Why Study FSK?

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Instructor: M.A. Ingram ECE4823 Constant envelope
More efficient, less costly power amplifiers

Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK), a special type of FSK, is used in the European digital cellular communications system (GSM)

Angle Modulation
General form: s(t) = A cos{2fct + (t)} Phase modulation (PM) (t) = kp m(t), where kp = constant, m(t)=modulating signal
Examples: BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, etc.

Continuous Phase BFSK Illustration

Phase continuity is important to reduce bandwidth
NRZ Binary data

Frequency modulation (FM) t (t) = 2 0 kf m() d, where kf = constant, m()=

modulating signal

BFSK waveform

Examples: FSK

M-ary Continuous Phase FSK

Recall FM phase: (t ) = 2 k f m ( ) d
0 t

Integrated Pulse
Let q(t) be the integrated pulse
q (t ) = g ( )d g (t )
1 2TS
0 t

The modulating waveform is pulseamplitude modulated (PAM) where

m ( ) = I n g ( nTS )
n

I n { 1, 3, K , ( M 1)}

1 2

q (t )

and g() is a pulse with area 1/2

TS

TS

Modulation Index
The FSK phase can be written
(t ) = 2k f I n q (t nTS )
n

Example
Suppose g(t) is the rectangular pulse, kf =10, and In=1, then

with units of cycles/symbol period fd is the peak frequency deviation The sum increments in multiples of 1/2

kf is the modulation index k f = 2 f d TS

Orthogonal Waveforms
BFSK has the following waveforms: 2 b s (t ) = cos (2 [ f + f ]t ) 0<t <T
1

BFSK Coherent Detection

b PCBFSK ( error ) = Q N 0

s 2 (t ) =

2 b cos (2 [ f c f d ]t ) TS

TS

0 < t < TS

(
r(t)
cos (2 [ f c + f d ]t )

nT S n 1)TS

( )dt
+

Decision Circuit

If fd=n/4Ts, for n a positive integer, these waveforms will be orthogonal

(
cos (2 [ f c f d ]t )

nTS n 1)TS

( )dt

BFSK Noncoherent Detection

PNBFSK (error ) =
Bandpass filter at fc+fd

Comparison
In terms of BER,
CBFSK is to NBFSK as BPSK is to DPSK

1 exp b 2N 2 0
sampler Decision Circuit

Envelope Detector

Ts

r(t)
Bandpass filter at fc-fd Envelope Detector

The SNR for FSK is half as large as it is for PSK

2 b PBPSK (error ) = Q N0 b 1 PDPSK ( error ) = exp N 2 0
b PCBFSK (error ) = Q N 0
PNBFSK ( error ) = 1 exp b 2N 2 0

MSK
For minimum shift keying (MSK), the modulation index is as small as it can be and still yield orthogonal waveforms This minimum is kf =1/2 For rectangular g(t), the peak frequency
deviation is the data rate

GMSK
Gaussian MSK (GMSK) uses kf =1/2 and pulses related to the Gaussian shape GMSK pulses are distinguished by their time-bandwidth product BTS

B is the 3-dB bandwidth of the pulse BTS =0.3 is used in GSM

Summary
Frequency shift keying is a constantenvelope modulation technique Phase continuity reduces bandwidth FSK can be detected noncoherently GMSK, treated in detail in another module, is used in GSM

References
[Rapp, 02] T.S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, Prentice Hall, 2002 [Proakis, 2000] John G. Proakis, Digital Communications 4th ed., McGraw Hill, 2000