Gas Dynamics Equations Summary

Version 0.2
June 5, 2007
Genick Bar-Meir, Ph.D.
Abstract
This document is a summary of the equations that appeared in the
book Fundamentals of compressible Flow Mechanics. This summary
supposed to be used by professionals and students who would like to
have a handy summary of the equations without going through the
pages of the whole books.
1 Introduction
Many have asked me to make a summary for the working questions
for the gas dynamics. Due to time constrains, this document wasnt
constructed. Therefore, I found myself searching for an equation in the
book and I realized the importance and the urgency of this document.
At this stage, this collection is a quickx which will be improved,
hopefully, in the coming days. These equations were collected from
the book Fundamentals of compressible Flow by Genick Bar-Meir
and translated by using latex2html versions 1.7.
2 Speed of Sound
2.1 General
The general equation of speed sound is
dP
d
=
P

s
(1)
1
2.2 Ideal Gas
Gas that obey the equation of state P = RT, the speed of sound is
c =

kRT (2)
Gas that obey the equation of state P = zRT, the speed of sound
is
c =

nzRT (3)
Where n is dened as
n =
k
..
C
p
C
v
_
z + T
_
z
T
_

z + T
_
z
T
_
P
_
(4)
2.3 Speed of Sound in Liquid
c =

elastic property
inertial property
=

(5)
where
B =
dP
d
(6)
2.4 Speed of Sound in Solids
c =

(7)
where E is Youngs Modulus
2
2.5 Sound Speed in Two Phase Medium
For ow of mostly gas with drops of the other phase (liquid or solid)
Let

a
= 1 + m (8)
where m =
m
b
ma
is mass ow rate per gas ow rate. and the subscript
a is for the gas phase and b for the liquid or solid phase.
The equation of state is
P

=
R
1 + m
T (9)
c =
_
R
mix
T (10)
where
=
C
p
+ mC
C
v
+ mC
(11)
and R
mix
=
R
1+m
3 Isentropic Flow
P
0
P
=
_
T
0
T
_ k
k1
=
_
1 +
k 1
2
M
2
_ k
k1
(12)

=
_
T
0
T
_ 1
k1
=
_
1 +
k 1
2
M
2
_ 1
k1
(13)
The star values
T

T
0
=
c
2
c
0
2
=
2
k + 1
(14)
3
P

P
0
=
_
2
k + 1
_ k
k1
(15)

0
=
_
2
k + 1
_ 1
k1
(16)
3.1 Relationships for Small Mach Number
P
0
P
= 1 +
(k 1)M
2
4
+
kM
4
8
+
2(2 k)M
6
48
(17)

= 1 +
(k 1)M
2
4
+
kM
4
8
+
2(2 k)M
6
48
(18)
P
0
P
1
2
U
2
= 1 +
compressibility correction
..
M
2
4
+
(2 k)M
4
24
+ (19)
M

=
U
c

=
_
k + 1
2
M
_
1
k 1
4
M
2
+
_
(20)
P
0
P
P
=
kM
2
2
_
1 +
M
2
4
+
_
(21)

=
M
2
2
_
1
kM
2
4
+
_
(22)
4
m
A
=

kP
0
2
M
2
RT
0
_
1 +
k 1
4
M
2
+
_
(23)
The ratio of the area to star area is
A
A

=
_
2
k + 1
_ k+1
2(k1)
_
1
M
+
k + 1
4
M +
(3 k)(k + 1)
32
M
3
+
_
(24)
A
A

=
1
M
_
1 +
k1
2
M
2
k+1
2
_ k+1
2(k1)
(25)
3.2 Isentropic Isothermal Flow Nozzle
T
1
= T
2
(26)
T
01
T
02
=
_
1 +
k1
2
M
1
2
_
_
1 +
k1
2
M
2
2
_ =
_
1 +
k1
2
M
1
2
_
_
1 +
k1
2
M
2
2
_ (27)
P
2
P
1
= e
k(M
1
2
M
2
2
)
2
=
_
e
M
1
2
e
M
2
2
_k
2
(28)
A
2
A
1
=
M
1
M
2
_
e
M
2
2
e
M
1
2
_k
2
(29)
P
02
P
01
=
P
2
P
1
_
1 +
k1
2
M
2
2
1 +
k1
2
M
1
2
_ k
k1
=
_
e
M
1
2
e
M
1
2
_k
2
(30)
5
The star values
T = T

(31)
P
P

= e
(1M
2
)k
2
(32)
A
A

=
1
M
e
(1M
2
)k
2
(33)
T
0
T
0

=
2
_
1 +
k1
2
M
1
2
_
k + 1
k
k1
(34)
P
0
P
0

= e
(1M)k
2
2
_
1 +
k1
2
M
1
2
_
k + 1
k
k1
(35)
The initial stagnation temperature is denoted as T
0int
.
T
T
0int
=
1
1 +
k1
2
M
2
(36)
P
P
0int
=
1
_
1 +
k1
2
M
2
_
k1
k
(37)
F
net
P
0
A

=
f(M
2
)
..
P
2
A
2
P
0
A

f(M
2
)
..
_
1 + kM
2
2
_

f(M
1
)
..
P
1
A
1
P
0
A

f(M
1
)
..
_
1 + kM
1
2
_
(38)
6
F
F

=
P
1
A
1
P

_
1 + kM
1
2
_
(1 + k)
=
1
P

P
0
..
(
2
k+1
)
k
k1
see function (38)
..
P
1
A
1
P
0
A

_
1 + kM
1
2
_
1
(1 + k)
(39)
F
net
= P
0
A

(1 + k)
_
k + 1
2
_ k
k1
_
F
2
F

F
1
F

_
(40)
for isothermal
F
2
F
1
=
P
2
A
2
P
1
A
1
1 +
U
2
2
RT
1 +
U
1
2
RT
(41)
F
2
F
1
=
M
1
M
2
1 + kM
2
2
1 + kM
1
2
(42)
F
2
F

=
1
M
2
1 + kM
2
2
1 + k
(43)
4 Normal Shock
T
0y
= T
0x
(44)
T
y
T
x
=
_
P
y
P
x
_
2
_
M
y
M
x
_
2
(45)
7
P
y
P
x
=
1 + kM
x
2
1 + kM
y
2
(46)
P
0y
P
0x
=
P
y
_
1 +
k1
2
M
y
2
_
k
k1
P
x
_
1 +
k1
2
M
x
2
_
k
k1
(47)
M
y
2
=
M
x
2
+
2
k1
2k
k1
M
x
2
1
(48)
P
y
P
x
=
2k
k + 1
M
x
2

k 1
k + 1
P
y
P
x
= 1 +
2k
k + 1
_
M
x
2
1
_
(49)

x
=
U
x
U
y
=
(k + 1)M
x
2
2 + (k 1)M
x
2
(50)
T
y
T
x
=
_
P
y
P
x
_
_
k+1
k1
+
Py
Px
1 +
k+1
k1
Py
Px
_
(51)

y
=
1 +
_
k+1
k1
__
Py
Px
_
_
k+1
k1
_
+
_
Py
Px
_ (52)
Moving shocks
8
5 Isothermal Flow
_
L
0
4fdx
D
=
_
1/k
M
2
1 kM2
kM2
dM
2
(53)
4fLmax
D
=
1 kM
2
kM
2
+ ln kM
2
(54)
P
0
P

0
=
P
P

_
1 +
k1
2
M
2
1 +
k1
2k
_ k
k1
(55)
P
0
P

0
=
1

k
_
2k
3k 1
_ k
k1
_
1 +
k 1
2
M
2
_ k
k1
1
M
(56)
T
0
T

0
=
T
T

1 +
k1
2
M
2
1 +
k1
2k
=
2k
3k 1
_
1 +
k 1
2
_
M
2
(57)
4fL
D
=
4fLmax
D

4fLmax
D

2
=
1 kM
1
2
kM
1
2

1 kM
2
2
kM
2
2
+ ln
_
M
1
M
2
_
2
(58)
For the case that M
1
>> M
2
and M
1
1 equation (58) is reduced
into the following approximation
4fL
D
= 2 ln M
1
1
0
..
1 kM
2
2
kM
2
2
(59)
M
1
e
1
2

4fL
D
+1

(60)
9
6 Fanno Flow
4fdx
D
=
_
1 M
2
_
dM
2
kM
4
(1 +
k1
2
M
2
)
(61)
4
D
_
Lmax
L
fdx =
1
k
1 M
2
M
2
+
k + 1
2k
ln
k+1
2
M
2
1 +
k1
2
M
2
(62)
A representative friction factor is dened as

f =
1
L
max
_
Lmax
0
fdx (63)
4

fL
max
D
=
1
k
1 M
2
M
2
+
k + 1
2k
ln
k+1
2
M
2
1 +
k1
2
M
2
(64)
P
P

=
1
M

k+1
2
1 +
k1
2
M
2
(65)
T
T

=
c
2
c
2
=
k+1
2
1 +
k1
2
M
2
(66)

=
1
M

1 +
k1
2
M
2
k+1
2
(67)
U
U

=
_

_
1
= M

k+1
2
1 +
k1
2
M
2
(68)
10
P
0
P
0

=
1
M
_
1 +
k1
2
M
2
k+1
2
_ k+1
2(k1)
(69)
s s

c
p
= ln M
2

_
_
k + 1
2M
2
_
1 +
k1
2
M
2
_
_k+1
k
(70)
T
2
T
1
=
T
T

M
2
T
T

M
1
(71)
_
4fL
max
D
_
2
=
_
4fL
max
D
_
1

4fL
D
(72)
7 RAYLEIGH FLOW
P

P
1
=
1 + kM
1
2
1 + k
(73)
T

T
1
=
1
M
2
_
1 + kM
1
2
1 + k
_
2
(74)

=
U

U
1
=
U

kRT

kRT

U
1

kRT
1

kRT
1
=
1
M
1
_
T

T
1
(75)
T
01
T
0

=
T
1
_
1 +
k1
2
M
1
2
_
T

_
1+k
2
_ =
2(1 + k)M
1
2
(1 + kM
2
)
2
_
1 +
k 1
2
M
1
2
_
(76)
P
01
P
0

=
P
1
_
1 +
k1
2
M
1
2
_
P

_
1+k
2
_ =
_
1 + k
1 + kM
1
2
_
_
1 + kM
1
2
(1+k)
2
_ k
k1
(77)
11
8 Oblique-Shock
tan =
U
1n
U
1t
(78)
tan( ) =
U
2n
U
2t
(79)
sin =
M
1n
M
1
(80)
sin( ) =
M
2n
M
2
(81)
cos =
M
1t
M
1
(82)
cos( ) =
M
2t
M
2
(83)
tan = 2 cot
_
M
1
2
sin
2
1
M
1
2
(k + cos 2) + 2
_
(84)

1
=
U
1n
U
2n
=
(k + 1)M
1
2
sin
2

(k 1)M
1
2
sin
2
+ 2
(85)
T
2
T
1
=
2kM
1
2
sin
2
(k 1)
_
(k 1)M
1
2
+ 2

(k + 1)
2
M
1
(86)
12
The RankineHugoniot relations are the same as the relationship
for the normal shock
P
2
P
1

1
= k
P
2
P
1

1
(87)
x
3
+ a
1
x
2
+ a
2
x + a
3
= 0 (88)
where
x = sin
2
(89)
and
a
1
=
M
1
2
+ 2
M
1
2
k sin
2
(90)
a
2
=
2M
1
2
+ 1
M
1
4
+
_
(k + 1)
2
4
+
k 1
M
1
2
_
sin
2
(91)
a
3
=
cos
2

M
1
4
(92)
x
1
=
1
3
a
1
+ (S + T) (93)
x
2
=
1
3
a
1

1
2
(S + T) +
1
2
i

3(S T) (94)
and
x
3
=
1
3
a
1

1
2
(S + T)
1
2
i

3(S T) (95)
Where
S =
3
_
R +

D, (96)
T =
3
_
R

D (97)
13
and where the denition of the D is
D = Q
3
+ R
2
(98)
and where the denitions of Q and R are
Q =
3a
2
a
1
2
9
(99)
and
R =
9a
1
a
2
27a
3
2a
1
3
54
(100)
sin
2

max
=
1 +
k+1
4
M
1
2
+
_
(k + 1)
_
1 +
k1
2
M
1
2
+
_
k+1
2
M
1
_
4
_
kM
1
2
(101)
A simplied case of the Maximum Deection Mach Numbers equa-
tion for large Mach number becomes
M
1n
=
_
k + 1
2k
M
1
for M
1
>> 1 (102)
M
1n
=
_
(k + 1)M
1
2
+ 1 +
_
(M
1
2
_
M
1
2
(k + 1)
2
+ 8(k
2
1)

+ 16(1 + k)
2

k
(103)
P
2
P
1
=
2kM
1
2
sin
2
(k 1)
k + 1
(104)
The density ratio can be expressed as

1
=
U
1n
U
2n
=
(k + 1)M
1
2
sin
2

(k 1)M
1
2
sin
2
+ 2
(105)
14
T
2
T
1
=
c
2
2
c
1
2
=
_
2kM
1
2
sin
2
(k 1)
_ _
(k 1)M
1
2
sin
2
+ 2
_
(k + 1)M
1
2
sin
2

(106)
M
2
2
=
(k + 1)
2
M
1
4
sin
2
4(M
1
2
sin
2
1)(kM
1
2
sin
2
+ 1)
_
2kM
1
2
sin
2
(k 1)
_ _
(k 1)M
1
2
sin
2
+ 2
_
(107)
The ratio of the total pressure can be expressed as
P
0
2
P
0
1
=
_
(k + 1)M
1
2
sin
2

(k 1)M
1
2
sin
2
+ 2
_
k
k1
_
k + 1
2kM
1
2
sin
2
(k 1)
_ 1
k1
(108)
8.1 Given Two Angles, and
M
1
2
=
2(cot + tan )
sin 2 (tan )(k + cos 2)
(109)
2(P
2
P
1
)
U
2
=
2 sin sin
cos( )
(110)

2
=
sin
sin cos( )
(111)
9 Prandtl-Meyer Function
(M) = (M) (M
starting
) (112)
=
_
k + 1
k 1
tan
1
_
_
k 1
k + 1
_
M
2
1
_
tan
1
_
M
2
1
(113)
15

=

2
_
_
k + 1
k 1
1
_
(114)
16