Sensors and Transducers

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Sensor and Transducer

What is a sensor ? Sensor is a physical device which senses and measures physical quantities and converts them into electrical signals. What is a transducer ? A transducer is a device which converts one form of energy to another form of energy for the purpose of measurement or information transfer .

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Ideal Sensor
An ideal sensor must obey the following rules 1. It must be sensitive to the measured property. 2. It must be in sensitive to any other property. 3. It must not influence the measured property. 4. The output signal of the sensor must be linearly proportional to the value of the measured property.

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Properties of sensors

1. Range of the sensor. Fixed interval of output. 2. Sensitivity. How change in input is mapped to change in output. 3. Speed Time interval between reading input and presenting output. 4. Stability How vulnerable it is to noise.

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Sensor deviations
1. Sensitivity error :-The sensitivity may in practice differ from the value specified, but the sensor is still linear. 2. Sensor Offset:-If the output signal is not zero when the measured property is zero, the sensor has an offset or bias. 3. Nonlinearity :- If the sensitivity is not constant over the range of the sensor, this is called nonlinearity. 4. Drift:- If the output signal slowly changes independent of the measured property. 5. Noise:- Noise is an unwanted random addition to wanted signal. 6. Digitization error:-If the sensor has a digital output, the output is essentially an approximation of the measured property. The approximation error is also called digitization error.

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Classification of sensors

Sensors are basically classified into two types 1. Passive sensors 2. Active sensors Passive sensors :- Stimulus (physical property being measured) comes from the environment. Active sensors :- Provide their own signal /stimulus and use its interaction with the environment as the property being measured. - Require more energy.

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Optical sensors- IR sensors

IR-Rays

Position measurement

Proximity

Encoders

Switches

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Position measurement and Proximity sensing by IR

Position measurement And Proximity sensing

Triangulation method

Heat sensing and Tracking

IR reflector IR Emitter IR receiver

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IR Emitters

Circuit Breakers

IR receivers

IR switches and Encoders

IR Emitter Circuit Breaker

IR Receiver

IR Rotary Encoder
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Electro Magnetic sensors - Hall effect

Hall Effect Proximity switching - Magnets and Reed switches Position and Distance measurements

Encoders

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Thank you

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