Inter Leaving

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1 \cf0 Memory Interleaving
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COMPARISON \par
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.2
Low-Order Interleaving \par
}
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odule
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{\phpg\posx1439\pvpg\posy10212\absw9359\absh420 \f20 \fs19 \cf0 \f20 \fs19 \cf0
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Comparison
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\cf0 \fi3633 {\b0 \fs19 Memory}{\b0 \fs19 Interleaving:}{\b0 \fs19 2 }\par
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\cf0 2
COMPARISON \par
}
.2
The Notion of Stride and Application to Vector Machines \par
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\cf0 2.2
The Notion of Stride and Application to Vector Machines
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}
ADD A,B \par
}
there would also be a vector version, e.g. \par
}
VADD X,Y,S \par
}
where{\b X} and{\b Y} are arrays and{\b S} is the stride. If fast access to
memory were not available, these machines
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy12415\absw9464\absh2366 \sl-270 \f20 \fs19 \cf0 si
mply would not be able to attain much speed.
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy12415\absw9464\absh2366 \sl-221 \par\f20 \fs19 \cf
0 Low-order interleaving also is useful in systems which have cache memories. S

ince a block replacement{\up006 \fs14 5 }
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy12415\absw9464\absh2366 \sl-271 \f20 \fs19 \cf0 ha
s a stride of 1, low-order interleaving allows us to do the replacement very qui
ckly.
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d9
\cf0 3
REFINEMENTS TO LOW-ORDER INTERLEAVING2.3 The Role of I
n t e rleav
ing in Shared-Memory Multiprocessors \par
}
\cf0 2.3
The Role of Interleaving in Shared-Memory Multiprocessors
cf0 {\b0 \fs19 High-order}{\b0 \fs19 interleaving}{\b0 \fs19 is}{\b0 \fs19 us
eful}{\b0 \fs19 in}{\b0 \fs19 shared-memory}{\b0 \fs19 multiprocessor}{\b0 \f
s19 systems.}{\b0 \fs19 Here}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 goal}{\b0 \fs19 is}
{\b0 \fs19 to}{\b0 \fs19 minimize }
{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 number}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 times}{\b0 \fs19 t
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b0 \fs19 at}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 same}{\b0 \fs19 time,}{\b0 \fs19 a}{\
b0 \fs19 situation}{\b0 \fs19 which }
{\b0 \fs19 causes}{\b0 \fs19 delay}{\b0 \fs19 while}{\b0 \fs19 processors}{\b
0 \fs19 wait}{\b0 \fs19 for}{\b0 \fs19 each}{\b0 \fs19 other.}{\b0 \fs19 I
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{\b0 \fs19 we}{\b0 \fs19 can}{\b0 \fs19 write}{\b0 \fs19 our}{\b0 \fs19 appl
ication}{\b0 \fs19 software}{\b0 \fs19 in}{\b0 \fs19 a}{\b0 \fs19 way}{\b0 \
fs19 to}{\b0 \fs19 minimize}{\b0 \fs19 such}{\b0 \fs19 con{\f63 \u64258\'3f}
icts. }
cf0 {\b0 \fs19 In}{\b0 \fs19 matrix}{\b0 \fs19 applications,}{\b0 \fs19 for}{
\b0 \fs19 instance,}{\b0 \fs19 we}{\b0 \fs19 can}{\b0 \fs19 partition}{\b0 \
fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 matrix}{\b0 \fs19 into}{\b0 \fs19 blocks,}{\b0 \fs19 an

d}{\b0 \fs19 have}{\b0 \fs19 different}{\b0 \fs19 processors }
{\b0 \fs19 work}{\b0 \fs19 on}{\b0 \fs19 different}{\b0 \fs19 blocks.}{\b0
\fs19
In}{\b0 \fs19 image}{\b0 \fs19 processing}{\b0 \fs19 application
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0 \fs19 processors}{\b0 \fs19 work}{\b0 \fs19 on }
{\b0 \fs19 different}{\b0 \fs19 parts}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19
image.}{\b0 \fs19 Such}{\b0 \fs19 partitioning}{\b0 \fs19 almost}{\b0 \fs19
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{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 an}{\b0 \fs19 image}{\b0 \fs19 may}{\b0 \fs19 need}
{\b0 \fs19 information}{\b0 \fs19 from}{\b0 \fs19 another}{\b0 \fs19 part{\f
63 \u8212\'3f}but}{\b0 \fs19 if}{\b0 \fs19 we}{\b0 \fs19 are}{\b0 \fs19 care
ful}{\b0 \fs19 we}{\b0 \fs19 can}{\b0 \fs19 get}{\b0 \fs19 good}{\b0 \fs19
results. }\par
}
\cf0 3
Refinements to Low-Order Interleaving
cf0 {\fs21 3.1}{\fs21
Address}{\fs21 Skewing }
cf0 {\b0 \fs19 One}{\b0 \fs19 refinement}{\b0 \fs19 to}{\b0 \fs19 low-order}{
\b0 \fs19 interleaving}{\b0 \fs19 involves}{\b0\i \fs19 skewing}{\b0 \fs19 o
f}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 distribution}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 addresses}
{\b0 \fs19 to}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 memory }
{\b0 \fs19 modules.}{\b0 \fs19 Let's}{\b0 \fs19 again}{\b0 \fs19 use}{\b0 \f
s19 the}{\b0 \fs19 case}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 four}{\b0 \fs19 modules}{\
b0 \fs19 as}{\b0 \fs19 an}{\b0 \fs19 example,}{\b0 \fs19 with}{\b0 \fs19 th
e}{\b0 \fs19 following}{\b0 \fs19 address}{\b0 \fs19 assignment }
{\b0 \fs19 pattern: }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1559\pvpg\posy8014\absw730\absh4480 \f20 \fs19 \cf0 \f20 \fs19 \cf0 a
ddress
72 0
72 1
72 2
72 3
72 4
72 5
72 6
72 7
72 8
72 9
18 10

18 11
18 12
18 13
18 14
18 15
72 etc. \par
}
odule
72 0
72 1
72 2
72 3
72 1
72 2
72 3
72 0
72 2
72 3
72 0
72 1
72 3
72 0
72 1
72 2
72 etc. \par
}
Compare this to the table in Section 1.2. There, for each group of four address
es whose first address is a
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy13227\absw9461\absh420 \sl-270 \f20 \fs19 \cf0 mul
tiple of 4, the module numbers were 0, 1, 2 and 3, in that order: \par
}
Memory Interleaving: 4 \par
}
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028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a002bf383c27ff0004a7fd92fc05e15f0cf817c0be21fdb7fc
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7fb3affd146fdbff00ff0016c5ff00054dff00e8c8a3fe1da7fb3aff00d146fdbfff00f16c5ff054
dffe8c8afbfe8a00f803fe1da7fb3aff00d146fdbfff00f16c5ff054dffe8c8a3fe1da7fb3affd14
6fdbff00ff0016c5ff00054dff00e8c8afbfe8a00f803fe1da7fb3affd146fdbff00ff0016c5ff00
054dff00e8c8a3fe1da7fb3aff00d146fdbfff00f16c5ff054dffe8c8afbfe8a00f803fe1da7fb3a
ff00d146fdbfff00f16c5ff054dffe8c8a3fe1da7fb3affd146fdbff00ff0016c5ff00054dff00e8
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fe0a93ff00053cd074ebaf1578f7c55acf8ebc75e26b9b1d2ff6c0b5b69fc41e34f1b788fc43e31f
166b32c4da8f88fc55aeeb3e21d62e6f357d52faf27e83fe1da7fb3aff00d146fdbfff00f16c5ff0
54dffe8c8afbfe8a00f803fe1da7fb3aff00d146fdbfff00f16c5ff054dffe8c8a3fe1da7fb3affd
146fdbff00ff0016c5ff00054dff00e8c8afbfe8a00f803fe1da7fb3affd146fdbff00ff0016c5ff
00054dff00e8c8a3fe1da7fb3aff00d146fdbfff00f16c5ff054dffe8c8afbfe8a00f803fe1da7fb
3aff00d146fdbfff00f16c5ff054dffe8c8a3fe1da7fb3affd146fdbff00ff0016c5ff00054dff00
e8c8afbfe8a00f803fe1d99fb2edcffa3788b58fdaff00e20787ee3f71aef80be2cffc1473fe0a25
f183e1678db4797f77a9f847e25fc24f8a5fb53f8bfe197c51f87fe24b269f46f197c3af88be13f1
47813c6de1cbdd4bc33e2ef0eeb7e1fd4f50d36e7eff00a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a2
8a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a00ffd9
\cf0 3
REFINEMENTS TO LOW-ORDER INTERLEAVING \par
}
.2
Prime Number of Modules \par
}
address group
308 0,1,2,3
308 4,5,6,7
199 8,9,10,11
90 12,13,14,15
454 etc. \par
}
module order
284 0,1,2,3
284 0,1,2,3
284 0,1,2,3
284 0,1,2,3
430 etc. \par
}
{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy4034\absw8013\absh176 \f20 \fs19 \cf0 \f20 \fs19 \cf0 B
ut in the skewed arrangement, each such group is shifted rightward from the prev
ious one: \par
}
address group
308 0,1,2,3
308 4,5,6,7
199 8,9,10,11
90 12,13,14,15
454 etc. \par
}
module order
284 0,1,2,3
284 1,2,3,0
284 2,3,0,1
284 3,0,1,2
430 etc. \par
}
In general, instead of address i being stored in module i mod m, that address wo
uld be stored in module
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6297\absw9374\absh1950 \sl-271 \f20 \fs19 \cf0 ({\
i \f50 i} +{\f40 b}{\i \f50 i/m}{\f40 c}){\i \f50 mod}{\i \f50 m}.
You can readily see that with skewed interleaving, we see get full speedup when
doing matrix row operations,
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6297\absw9374\absh1950 \sl-271 \f20 \fs19 \cf0 sin
ce we can keep m modules busy at once. {\up006 \fs14 6} But in addition, we als
o get full speedup for column access as
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6297\absw9374\absh1950 \sl-270 \f20 \fs19 \cf0 wel
l.
Note, though, that there are still problems with other types of access, such as
cases in which we need to
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy6297\absw9374\absh1950 \sl-270 \f20 \fs19 \cf0 acc
ess all diagonal elements of a matrix. \par
}
\cf0 3.2
Prime Number of Modules
cf0 {\b0 \fs19 Typically}{\b0 \fs19 interleaving}{\b0 \fs19 schemes}{\b0 \fs
19 take}{\b0 \fs19 m}{\b0 \fs19 to}{\b0 \fs19 be}{\b0 \fs19 a}{\b0 \fs
19 power}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 2,}{\b0 \fs19 for}{\b0 \fs19 ease}{\
b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 implementation.}{\b0 \fs19
For}{\b0 \fs19 low-or
der }
{\b0 \fs19 interleaving,}{\b0 \fs19 for}{\b0 \fs19 example,}{\b0 \fs19 one}{\
b0 \fs19 determines}{\b0 \fs19 module}{\b0 \fs19 number}{\b0 \fs19 by}{\b0 \
fs19 merely}{\b0 \fs19 using}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0\i \f50 \fs19 log }{\b0\dn00
6 \fs14 2}{\b0\i \f50 \fs19 m}{\b0 \fs19 least}{\b0 \fs19 significant}{\b0 \f
s19 bits }
{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 word}{\b0 \fs19 address. }
cf0 {\b0 \fs19 However,}{\b0 \fs19 as}{\b0 \fs19 we}{\b0 \fs19 noted}{\b0 \fs
19 earlier,}{\b0 \fs19 we}{\b0 \fs19 get}{\b0 \fs19 full}{\b0 \fs19 speedup
}{\b0 \fs19 if}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 stride}{\b0 \fs19 is}{\b0 \fs19 re
latively}{\b0 \fs19 prime}{\b0 \fs19 to}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 number}{\b
0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 modules. }
{\b0 \fs19 This}{\b0 \fs19 implies}{\b0 \fs19 that}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19
best}{\b0 \fs19 value}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 m}{\b0 \fs19 is}{\b0 \fs19
prime!}{\b0 \fs19 The}{\b0 \fs19 hardware}{\b0 \fs19 is}{\b0 \fs19 more}{\b
0 \fs19 difficult}{\b0 \fs19 to}{\b0 \fs19 implement}{\b0 \fs19 for}{\b0 \fs
19 a}{\b0 \fs19 mod-m }
{\b0 \fs19 operation}{\b0 \fs19 when}{\b0 \fs19 m}{\b0 \fs19 is}{\b0 \fs19 n
ot}{\b0 \fs19 a}{\b0 \fs19 power}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 2,}{\b0 \fs19 but
}{\b0 \fs19 with}{\b0 \fs19 modern}{\b0 \fs19 fast}{\b0 \fs19 division}{\b0
\fs19 algorithms}{\b0 \fs19 it}{\b0 \fs19 is}{\b0 \fs19 feasible. }\par
}
1 \cf0 3.3
Superinterleaving
\cf0 {\b0 \fs19 Up}{\b0 \fs19 to}{\b0 \fs19 this}{\b0 \fs19 point,}{\b0 \fs19
we}{\b0 \fs19 have}{\b0 \fs19 assumed}{\b0 \fs19 that}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0
\fs19 number}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 memory}{\b0 \fs19 modules}{\b0 \fs19
is}{\b0 \fs19 equal}{\b0 \fs19 to}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 access}{\b0 \fs1
9 time,}{\b0 \fs19 in}{\b0 \fs19 bus }
{\b0 \fs19 cycles,}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 one}{\b0 \fs19 module.}{\b0 \fs1
9 The}{\b0 \fs19 concept}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0\i \fs19 superinterleaving}{\b0 \
fs19 relaxes}{\b0 \fs19 that}{\b0 \fs19 assumption. }
\cf0 {\b0 \fs19 For}{\b0 \fs19 instance,}{\b0 \fs19 in}{\b0 \fs19 our}{\b0 \f
s19 examples}{\b0 \fs19 above}{\b0 \fs19 with}{\b0 \fs19 m}{\b0 \fs19 =}{\b
0 \fs19 4,}{\b0 \fs19 suppose}{\b0 \fs19 we}{\b0 \fs19 set}{\b0 \fs19 m}{\b
0 \fs19 =}{\b0 \fs19 8}{\b0 \fs19 but}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 module}{\b0
\fs19 access}{\b0 \fs19 time}{\b0 \fs19 is}{\b0 \fs19 still}{\b0 \fs19 4 }
\cf0 \fi253 {\b0\up006 \fs10 6}{\b0 \fs16 This}{\b0 \fs16 is}{\b0 \fs16 not}{\
b0 \fs16 quite}{\b0 \fs16 true}{\b0 \fs16 if}{\b0 \fs16 our}{\b0 \fs16 acce
ss}{\b0 \fs16 does}{\b0 \fs16 not}{\b0 \fs16 start}{\b0 \fs16 and}{\b0 \fs16
end}{\b0 \fs16 at}{\b0 \fs16 boundaries}{\b0 \fs16 of}{\b0 \fs16 the}{\b0
\fs16 address}{\b0 \fs16 groups.}{\b0 \fs16 For}{\b0 \fs16 example,}{\b0 \fs
16 in}{\b0 \fs16 the}{\b0 \fs16 table}{\b0 \fs16 above, }
{\b0 \fs16 suppose}{\b0 \fs16 we}{\b0 \fs16 need}{\b0 \fs16 to}{\b0 \fs16 a
ccess}{\b0 \fs16 addresses}{\b0 \fs16 3}{\b0 \fs16 through}{\b0 \fs16 13.}{\
b0 \fs16 We}{\b0 \fs16 can}{\b0 \fs16 access}{\b0 \fs16 addresses}{\b0 \fs16
4-11}{\b0 \fs16 at}{\b0 \fs16 full}{\b0 \fs16 speed,}{\b0 \fs16 but}{\b0 \
fs16 con{\f63 \u64258\'3f}icts}{\b0 \fs16 would}{\b0 \fs16 occur}{\b0 \fs16
for}{\b0 \fs16 address }
{\b0 \fs16 3,}{\b0 \fs16 12}{\b0 \fs16 and}{\b0 \fs16 13. }\par
}
}
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108034a025303012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
00ffd9
\cf0 3
REFINEMENTS TO LOW-ORDER INTERLEAVING \par
}
.4
Software Solutions \par
}
bus cycles. Because of the latter constraint, we cannot ever achieve a speed of
any greater than one memory
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2230\absw9504\absh1307 \sl-270 \f20 \fs19 \cf0 acc
ess per cycle. However, we can reduce the number of con{\f63 \u64258\'3f}icts.
For example, with a stride of 4, we could not get any speedup at all in a syste
m for which m = 4, since all
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2230\absw9504\absh1307 \sl-270 \f20 \fs19 \cf0 req
uested words would be in the same module. But with m = 8, we have fewer such cl
ashes, and thus can
\par}{\phpg\posx1440\pvpg\posy2230\absw9504\absh1307 \sl-270 \f20 \fs19 \cf0 kee
p two modules busy at the same time, doubling effective access speed. \par
}
\cf0 3.4
Software Solutions
cf0 {\b0 \fs19 Recall}{\b0 \fs19 that}{\b0 \fs19 in}{\b0 \fs19 our}{\b0 \fs19
matrix}{\b0 \fs19 multiplication}{\b0 \fs19 example,}{\b0 \fs19 we}{\b0 \fs
19 were}{\b0 \fs19 doing}{\b0 \fs19 column}{\b0 \fs19 access}{\b0 \fs19 to}
{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 matrix}{\b0 \fs19 B,}{\b0 \fs19 which}{\b0 \fs19
was }
{\b0 \fs19 slow,}{\b0 \fs19 due}{\b0 \fs19 to}{\b0 \fs19 complete}{\b0 \fs19
module}{\b0 \fs19 con{\f63 \u64258\'3f}ict.}{\b0 \fs19 One}{\b0 \fs19 possib
le}{\b0 \fs19 solution}{\b0 \fs19 to}{\b0 \fs19 this}{\b0 \fs19 would}{\b0 \
fs19 be}{\b0 \fs19 to}{\b0 \fs19 write}{\b0 \fs19 our}{\b0 \fs19 software}{
\b0 \fs19 so}{\b0 \fs19 that}{\b0 \fs19 it }
{\b0 \fs19 stores}{\b0\i \f50 \fs19 B}{\b0\i\up006 \f50 \fs14 t}{\b0 \fs19 ,}{
\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 transpose}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 B,}{\b0 \fs19 i
nstead}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 B.}{\b0 \fs19 The}{\b0 \fs19 column}{\b0 \fs
19 access}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19 B}{\b0 \fs19 would}{\b0 \fs19 then}{\b0
\fs19 be}{\b0 \fs19 row}{\b0 \fs19 access}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0\i \f50 \fs19 B
}{\b0\i\up006 \f50 \fs14 t}{\b0 \fs19 ,}{\b0 \fs19 which }
{\b0 \fs19 would}{\b0 \fs19 be}{\b0 \fs19 done}{\b0 \fs19 quickly. }
cf0 {\b0 \fs19 Another}{\b0 \fs19 possibility}{\b0 \fs19 would}{\b0 \fs19 be}
{\b0 \fs19 to}{\b0 \fs19 store}{\b0 \fs19 B}{\b0 \fs19 with}{\b0 \fs19 a}{\
b0 \fs19 fake}{\b0 \fs19 extra}{\b0 \fs19 column.}{\b0 \fs19 This}{\b0 \fs1
9 would}{\b0 \fs19 increase}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 stride}{\b0 \fs19 wit
hin}{\b0 \fs19 a }
{\b0 \fs19 column}{\b0 \fs19 by}{\b0 \fs19 1,}{\b0 \fs19 eliminating}{\b0 \fs
19 the}{\b0 \fs19 con{\f63 \u64258\'3f}ict}{\b0 \fs19 problem. }
cf0 {\b0 \fs19 Note}{\b0 \fs19 that}{\b0 \fs19 none}{\b0 \fs19 of}{\b0 \fs19
these}{\b0 \fs19 solutions}{\b0 \fs19 is}{\b0 \fs19 perfect.}{\b0 \fs19 Sto

ring}{\b0\i \f50 \fs19 B}{\b0\i\up006 \f50 \fs14 t}{\b0 \fs19 instead}{\b0 \f
s19 of}{\b0 \fs19 B,}{\b0 \fs19 for}{\b0 \fs19 instance,}{\b0 \fs19 may}{\b
0 \fs19 cause}{\b0 \fs19 problems}{\b0 \fs19 with }
{\b0 \fs19 other}{\b0 \fs19 computations}{\b0 \fs19 involving}{\b0 \fs19 B}{\
b0 \fs19 in}{\b0 \fs19 the}{\b0 \fs19 same}{\b0 \fs19 program. }\par
}
}
}

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