Q-Irrelevant- Is your first name Raine? 2Q-Irrelevant-Do you know that today is Thursday? 3Q-Weak Relevant-Between 7:30 a.m. to 10:30 a.m. of October 25, 2002, did you open the table drawer of Mr. Reynaldo Suave? 4Q-Irrelevant-Are you married? 5Q- Strong Relevant-Were you the one who actually stole the missing P50,000.00 cash money of Mr. Reynaldo Suave? 6Q-Control- Before attaining the age of 25 have you ever stolen anything? 7Q- Irrelevant- Do you know how to read? 8Q- Evidence Connecting- Were the bunch of keys recovered under the table of Mr. Reynaldo Suave, yours? 9Q-Knowledge-Do you know who stole the cash money of Reynaldo Suave? 10Q-Secondary Control- Have you ever stolen anything from your current employment? Test II-Card or Number Test (Stimulation or Verification Test) Upon finishing of the first test, here is another part of the test, the examiner will show to the subject seven (7) variously numbered cards, face down. The cards are set in such a way the examiner will right away know which card has been chosen by

the subject. The numbers 7, 11, and 13 should not be used because other subjects are too superstitious and numbers 6 and 9 should not be included to avoid confusion on the part of the subject. The cards with numbers 15, 8, 5 3, 4, 14 and 12 are used. The subject is given an instruction to get a card, look at it and memorize the number of the card that was chosen and return it without showing it to the examiner or telling the number. After the selection is finished, the examiner shuffles the cards and will instruct the subject to answer no to each question regarding the cards, even if the number of the card he has chosen is asked. In short, one of the subjects answers to the questions will be a lie. The verification test is intended to assure the innocent examinee of the accurateness of the test and of the competency of the polygraphist. It further serves to arouse the guilty examinee. Test III- Spot Responder Test This test contains question previously asked questions in General Question Test (GQT). With the same number of the same question on the earlier test, the sequence would be: 1Q-Irrelevant- Is your first name Raine? 3Q-Weak Relevant-Between 7:30 a.m. to 10:30 a.m. of October 25, 2002, did you open the table drawer of Mr. Reynaldo Suave? 2Q-Irrelevant-Do you know that today is Thursday? 5Q- Strong Relevant-Were you the one who actually stole the missing P50,000.00 cash money of Mr. Reynaldo Suave? 4Q-Irrelevant-Are you married? 6Q-Control- Before attaining the age of 25 have you ever stolen anything? 7Q- Irrelevant- Do you know how to read? 8Q- Evidence Connecting- Were the bunch of keys recovered under the table of Mr. Reynaldo Suave, yours? 9Q-Knowledge-Do you know who stole the cash money of Reynaldo Suave? 10Q-Secondary Control- Have you ever stolen anything from your current employment? Test IV- Mixed Question Test The test is the same with Test III but questions of GQT is again mixed and the sequences of the questions are as follows: 4Q-Irrelevant-Are you married? 1Q-Irrelevant- Is your first name Raine? 9Q-Knowledge-Do you know who stole the cash money of Reynaldo Suave? 6Q-Control- Before attaining the age of 25 have you ever stolen anything? 2Q-Irrelevant-Do you know that today is Thursday? 3Q-Weak Relevant-Between 7:30 a.m. to 10:30 a.m. of October 25, 2002, did you open the table drawer of Mr. Reynaldo Suave? 10Q-Secondary Control- Have you ever stolen anything from your current employment?

5Q- Strong Relevant-Were you the one who actually stole the missing P50,000.00 cash money of Mr. Reynaldo Suave? 6Q-Control- Before attaining the age of 25 have you ever stolen anything? 8Q- Evidence Connecting- Were the bunch of keys recovered under the table of Mr. Reynaldo Suave, yours? 10Q-Secondary Control- Have you ever stolen anything from your current employment? Test V- Silent Answer Test (SAT) In this test the subject is instructed by the examiner to avoid from giving any verbal answer to the questions that are to be asked of him during the test. The subject is instructed to pay attention to each question and answer the question only to himself, silently. In short, the subject should sub vocalize his answer, in addition he should think of the truthful answer and give that truthful answer silently to himself. Two important points was found to be essential in order to achieve the utmost benefits from the test: First, the subject should understand clearly that on the Silent Answer Test (SAT) he will be asked of the same question just like on his previous test and is exactly in the order they were asked before. Secondly, it is significant for the subject to understand that though he is not to answer verbally any test questions, he should answer all test questions silently in his mind with truthful answers only. Purpose of each test: Test I- The first two (2) Irrelevant Questions are designed to condition the subject to have standard tracing and to establish truth-telling pattern for the primary part of the record. Test II- To check feasible distortion when the selected number is asked. Test III- To determine the responsiveness of the subject to critical questions and also serve as a check on possibility of spot respond. Test IV- To compare the degree of reaction between Relevant and Control Question. Test V- To serve as an affirmative check. SUPPLEMENTARY TEST In order to have a better conclusion special test may be performed and incorporated as part of the standard procedure or may used as supplementary tests depending upon the result of the standard test. 1. Yes Test- In cases where a distortion arises on the general question test, card or third test, the yestest should be administered before the mixed question test. The Yes test is performed by giving instruction to the subject to answer yes to all the questions to be asked, including those questions that pertains to the issue under investigation. The control question is removed as a preventive measure for the subject to avoid from being concerned over the control questions and having a temptation to distort the polygraph record.

2. Guilt Complex Test- If the respond on the previous test is doubtful, it becomes essential to conduct additional test. This consist of a test concerning fabricated incident of a similar nature but one which appears to be real in so far as the subject is concerned. The purpose of this test is to compare the response with those that emerge on the actual test record when question were asked about the issue under investigation. The guilt complex question acts as a defense against mistaking the relevant question responses of guilt complex reactor for deception responses that is, Did you steal the money from the house at Bonifacio? While it is true that the money was stolen but it is not in from the house at Bonifacio rather the money was stolen from the house at Magsaysay. Example: IQ- Introdcutory Phrase plus padding question- Do you know whether the stolen watch of Roy is Gucci? 2Q- Padding- Is it a citizen? 3Q- Padding-Is it a guess? 4Q- Relevant Question- Is it a Seiko? 5Q-Padding-Is it a Rolex? 6Q-Padding-Is it a Timex? 7Q-Padding-Is it a Bulova? B. FIVE VARIATIONS OF THE ZONE COMPARISON TECHNIQUE 1. THE MATTE QUADRI- TRACK ZONE COMPARISON TECHNIQUEThis is a polygraph technique used only for single-issue test. It was developed by MATTE after two years of research and experimentation with facetious crime test used in conjunction with actual test in real life circumstances. The MQT Zone comparison technique uses basic test structure and qualification system of Backsters with some refinement and the addition of another spot (Inside Track) consisting of a control/ relevant question pair to deal with an examinees fear of error and the Guilty examinees hope of error THE BACKSTER TRI-ZONE COMPARISON TECHNIQUE OR ZONE COMPARISON TEST(ZCT)-

2.