CHNG III

NHIU X NH SNG
NHIU X GY BI SNG CU





I.nh ngha:L hin tng tia sng b lch khi phng
truyn thng khi gp vt cn c kch thc nh
- Nguyn l Huygens
- Nguyn l Fresnel
- Dng nguyn l Huygens Fresnel gii thch hin tng
nhiu x nh sng
II. Phng php i cu Fresnel:






nh ngha: Xt ngun sng im S pht ra nh sng n
sc bc sng v im M c chiu sng.
- Dng mt cu tm S bn knh R
- Dng cc mt cu tm M bn knh b, b+/2, b+2/2,.
- Cc mt cu tm M chia mt cu tm S thnh cc i cu

Tnh cht
-Din tch cc i cu bng nhau:

- Bn knh ca i cu th k:

- Theo nguyn l Huygens mi i cu u thnh ngun
pht sng th cp, gi a
k
l bin dao ng sng th k gi
n M, a
1
> a
2
> a
3
> ., khi k th a
k
0
- Khong cch 2 i cu k tip l /2, hiu pha ca 2 i
cu k tip gi n M ngc pha nhau. Bin dao ng
sng ti M: a = a
1
a
2
+ a
3
a
4
+ a
5
-..
-Coi gn ng:

+
t
= A
b R
Rb
S

k
b R
Rb
r
k
+

=

) a a (
2
1
a
1 k 1 k k +
+ =


III. Nhiu x ca sng cu qua l trn nh
Xt ngun sng im S pht ra nh sng n sc bc sng
qua l trn nh AB n im M.
Dng mt cu tm S ta vo AB
Dng cc i cu Fresnel
Ga s l trn AB cha n i cu
Bin dao ng sng tng hp ti M:
a = a
1
a
2
+ a
3
a
4
+.a
n

~
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+ + =

2
a
a
2
a
2
a
...
2
a
a
2
a
2
a
a
2
a
2
a
a
n
n
1 n
n
5
4
3 3
2
1 1

2
a
2
a
a
n 1
=
Ly du + nu l l, du nu n chn
*Khi khng c l trn AB hoc kch thc AB ln th
n, cng sng ti M

*Khi AB cha s l i cu


I > I
0
, c bit nu cha 1 i a =a
1
, I = 4I
0
, sng nht
* Khi AB cha s chn i cu


I < I
0
, c bit nu cha 2i a = a
1
-

a
2
, I = 0 , ti nht
4
a
a I
2
1
2
0
= =

2
1 1
2 2 2 2
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + =
n n
a a
I
a a
a
2
1 1
2 2 2 2
|
.
|

\
|
= =
n n
a a
I
a a
a
IV. Nhiu x ca sng cu qua a trn nh
Gia ngun sng im S v im M c a trn nh chn
sng, dng cc i cu fresnel, gi s a che mt m i cu
u tin.
Bin dao ng sng ti M:
a = a
m+1
a
m+2
+a
m+3
a
m+4
+..




Nu a che mt t i th a
m+1
khng khc a
1
my, ti M
sng c bit nu a che 1 i th ti M sng nht.
...
2
a
a
2
a
2
a
a
3 m
2 m
1 m 1 m
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
+
+
+ +
2
a
a
1 m+
=

Nhiu x nh sng ca sng phng
I. Nhiu x ca sng phng qua mt khe hp






Chiu chm tia sng n sc song song vung gc vi khe
hp c rng b, sau khi i qua khe hp tia sng b lch
theo cc phng khc nhau. Ty theo gc nhiu x ti
im gp nhau ca cc tia sng trn mn quan st t ti
mt phng tiu din ca thu knh c th l sng hoc ti.

- Xt gc nhiu x = 0, cc tia sng hi t ti tiu im F
ca thu knh. Ti l sng nht v gi l vn sng trung
tm



- Xt gc nhiu x 0, dng cc mt phng vung gc tia
nhiu x v cch nhau /2, chng chia mt khe thnh cc
di sng
rng mt di

S di sng trn khe:

=
sin 2

= =
sin b 2 b
N

Theo nguyn l Huygens, mi di sng l ngun pht sng
th cp, v quang l ca 2 di k tip gi n M l /2 nn
dao ng sng do 2 di k tip gi n M ngc pha nhau.
Do iu kin ti M l vn ti:



iu kin ti M l vn sng:


Cc vn sng ny c cng nh hn rt nhiu so vi vn
sng trung tm
,... 3 , 2 , 1 , sin 2
sin 2
= = = = k
b
k hay k
b
N

( ) ,... 3 , 2 , 1 ,
2
1 2 sin 1 2
sin 2
= + = + = = k
b
k hay k
b
N

Tm li:
- Cc i gia: sin = 0
- Cc tiu nhiu x:


- Cc i nhiu x:



,...
b
3 ,
b
2 ,
b
sin

=
... ,
b 2
5 ,
b 2
3 sin

=
Nhiu x ca sng phng qua cch t nhiu x
nh ngha: Cch t phng l h nhiu khe hp ging nhau
c rng b, nm song song cch u nhau trn cng mt
phng.
Khong cch gia hai khe hp lin tip gi l chu k cch
t d
S khe hp trn mt n v chiu di:

d
1
n =
Chiu mt chm tia sng n sc song song vung gc vi
cch t nhiu x gm n khe hp c chu k d.






V cc khe hp c th coi nh cc ngun kt hp, nn ngoi
hin tng nhiu x qua mt khe cn c hin tng giao
thoa gy bi cc khe.
iu kin cc tiu nhiu x gi l cc tiu chnh:


Xt s phn b cng sng gia hai cc tiu chnh:




Hiu quang l ca 2 tia sng t hai khe k tip:
L
2
L
1
= dsin = m th ti M l vn sng gi l cc i
chnh. Vy iu kin cc i chnh:

,.. 3 , 2 , 1 , sin = = k
b
k

,... 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 , sin = = m
d
m

V d > b nn gia hai cc tiu chnh c th c nhiu cc i
chnh.
*Xt s phn b cng sng gia hai cc i chnh:
Ngi ta chng minh rng nu c n khe hp th gia hai
cc i chnh c n 2 cc i ph v n -1 cc tiu ph.
Hnh nh nhiu x nh sng qua 3 khe hp
III. Nhiu x trn tinh th
-Cc nguyn t phn t hay Ion cu to nn vt rn c sp
xp theo cu trc tun hon gi l mng tinh th, v tr cc
nguyn t gi l nt mng
-Khong cch gia cc nt mng c gi l chu k ca
mng tinh th.
- Chiu ln tinh th mt chm tia Rnghen, mi nt mng
tr thnh tm nhiu x v mng tinh th ng vai tr nh
cch t nhiu x

Chm tia Rnghen b nhiu x theo nhiu phng, tuy nhin
theo phng phn x gmg, cng tia nhiu x ln
quan st nh nhiu x






iu kin cc i nhiu x
L = 2dsin = k
d 2
k sin

=

T cng thc


Nu bit bc sng ca tia rnghen v o gc nhiu x c
th xc nh c chu k d ca mng tinh th.
d 2
k sin

=

Nhiu x 1 khe
Nhieu xa.exe