DTM Nguyen Vinh Quy

7/26/2009 Ths.
Nguyen Vinh Quy 1

BO GIAO DUC & AO TAO
TRNG AI HOC NONG LAM TP.
HCM
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Ths. Nguyen Vinh Quy 2
7/26/2009
NOI DUNG CHNG TRNH
M AU
HNH THC ANH GIA VA TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
PHAN I
GII THIEU CHUNG: KHAI NIEM VA NGUYEN LY
PHAN II
KY THUAT VA PHNG PHAP
PHAN III
QUY NH VA THU TUC ANH GIA TAC ONG
MOI TRNG.
7/26/2009
M AU
A/ HNH THC ANH GIA
1. Thamgia ay u cac gi giang tren lp: 10 %
2. Bai tap nhom: 30 %.
Bai tap so 1: 15%. I SEE I REMEMBER.ppt
Bai tap so 2: 15%.
3. Kiem tra cuoi khoa: 60%
4. B/ TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
_ Le Trnh 2000, anh gia tac ong moi trng: Phng phap va ng dung,
Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat, Tp. HCM.
. Le Trnh 1999, Quan trac va kiem soat o nhiem moi trng nc, Nha xuat
ban khoa hoc Ky thuat Tp. HCM.
c Cuc Moi trng 1999, Hng dan lap bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng,
Http://www.nea.gov.vn/html/khungphaply/all.htm
_ Glasson, J., Therivel, R. & Chadwick, A. 1999, Introduction to
Environmental Impact Assessment, 2
nd
edn, UCL Press, London
7/26/2009
M AU
B/ TAI LIEU THAM KHAO (Tiep)
e Lee, N & George, C. (eds) 2000, Environmental Assessment in Developing
and Transitional Countries: Principles, Methods and Practice, University of
Manchester, UK.
e Duggin, J. D. 1999, Impact Assessment in Natural Resources Management:
Book A- Introdcution: Concepts and Principles, University of New England,
Armidale, NSW
Z Duggin, J. D. 1999, Impact Assessment in Natural Resources Management:
Book B- Legislation and Procedures, University of New England, Armidale,
NSW
V Duggin, J. D. 1999, Impact Assessment in Natural Resources Management:
Book C- Techniques and Methods, University of New England, Armidale,
NSW
Duggin, J. D. 1999, Impact Assessment in Natural Resources Management:
Book D EIA by Resourse Sector, University of New England, Armidale,
NSW
7/26/2009
GII THIEU CHUNG:
KHAI NIEM VA NGUYEN LY
7/26/2009
CHNG I: GII THIEU CHUNG
1.1. MOI TRNG, PHAT TRIEN BEN VNG VA BEN VNG
SINH THAI.
MOI TRNG LA G? THE NAO LA PHAT TRIEN BEN VNG VA BEN
VNG SINH THAI?
1.1.1. nh ngha ve moi trng va tai nguyen.
Moi trng la tat ca nhng g xung quanh toi! (Anhxtanh).
nh ngha ve moi trng lan au tien c thao luan tai Hoi ngh Lien
Hiep Quoc ve moi trng nhan van (UNCHE), thang 6, 21972 cho rang
Moi trng lakhong gian vat chat ni con ngi ang sinh song.
Mot so ai bieu Hoi ngh, ac biet la cac ai bieu t cac nc ang phat
trien, khong thong nhat vi nh ngha tren va cho rang moi trng la toan
bo cac van e t nhien va kinh te xa hoi trong qua trnh phat trien
Luat bao ve moi trng nam 1994 cua Viet nam nh ngha:Moi trng
bao
gom cac yeu to vat chat nhan tao va yeu to t nhien quan he mat thiet vi
nhau, bao quanh con ngi, co anh hng en i song san xuat, s ton tai,
phat trien cua con ngi va thien nhien.
7/26/2009
CHNG I. GII THIEU CHUNG
(Tiep)
e thuan tien trong nghien cu va thc tien ng dung khoa hoc ve moi
trng,nh ngha sau ay c thong nhat s dung
Moi trng la cac yeu to vat chat t nhien va nhan tao (ly hoc, hoa hoc va sinh
hoc) cung ton tai tron mot khong gian bao quanh con ngi, cac yeu to o quan
he mat thiet, tng tac lan nhau va tac ong len cac ca the sinh vat hay con
ngi de cung ton tai va phat trien. Tong hoa cua cac chieu hng phat trien
cua tng nhan to nay quyet nh chieu phat trien cua ca the sinh vat cua he sinh
thai va con ngi.
Cac yeu to vat chat va nhan tao trong nh ngha nay bao ham:
To hp cac ieu kien vat ly, hoa hoc va sinh hoc anh hng en s sinh
trng va phat trien cua mot ca the hay mot cong ong.
To hp cac ieu kien xa hoi va van hoa anh hng en ban chat cua mot ca
the hay mot cong ong.
Moi trng bao gom cac yeu to khong song (abiotic: at, nuc, khong kh)
va cac yeu to song (biotic: con ngi, vi khuan , ong thc vat)
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CHC NANG C BAN CUA MOI TRNG
Mi trng c 05 chc nng c bn sau:
Mi trng l khng gian sng ca con ngi v cc
loi sinh vt.
Mi trng l ni cung cp ti nguyn cn thit cho
cuc sng v hot ng sn xut ca con ngi.
Mi trng l ni cha ng cc cht ph thi do
con ngi to ra trong cuc sng v hot ng sn
xut ca mnh.
Mi trng l ni gim nh cc tc ng c hi ca
thin nhin ti con ngi v sinh vt trn tri t.
Mi trng l ni lu tr v cung cp thng tin cho
con ngi.
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(Tiep)
O nh ngha ve tai nguyen
Tai nguyen la cac dang vat chat c tao thanh trong suot qua trnh hnh thanh
va phat trien cua t nhien, cuoc song sinh vat va con ngi. Cac dang vat chat
nay cung cap nguyen nhien vat lieu, ho tr va phuc vu cho cac nhu cau phat
trien kinh te xa hoi cua con ngi.
1.1.2. Phat trien ben vng phat trien ben vng sinh thai (Sustainable
development and ecologically sustainable development).
Phat trien ben vng la s phat trien lam thoa man cac nhu cau hien tai
nhng khong gay kho khan cho the he tng lai thoa man nhu cau cua ho.
nh ngha tren ve s phat trien ben vng ac trng bi 2 quan iem chnh
sau ay.
S nhan thc ve nhu cau, ac biet la cac nhu cau thiet yeu cua ngi
ngheo e a ra cac u tien phat trien.
S hien thc hoa kha nang cua con ngi e ap ng cac nhu cau trong
khi gii han tai nguyen la han che.
7/26/2009
(Tiep)
nh ngha ve ben vng sinh thai
S dung, bao ton va phat trien cac nguon tai nguyen cua cong ong sao cho
cac qua trnh sinh thai, cac qua trnh ma cuoc song con ngi phu thuoc vao,
c duy tr va tong chat lng cuoc song hien tai va tng lai co the c
nang cao/ using, conserving and enhancing the communitys resources so that
ecological processes, on which life depends, are maintained, and the total
quality of life, now and in the future can be increased (Commonwealth of
Australia 1992).
4 Bon muc tieu c ban e at c phat trien sinh thai ben vng:
Nang cao phuc li xa hoi cung nh s giau co ve kinh te cho ca nhan va
cong ong nhng khong anh hng en s thnh vng cua tng lai;
Tao s bnh ang trong va gia cac the he;
Nhan thc c cac van e mang tnh toan cau can phai giai quyet; va
Bao ton a dang sinh hoc va duy tr cac qua trnh cung nh he sinh thai.
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1.2. MAU THUAN GIA PHAT TRIEN VA BAO VE
MOI TRNG
1.2.1 NH NGHA VE PHAT TRIEN VA CAC MAT TCH CC, HAN
CHE CUA PHAT TRIE N
nh ngha ve phat trien
Phat trien khong ch co ngha la cung cap dch vu xa hoi
va ap dung cac cong nghe mi ma no bao ham ca viec thay
oi trong nhan thc, hanh ong va cach oi x cua cac ca
nhan va trong moi quan he gia cac ca nhan cung nh
cac nhom ngi trong xa hoi. Cac thay oi nay nhat thiet
phai c xuat phat t ban than cac ca nhan, cac nhom
ngi trong xa hoi va khong b ap at bi cac ngoai lc
(Burkey 1993)
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MOI TRNG
Tnh tch cc
Phat trien la xu hng tat yeu
Phat trien giup nhan loai thoa man c nhu cau ngay cang
tang cua con ngi ca ve mat vat chat lan tinh than.
Han che
Tieu ton nhieu tai nguyen dan en can kiet hoac suy thoai
nhieu loai tai nguyen thien nhien, ac biet la loai tai nguyen
khong the phuc hoi.
Phat thai ra moi trng nhieu loai chat thai co khoi lng va
oc tnh cao, gay o nhiem moi trng nghiem trong.
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1.2. MAU THUAN GIA PHAT TRIEN VA BAO VE MOI TRNG
Hoat ong cong
nghiep
San pham
Tai che cac san phamh hong
Nguyen
nhien lieu
& nc
Khong kh,
nc &
thc pham
Chat thai khong phai SP.
(Long, kh va ran)
Chat thai la san pham
(Sau khi a s dung)
MOI TRNG SACH
Con ngi tieu
thu, tch luy va
bai tiet
MOI TRNG B O
NHIEM
S o minh hoa bien oi moi trng trong qua trnh phat trien cua nhan loai
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MOI TRNG
S oo bieu th moi lien he gia quan ly moi trng va xa hoi
Cac nganh:
- Sinh vat hoc
- Sinh thai hoc
- Khoa hoc ve at
- a ly hoc
- a mao hoc
- Thuy ong hoc
- Khoa hoc ve ho
- Kho hau hoc
Cac nganh:
- Xa hoi hoc
- Kinh te hoc
- Khoa hoc chnh t.
- Tam ly xa hoi
- Nhan khau hoc
- Nhan loai hoc
- Sc khoe cong .
- Moi trng n.tao
S dung
va quan
ly cua
nhan loai
He sinh thai
Cau truc va
chc nang
Xa hoi
Cau truc va
hoat ong
Tac ong moi trng
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MOI TRNG
Cac thanh phan phai c xem xet trong quan ly moi trng
Moi trng
Chnh tr
Kinh te
Xa hoi
Social welfare
Moi v tr cua khoi t dien
nhan manh mot thanh phan,
trong khi 3 thanh phan con
lai tao thanh mot e vng
chac cho quyet nh.
Mc o tam quan trong cua
moi thanh phan co the thay
oi tuy theo nhu cau cua xa
hoi.
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1.2.2. MOT SO S CO MOI TRNG TRONG QUA TRNH
PHAT TRIEN
Thang 12 nam 1930: Thung lung song Meuse (B) b bao trumbi man sng mu do
khoi thai cong nghiep dan en hang ngan ngi b nhiemoc ng ho hap va 600 ngi
b chet.
Nam1952, Lon on do ap suat khong kh cao va kemoi lu trong nhieu ngay lam
moi trng khong kh b o nhiemdan en 3000 ngi chet.
Nam1961-1967 Yokaichi (Nhat) moi trng khong kh b o nhiemdo kh thai (chu
yeu la SO
2
) t cac lien hiep hoa dau a lamcho hang ngan ngi chet va nhiemnhieu
loai benh.
Nam1984, do ro r hn 40 tan hoa chat s dung e san xuat thuoc bao ve thc vat a
lam8000 ngi Bholpal An o chet va gan 500.000 ngi b nhiemnhieu loai benh.
Nam1986 tai Ucrina xay ra vu Chernobyl lamhang tram ngan ngi b chet va b
nhiemphong xa.
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1.2.3. MOT SO VAN EE MOI TRNG HIEN NAY TRE N BNH DIEN
TOAN CAU
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CHNG II: BAN CHAT VA CACH TIEP CAN
MOI TRNG.
2.1. CHAT LNG MOI TRNG.
Chat lng moi trng
Chat lng moi trng la thuat ng bieu th muc tieu co lien quan en hanh vi ng x
va tng tac gia cac ac tnh moi trng va con ngi xa hoi s dung moi trng o
(Huebner and Paul 1979)
Environmental quality is a behaviour -related function concerned with the interaction of
environmental characteristics and characteristics of individuals and or society viewing
each environment (Huebner and Paul 1979)
Tai lng ti han (Critical loads)
Tai lng ti han c inh ngha la lng c tnh cua mot hoac nhieu tac nhan gay o
nhiem ton tai hoac phat thai ra moi trng ma di mc o anh hng co hai se khong
xay ra cho moi trng (Brodin and Kuylenstierna 1992).
a quantitative estimate of an exposure to one or more pollutants below which significant
harmful on specified sensitive elements of the environment do not occur according to our
present knowledge (Brodin and Kuylenstierna 1992)
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2.1. CHAT LNG MOI TRNG
Tai lng ti han (han nh) c xac nh da tren s hieu biet cua chung
ta va s nh lng kha nang ong hoa cua moi he moi trng hoac cac
thanh phan cua he moi trng. Khi lng chat gay o nhiem vt qua tai
lng han nh th anh hng tieu cc se xay ra oi vi he.
Tai lng muc tieu/mong muon at c (Target loads)
Thc te, van hanh cua he sinh thai rat phc tap va moi lien he gia tai
lng chat o nhiem va phan ng cua he sinh thai vi tai lng chat o nhiem
rat kho xac nh. V vay, khai niem tai lng muc tieu c s dung. Tai
lng muc tieu la gia tr dung e xac nh mc o tai lng chat gay o
nhiem cong ong co the chap nhan c va cho phep thai ra mot moi
trng nao o.
Nang lc tai hay kha nang ong hoa cua he sinh thai.
Moi he sinh thai eu co kha nang t lam sach va ong hoa cac tac nhan
gay o nhiem. Mc o ong hoa cua he sinh thai phu thuoc vao dang cua he,
ieu kien va mc o cung nh oc tnh cua tac nhan gay o nhiem. V du,
nc mot so ao, ho b o nhiem nhe bi kim loai nang hoac nit sau mot
thi gian se t phuc hoi va chat lng cua he sinh thai trong nc khong b
anh hng
7/26/2009
CHNG II: BAN CHAT VA CACH TIEP
CAN MOI TRNG.
2.2. CACH TIEP CAN HE THONG TRONG TM
Phng phap tiep can he sinh thai (ecosystem approach) co the s dung rat hieu
qua e mo ta hien trang moi trng va d oan s bien oi co the xay ra khi
thc hien mot d an. He sinh thai (la mot tap hp cac c quan, to chc tng tac
vi nhau va vi cac yeu to hoa, ly tao nen moi trng cua chung) co the xem
nh la mot thc the hoat ong n le co au vao va au ra ( mot chiec xe co the
xem la mot thc the rieng le).
Phan tch can bang gia au vao va au ra cho phep ta hieu biet rat nhieu ve
hoat ong cua he ma khong can thiet phai hieu cac qua trnh xay ra ben trong
he. V du, mot he sinh thai tch luy dinh dng th sinh khoi cua he se tang len,
ngc lai neu he sinh thai ma xuat dinh dng th sinh khoi no se giam.
Tac ong moi trng bao gom ca s thay oi cac thanh phan cua he sinh thai
(on go ra khoi rng) va s bien oi cua cac qua trnh cua he (hap thu nc t
at qua cay se giam va tang dong nc chay ra khoi rng). Tac ong cua d an len cac
yeu to (element) cua he sinh thai se pha v quy trnh sinh thai va ay chnh la tac ong ly
sinh cua d an. V vay, khi thc hien TM can phai xac nh vai tro cua cac thanh phan
trong quy trnh he sinh thai.
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Hnh 2.1: S O MOI LIEN HE CAC QUA TRNH GIA VA TRONG HE
SINH THAI
at va cac
khoang chat
Chat dinh
dng
Chat hu c
a
u
v
a
o
a
u
r
a
Sinh quyen
Kh quyen
He sinh thai
Chu trnh trong he
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2.3. CAN BANG HE SINH THAI
2.3.1. Khai niem ve can bang he sinh thai
"Cn bng sinh thi l trng thi n nh t nhin ca h sinh thi,
hng ti s thch nghi cao nht vi iu kin sng".
Trong mt h sinh thi, vt cht lun chuyn t thnh phn ny sang thnh
phn khc. y l mt chu trnh tng i khp kn. Trong iu kin bnh
thng, tng quan gia cc thnh phn ca h sinh thi t nhin l cn
bng.
V d: Trong mt h sinh thi rng, thc vt ly dinh dng t t tng hp
thnh cht hu c. Cht hu c ny mt phn nui dng pht trin
cy, mt phn nui ng vt n thc vt trong rng, mt phn ri rng, tr
li mu cho t. ng vt n thc vt pht trin va tiu th ht
phn thc n thin nhin dnh cho n
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2.3.2 CAC VAN E CAN XEM XET KHI CAN BANG
HE SINH THAI B THAY OI
Bat ky mot hanh ong nao o cua d an (chng trnh, chnh sach) eu
lam bien oi v tr can bang cua he thong. Do o thc hien TM can chu y cac
van e sau:
D oan iem can bang mi cua he sinh thai;
anh gia hau qua cua v tr mi o; va
anh gia mc o chap nhan cua xa hoi ve iem can bang mi o cua he
thong va hau qua do s bien oi v tr can bang sinh thai o.
Nham muc ch mo ta ay u, chnh xacv tr can bang mi cua he sinh thai,
5 van e sau ay can phai quan tam:
Hng cua s bien oi (Direction of change): ieu kien tien quyet e d
oan c hng cua s bien oi khi b xao tron (tac ong) la phai hieu ro cau
truc va chc nang cuahe trc khi b tac ong. V vay cac thong tin mo ta tnh
trang ban au cua he la yeu cau rat quan trong trong anh gia tac ong moi
trng.
Mc thay oi (Rate of change): Thong thng ngi ta cho rang tac ong
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cua con ngi se lam cho he sinh thai thay oi ngay nng thc te s bien oi
cua he se xay ra t t va hau qua ch co the xac nh sau mot thi gian dai khi
hanh ong a xay ra.
V tr can bang mi (New Equilibrium): Khi b tac ong he se chuyen ve
trang thai can mi, trang thai nay khac so vi trang thai ban au va trang thai
mong muon. Co nhieu tac ong lam cho he chuyen ve trang thai mi khac xa
vi trang thai ban au (Rng b chat oc hoa hoc a hoan toan mat cay coi thay
vao do la co tranh)
Tnh phuc hoi (Reversibility): He sinh thai co the phuc hoi va can bang
tang thai mi, nhng co nhieu tac ong lam cho he khong the phuc hoi (loai
ong thc vat b bien mat, nguon nc bi can).
Tnh khong chac chan (Uncertainty): Do nhan loai khong the hieu het chc
nang va qua trnh dien ra trong he, nen ton tai mc o khong chac chan trong
viec d oan. e khac phuc s khong chac chan can phai co gang hieu ro he
sinh thai va phan ng cua he khi co s xao tron.
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V du bieu th s thay oi trang thai can bang cua he do mot hoat ong mi
cua con ngi tac ong len he sinh thai:
Hoat ong cua con ngi la viec xay dng nha may nhiet ien
Trang thai 2
Trang
thai 1
H
o
a
t
o
n
g
c
u
a
c
o
n

n
g
i
Thong so moi trng E
1
T
h
o
n
g
s
o
m
o
i
t
r
n
g
E
3
T
h
o
n
g
s
o
m
o
i
t
r
n
g
E
2
He sinh thai la vung ca song
Thong so moi trng:
E
1
: Nhiet o cua nc
E
2
: o uc
E
3:
o man
D an se xa nc nong va lam moi
trng thay oi trang thai: Trang
thai 2 vi ac iem nhiet o nc
cao hn, o man giam va o uc
tang nhe.
Hnh 2.2: Trang thai moi trng
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2.3.3. TNH AN HOI VA TNH ON NH CUA MOI
TRNG
Tnh on nh va tnh an hoi cua moi trng la 2 ac tnh het sc quan trong
khi xem xet v tr can bang cua he sinh thai.
Trong cac he sinh thai t nhien, tnh on nh la han o mc o bien oi cua
moi trng khi xac lap trang thai can bang. Trang thai can bang cua moi
trng khong co nh ma thng thay oi do s bien oi cua cac bien so theo
thi gian va chc nang cua moi trng.
Tnh an hoi cua moi trng: La kha nang phuc hoi lai v tr ban au
cua moi trng sau khi b tac ong.
Trang thai tnh on nh cao, thap va tnh anh hoi cao, thap cua moi
trng c minh hoa bang s o sau
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2.3.3. TNH AN HOI VA TNH ON NH CUA MOI
TRNG
Tnh on nh
Tnh an hoi
On nh cao
an hoi cao
an hoi
thap
On nh
thap
Hnh 2.3: S o mo ta tnh on nh va tnh an hoi cua moi
trng
7/26/2009
2.4 MIEN ANH HNG
Moi tac ong do thc hien d an em lai eu gii han trong mot khu vc
khac
nhau. Khu vc nay c goi la mien anh hng va mien anh hng eu co
kch thc ve khong gian va thi gian. Ba van e chu chot can phai xac nh la:
Mien anh hng cua d an lan rong nh the nao. (How far does the sphere
of influence extend beyond the project site for each impact).: Chu trong en van
e tac ong moi trng co vt ra ngoai ranh gii vat ly vung xac lap d an va
xac nh ranh gii mien anh hng cho moi tac ong. Mien anh hng co the
pham vi toan cau (kh nha knh, ma acid), pham vi vung, quoc gia (lu vc),va
khu vc.
S o minh hoa mien anh hng (trang sau)
Cac anh hng tch luy cua tng d an trong pham vi mien anh hng o.
(The cumulative effects of individual projects within that sphere of influence)
Khoang thi gian anh hng can phai thc hien viec anh gia tac ong.
(The time scale over which impact assessment should be undertaken)
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HNH 2.4: S O MIEN ANH HNG
V tr d an
Mien tac ong
Tieng
on
N
h
u
c
a
u
n
a
n
g
l
n
g
v
a
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a
t
a
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g
V
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e
c
l
a
m
v
a
t
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a
y
o
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a
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a
u
Chat thaii
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a
c
n
g
h
j
e
n
g
i
a
o
t
h
o
n
g
Phat thai ra
kkhong kh
X
o
i
m
o
n
v
a
n
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o
n
n
h
c
u
a
a
t
T
h
a
y
o
i
s
i
n
h
h
o
c
anh gia moi trng
oi hoi phai xac
nh cac tac ong
ngoai ranh
gii a ly
cua d an
(mien anh
hng).
Mien anh
hng co ranh
gii ca ve khong
gian va thigian
7/26/2009
CHNG III: ANH GIA TAC ONG MOI
TRNG
3.1 MOT SO NH NGHA ANH GIA TAC ONG MOI TR NG
Khai niem ve anh gia tac ong moi trng (TM)/Environmental Impact
Assessment, rat rong va cho en nay hau nh cha co mot nh ngha thong
nhat:
TM la qua trnh nghien cu nham d bao cac hau qua ve mat moi trng
cua mot d an phat trien (Chng trnh moi trng cua Lien Hiep
Quoc/UNEP).
TM la xac nh, d bao vaanh gia tac ong cua mot d an, mot chnh
sach en moi trng (Uy Ban Kinh Te Chau A Thai Bnh Dng/ESCAP)
TM la mot phan cua quy hoach d an va c tien hanh e xac nh va
anh gia cac hau qua moi trng quan trong va anh gia cac yeu to xa hoi
lien quan en qua trnh thiet ke va hoat ong cua d an. (Bo Moi trng &
Tai nguyen Philippines)
TM la mot nghien cu e xac nh, d bao, anh gia va thong bao ve tac
ong moi trng cua mot d an va neu ra cac bien phap giam thieu trc khi
tham nh va thc hien d an (Bo Khoa hoc, Cong nghe & Moi tring
Malaysia)
7/26/2009
CHNG III: ANH GIA TAC ONG MOI TRNG
3.1 MOT SO NH NGHA ANH GIA TAC ONG MOI
TRNG
Ngan hang the gii (WB) va mot so to chc quoc te s dung thuat ng
anh gia moi trng/EA bao gom cac noi dung xem xet ve moi trng oi vi
cac d an, chng trnh hoac chnh sach.
Luat Bao ve moi trng cua Viet nam do Quoc hoi thong qua ngay 27 thang
12 nam 1993 va c ban hanh theo sac lenh so 29-L/CTN cua Chu tch nc
ngay 10 thang 01 nam 1994 nh ngha:
TM la qua trnh phan tch, anh gia, d bao anh hng en moi trng
cua
cac d an quy hoach phat trien KT-XH cua cac c s san xuat, kinh doanh,
cong trnh kinh te, khoa hoc, ky thuat, y te, van hoa, xa hoi, an ninh- quoc
phong va cac cong trnh khac, e xuat cac giai phap thch hp ve bao ve moi
trng
7/26/2009
CHNG III: ANH GIA TAC ONG MOI
TRNG
Theo Luat Bao Ve Moi Trng c Quoc hoi thong qua ngay
29/11/2005 va Sac lenh cua Chu tch nc ngay 12/12/2005 (Co hieu
lc thi hanh t 01/7/2006).
anh gia tac ong moi trng la viec phan tch, d bao
cac tac ong en moi trng cua d an au t cu the e
a ra cac bien phap bao ve moi trng khi trien khai
an o.
7/26/2009
CHNG III: ANH GIA TAC ONG MOI TRNG
nh ngha c xem la ay u va phu hp nhat do Harvey a ra nam 1995
nh sau:
anh gia tac ong moi trng la qua trnh xac nh, anh gia va d
bao cac tac ong moi trng tiem tang (bao gom cac tac ong a-sinh-
hoa, kinh te - xa hoi va van hoa) cua cac d an, chnh sach va chng
Trnh va thong tin en cac nha hoach nh chnh sach trc khi ban
hanh quyet nh ve d an, chnh sach hoac chng trnh o
(Harvey 1995)
Environmental impact assessment is a process of identifying and
predicting the potential environmental impacts ) including bio-
geophysical, socio-economic and cultural) of proposed projects, policies
and programs and communicating this information to decision makers
before they make their decisions on the proposed actions (Harvey 1995)
7/26/2009
3.2 NOI DUNG C BAN CUA TM
Tuy co nhieu nh ngha khac nhau ve TM, nhng tat ca cac nh ngha eu
hng ti cac muc tieu sau:
Xac nh, mo ta tai nguyen va cac gia tr moi trng co kha nang b tac
ong do d an, hanh ong hoac chng trnh phat trien.
Khi thc hien muc ch nay, oi hoi phai co s hieu biet ly thuyet cung nh
thc tien ve cau truc cung nh chc nang cua he sinh thai se xay ra nh the nao
khi thc hien d an va tac ong sinh thai (Anh hng sinh thai la s thay oi
trong cau truc cua he sinh thai ton tai trc va sau khi b thay oi do thc hien
d an).
Ngoai ra, v tr va cac iem cac tac ong co the xay ra cung can xac
nh. cac tac ong/anh hng co the:
- Anh hng tieu cc hoac tch cc oi vi he sinh thai va xa hoi;
- Anh hng trc tiep, gian tiep, th cap hoac cap 3, 4..
- Anh hng thoang qua (transient), anh hng bot phat (intermittent), anh
hng mang tnh ngan han, dai han
- Nhng tac ong nao he sinh thai se co phan ng ngay va nhng tac ong
he sinh thai phan ng cham
7/26/2009
Xac suat cua s xay ra cac tac ong (Probability of the impact occurring);
Tac ong co the khac phuc, tac ong khong the khac phuc
Xac nh va d bao cng o, quy mo cua cac tac ong co the co (tac ong
tiem tang) cua d an, hanh ong hoac chng trnh phat trien en moi trng
(t nhien va KT-XH). Muc ch xac nh va d bao cng o tac ong la c
tnh khoi lng hoac kch thc tac ong a xac nh (lng chat thai t cac
khu cong nghiep, mc o boi lang cac long ho). Pham vi va cng o cang
tang khi iem can banngf cua he sinh thai vt xa iem can bang abn au (xem
Them phan can bang va an hoi cua he sinh thai). D oan co the da tren kinh
nghiem thc tien anh gia moi trng, qua th nghiem, qua mo hnh
Khi thc hien d bao cng o hoac quy mo tac ong moi trng do viec
thc hien d an can phai xem xet pham vi tac ong/nhng tac ong xay ra
ngoai v tr vat ly cua d an (v du: viec cho phep s dung mot loai thuoc tr
sau nao o co the dan en anh hng sc khoe cong ong). Thc te cho thay
ay la mot kha canh/yeu to thng b bo quabi nhng ngi thc hien TM.
7/26/2009
3.2 NOI DUNG C BAN CUA TM (Tiep)
e xuat va phan tch cac phng an thay the e giam thieu tac ong nhng
van am bao yeu cau phat trien kinh te xa hoi. Khi tien hanh anh gia tac ong
moi trng, nhng ngi anh gia co the e xuat cac phng an thay the nh:
thc hien hay khong thc hien d an; thc hien theo ung thiet ke hay phai
thay oi.
e xuat cac bien phap quan ly va cong nghe e giam thieu tac ong tieu
cc cua cac d an, chnh sach.
e xuat chng trnh quan trac va giam thieu tac ong.
Do anh gia tac ong hau nh la cong tac d bao, xet oan tren c s ss hieu
biet cha hoan chnh v vay cong tac quan trac la het sc quan trong. Thc ra,
quan trac nham tm hieu nhng ieu cha chac chan ve:
Cach ma he sinh thai van hanh (ecosystem functions) trc khi co d an;
7/26/2009
So sanh mc o chnh xac cac tac ong d oan vi thc te xay ra khi d an
i vao van hanh;
Kha nang thc hien d an tuan thu theo cac tieu chuan va quy nh ve moi
trng.
e xuat ke hoach quan ly moi trng (Environmental Management
Plan/EMP) oi vi d an, chng trnh hoac chnh sach.
anh gia tac ong moi trng bat buoc phai thc hien oc lap vi qua trnh
ban hanh quyet inh v vay lap ke hoach cho quan ly moi trng phai la
mot bo phan khong the tach ri cua TM. Thc chat quan trac moi trng
va kiem taon moi trng ch la mot bo phan cua quan ly. Do o chien lc
phai co kha nang cho phep thay the van hanh d an khi cac anh hng tieu
cc xay ra.
7/26/2009
3.3 CAC DANG BAO CAO ANH GIA TAC ONG MOI TRNG
Thong thng ket qua anh gia tac ong moi trng c trnh bay trong cac ban bao
cao.Tuy theo mc o chi tiet trnh bay trong ban bao cao, ten goi cua cac ban bao cung
c at cho phu hp.
Lien bang Uc quy nh, oi vi nhng d an, chng trnh.. co kha nang gay tac ong
ln, mc o tac ong cao va nhng d an ang co nhieu tranh cai phai tien hanh anh gia
tac ong moi trng. Ket qua anh gia tac ong moi trng c trnh bay di dang
Tuyen bo tac ong moi trng/Environmental Impact Statement-EIS). oi vi nhng d
an ma cac cap co tham quyen xet thay kong gay nhieu tranh cai, kha nang gay ra t tac
ong va cac tac ong khong tram trong th ch can lam Tong quan cac yeu to moi
trng/Review of Environmental Factors-REF).
Tuyen bo tac ong moi trng (Environmental Impact Statement-EIS)
Mac dau hnh thc va yeu cau ve mot ban EIS co khac nhau chut t moi bang trong
Lien bang Uc, nhng moi EIS eu yeu cau e cap cac van e sau:
Muc ch cua d an;
Mieu ta d an va e xuat cac phng an thay the;
Xac nh va mieu ta moi trng se b anh hng khi thc hien d an;
Cac tac ong moi trng va e xuat cac phng an bao ve.
7/26/2009
3.3: CAC DANG & NOI DUNG BAO CAO ANH GIA
TAC ONG
anh giave li ch va hau qua moi trng cua d an neu c chap nhan.
Chng trnh quan trac va quan ly moi trng khi d an i vao thc hien.
Tong quan cac yeu to moi trng (Review of Environmental Factors/REF).
oi vi nhng d an khong gay tranh cai, mc o tac ong moi trng t th
khong can phai lam EIS ma ch can lam REF hay con goi la mini EIS hay con
goi la /preliminary environmental report). Ve hnh thc th REF cung co the
khac nhau tuy theo quy nh cua bang, nhng nhn chung REF eu yeu cau phai
e cap en cac noi dung sau:
Gii thieu va moi ta d an.
Cac phng an thay the
Mo ta hien trang moi trng
anh gia cac tac ong moi trng; va
Muc ch thc hien bao ve moi trng va chng trnh phong nga oi vi
nhng tac ong tram trong
7/26/2009
3.3: CAC DANG BAO CAO ANH GIA TAC ONG
Theo thong t so 490/1998/TT-BKH CNMT ngay 29/4/1998 ve hng dan
lap va tham nh bao cao TM oi vi cac d an au t, Bo Khoa hoc, Cong
Nghe & Moi trng quy nh danh muc cac d an au t thanh 2 loai:
Loai d an phai lap Bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng la nhng
d an co tiem nang gay o nhiem moi trng tren dien rong, de gay ra s co
moi trng, kho khong che va kho xac nh tieu chuan moi trng, trong thong
t 490 goi la d an loai 1. Danh muc cac d an va noi dung bao cao anh gia
tac ong moi trng se c gi thieu chi tiet phan rieng. Tuy vay, neu
nhng d an thuoc loai 1 nhng au t vao cac khu cong nghiep hoac khu che
xuat a c cap co tham quyen phe chuan bao cao TM th ch can ang ky
at tieu chuan moi trng.
Tat ca cac d an con lai c goi trong Thong t so 490 la d an loai 2
va ch can ang ky at tieu chuan moi trng.
7/26/2009
3.3: CAC DANG BAO CAO ANH GIA TAC ONG
ONgh nh so 143/2004 N-CP ngay 12-7-2004 cua Chnh phu co
ieu khoan sa oi, bo sung mot so ieu trong Ngh nh so 175/CP
ngay 18-10-1998. Trong o co ieu lien quan en tham quyen tham
nh va phe duyet bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng.
Luat Bao Ve Moi Trng nam 2005 (Co hieu lc t ngay
01/7/2006) quy nh cac dang anh gia tac ong moi trng. Theo
Luat, co 03 dang bao cao TM:
CBao cao moi trng chien lc;
CBao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng; va
CCam ket bao ve moi trng
C:\Documents and Settings\LongPC01\Desktop\CHNH PH ngi dinh
80.htm
7/26/2009 Ths. Nguyen Vinh Quy 42
3.3.1. ANH GIA MOI TRNG CHIEN
LC
3.3.1.1. Khai niem.
anh gia moi trng chien lc la viec phan tch, d
bao cac tac ong moi trng cua d an chien lc, quy
hoach, ke hoach phat trien trc khi phe duyet nham bao
am phat trien ben vng.
3.3.1.2. oi tng phai lap bao cao anh gia moi
trng chien lc
Chien lc, quy hoach, ke hoach phat trien kinh te xa hoi cap
quoc gia.
7/26/2009
3.3.1. ANH GIA MOI TRNG CHIEN LC
Chien lc, quy hoach, ke hoach phat trien nganh, lnh vc
tren quy mo ca nc.
Chien lc, quy hoach, ke hoach phat trien kinh te xa hoi
cua tnh, thah pho trc thuoc trung ng (sau ay goi chung
la cap tnh), vung.
Quy hoach s dung at; bao ve va phat trien rng; khai
thac va va s dung cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien khac
tren pham vi lien tnh, lien vung.
Quy hoach phat trien vung kinh te trong iem.
Quy hoach tong hp lu vc song quy mo lien tnh.
7/26/2009
3.3.1.3. Lap bao cao anh gia moi trng chien lc.
C quan c giao nhiem vu lap d an quy nh tai ieu 14
cua luat BVMTco trach nhiem lap bao cao anh gia moi
trng chien lc.
Bao cao anh gia moi trng chien lc la mot noi dung
cua d an va phai c lap ong thi vi qua trnh lap d
an.
7/26/2009
3.3.1.4. Noi dung bao cao anh gia moi trng chien
lc.
Khai quat ve muc tieu, quy mo, ac iem cua d an co
lien quan en moi trng.
Mo ta khai quat cac ieu kien t nhien, kinh te xa hoi,
moi trng co lien quan en d an.
D bao tac ong xau oi vi moi trng co the xay ra
khi thc hien d an.
Ch dan nguon cung cap so lieu, d lieu va phng phap
anh gia.
e ra phng hng, giai phap tong the giai quyet cac
van e ve moi trng trong qua trnh thc hien d an.
7/26/2009
3.3.1.5. Tham nh bao cao anh gia moi trng chien
lc.
Bao cao anh gia moi trng chien lc c mot hoi ong to chc theo
quy nh khoan 7.
Thanh phan cua hoi ong tham nh co quy mo quoc gia, lien tnh bao
gom ai dien cua c quan phe duyet d an; ai dien cua bo, c quan
ngang bo, c quan thuoc Chnh phu, Uy ban nhan dan cap tnh co lien
quan en d an; cac chuyen gia co kinh nghiem, trnh o chuyen mon
phu hp vi noi dung, tnh chat cua d an; ai dien cua to chc, ca nhan
khac do c quan co tham quyen thanh lap hoi ong tham nh quyet
nh.
7/26/2009
3.3.1.5. THAM NH BAO CAO ANH GIA MOI
TRNG CHIEN LC.
Thanh phan cua hoi ong tham nh oi vi cac d an cua tnh,
thanh pho trc thuoc trung ng bao gom ai dien cua Uy ban
nhan dan cap tnh; c quan chuyen mon ve bao ve moi trng va
cac ban, nganh cap tnh co lien quan; cac chuyen gia co kinh
nghiem, trnh o chuyen mon phu hp vi noi dung, tnh chat cua
d an; ai dien cua to chc, ca nhan khac do c quan co tham
quyen thanh lap.
Hoi ong tham nh quy nh tai khoan 2 & 3 phai co tren 50%
so thanh vien co chuyen mon ve moi trng va cac lnh vc lien
quan en noi dung d an. Ngi trc tiep tham gia lap bao cao
anh gia moi trng chien lc khong c tham gia hoi ong
tham nh.
7/26/2009
3.3.1.5. THAM NH BAO CAO ANH GIA MOI
TRNG CHIEN LC.
To chc, ca nhan co quyen gi yeu cau, kien ngh ve bao
ve moi trng en c quan to chc hoi ong tham nh va
c quan phe duyet d an; hoi ong va c quan phe duyet d
an co trach nhiem xem xet cac yeu cau, kien ngh trc khi
a ra ket luan, quyet nh.
Ket qua tham nh bao cao moi trng chien lc la mot
trong nhng can c e phe duyet d an.
7/26/2009
3.3.1.5. THAM NH BAO CAO ANH GIA MOI TRNG
CHIEN LC.
Trach nhiem to chc hoi ong tham nh bao cao anh gia
moi trng chien lc c quy nh nh sau:
a) Bo Tai nguyen va Moi trng to chc hoi ong tham
nh bao cao anh gia moi trng chien lc oi vi cac d
an do Quoc hoi, Chnh phu, Thu tng Chnh phu phe
duyet;
b) Bo, c quan ngang bo, c quan thuoc Chnh phu to chc
hoi ong tham nh bao cao anh gia moi trng chien lc
oi vi cac d an thuoc tham quyen phe duyet cua mnh;
c) Uy ban nhan dan cap tnh to chc hoi ong tham nh
bao cao anh gia moi trng chien lc oi vi cac d an
thuoc tham quyen quyet nh cua mnh va cua Hoi ong
nhan dan cung cap.
7/26/2009
3.3.2. DANG ANH GIA TAC ONG MOI
TRNG
3.3.2.1. oi tng phai lap bao cao anh gia tac
ong moi trng
Chu cac d an sau ay phai lap bao cao anh gia
tac ong moi trng:
a) D an cong trnh quan trong quoc gia;
b) D an co s dung mot phan dien tch at hoac co
anh hng xau en khu bao ton thien nhien, vn
quoc gia, cac khu di tch lch s van hoa, di san t
nhien, danh lam thang canh a c xep hang;
7/26/2009
3.3.2.1. OI TNG PHAI LAP BAO CAO ANH
GIA TAC ONG MOI TRNG
c) D an co nguy c anh hng xau en nguon nc lu vc
song, vung ven bien, vung co he sinh thai c bao ve;
d) D an xay dng ket cau ha tang khu kinh te, khu cong
nghiep, khu cong nghe cao, khu che xuat, cum lang nghe;
) D an xay dng mi o th, khu dan c tap trung;
e) D an khai thac, s dung nc di at, tai nguyen thien
nhien quy mo ln;
g) D an khac co tiem an nguy c ln gay tac ong xau oi
vi moi trng.
Chnh phu quy nh danh muc cac d an phai lap bao cao
anh gia tac ong moi trng.
7/26/2009
3.3.2. DANG ANH GIA TAC ONG MOI TRNG
3.3.2.2.. Lap bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng
Chu d an theo muc oi tng phai lap bao cao anh gia tac ong moi
trng co trach nhiem phai lap bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng
trnh c quan nha nc co tham quyen phe duyet.
Bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng phai c lap ong thi vi bao
cao nghien cu kha thi cua d an.
Chu d an t mnh hoac thue to chc dch vu t van lap bao cao anh
gia tac ong moi trng va chu trach nhiem ve cac so lieu, ket qua neu
trong bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng.
Trng hp co thay oi ve quy mo, noi dung, thi gian trien khai, thc
hien, hoan thanh d an th chu d an co trach nhiem giai trnh vi c
quan phe duyet; trng hp can thiet phai lap bao cao anh gia tac
ong moi trng bo sung.
To chc dch vu t van lap bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng phai
co u ieu kien ve can bo chuyen mon, c s vat chat ky thuat can
thiet.
7/26/2009
3.3.2.3. Noi dung bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng.
Liet ke, mo ta chi tiet cac hang muc cong trnh cua d an kem theo quy
mo ve khong gian, thi gian va khoi lng thi cong; cong nghe van
hanh cua tng hang muc cong trnh va cua ca d an.
anh gia chung ve hien trang moi trng ni thc hien d an va vung
ke can; mc o nhay cam va sc chu tai cua moi trng.
anh gia chi tiet cac tac ong moi trng co kha nang xay ra khi d an
c thc hien va cac thanh phan moi trng, yeu to kinh te xa hoi
chu tac ong cua d an; d bao rui ro ve s co moi trng do cong trnh
gay ra.
Cac bien phap cu the giam thieu tac ong xau en moi trng; phong
nga, ng pho s co moi trng.
Cam ket thc hien cac bien phap bao ve moi trng trong qua trnh xay
dng va van hanh cong trnh.
7/26/2009
3.3.2.3. NOI DUNG BAO CAO ANH GIA TAC ONG
MOI TRNG.
Danh muc cong trnh, chng trnh quan ly va giam sat moi
trng trong qua trnh trien khai thc hien d an.
D toan kinh ph xay dng cac hang muc cong trnh bao ve
moi trng trong tong d toan kinh ph cua d an.
Y kien cua Uy ban nhan dan xa, phng, th tran (Sau ay
goi la UBND cap xa), ai dien cong ong dan c ni thc
hien d an; cac y kien khong tan thanh viec at d an tai
a phng hoac khong tan thanh oi vi cac giai phap bao
ve moi trng phai c neu trong bao cao anh gia tac
ong moi trng.
Ch dan nguon cung cap so lieu, d lieu va phng phap
anh gia.
7/26/2009
3.3.2.4. Tham nh bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng
Viec tham nh bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng c thc hien
thong qua hoi ong tham nh hoac to chc dch vu tham nh. Bo Tai
nguyen va Moi trng quy nh ieu kien va hng dan hoat ong tham
nh anh gia tac ong moi trng cua to chc dch vu tham nh.
Thanh phan hoi ong tham nh oi vi cac d an quy nh tai iem a
va b khoan 7 ieu nay bao gom ai dien cua c quan phe duyet d an;
c quan chuyen mon ve bao ve moi trng cua c quan phe duyet d
an; c quan chuyen mon ve bao ve moi trng cap tnh ni thc hien d
an; cac chuyen gia co kinh nghiem, trnh o chuyen mon phu hp vi
noi dung, tnh chat cua d an; ai dien cua to chc, ca nhan khac do c
quan co tham quyen thanh lap hoi ong tham nh quyet nh.
7/26/2009
3.3.2.4. THAM NH BAO CAO ANH GIA TAC
ONG MOI TRNG
Thanh phan cua hoi ong tham nh oi vi cac d an quy nh tai iem c khoan
7 ieu nay bao gom ai dien Uy ban nhan dan cap tnh; c quan chuyen mon ve
bao ve moi trng va cac s, ban chuyen mon cap tnh co lien quan; cac chuyen
gia co kinh nghiem, trnh o chuyen mon phu hp vi noi dung, tnh chat cua d
an; ai dien cua to chc, ca nhan khac do c quan co tham quyen thanh lap hoi
ong tham nh quyet nh. Trng hp can thiet, Uy ban nhan dan cap tnh co
the mi ai dien cua Bo Tai nguyen va Moi trng, bo, c quan ngang bo, c
quan thuoc Chnh phu co lien quan tham gia hoi ong tham nh.
Hoi ong tham nh quy nh tai khoan 2 va khoan 3 ieu nay phai co tren 50%
so thanh vien co chuyen mon ve moi trng va lnh vc co lien quan en noi
dung d an. Ngi trc tiep tham gia lap bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng
khong c tham gia hoi ong tham nh.
7/26/2009
3.3.2.4. THAM NH BAO CAO ANH GIA TAC
ONG MOI TRNG
To chc dch vu tham nh c tham gia tham nh theo quyet nh cua
c quan phe duyet d an va phai chu trach nhiem ve y kien, ket luan
tham nh cua mnh.
To chc, cong ong dan c, ca nhan co quyen gi yeu cau, kien ngh ve
bao ve moi trng en c quan to chc viec tham nh quy nh tai
khoan 7 ieu nay; c quan to chc tham nh co trach nhiem xem xet
yeu cau, kien ngh o trc khi a ra ket luan, quyet nh.
Trach nhiem to chc viec tham nh bao cao anh gia tac ong moi
trng oi vi d an c quy nh nh sau:
a) Bo Tai nguyen va Moi trng to chc hoi ong tham nh hoac tuyen
chon to chc dch vu tham nh bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng
oi vi cac d an do Quoc hoi, Chnh phu, Thu tng Chnh phu quyet
nh, phe duyet; d an lien nganh, lien tnh;
7/26/2009
3.3.2.4. THAM NH BAO CAO ANH GIA TAC ONG
MOI TRNG
b) Bo, c quan ngang bo, c quan thuoc Chnh phu to chc hoi ong tham
nh hoac tuyen chon to chc dch vu tham nh bao cao anh gia tac ong
moi trng oi vi cac d an thuoc tham quyen quyet nh, phe duyet cua
mnh, tr d an lien nganh, lien tnh;
c) Uy ban nhan dan cap tnh to chc hoi ong tham nh hoac tuyen chon to
chc dch vu tham nh bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng oi vi cac
d an tren a ban quan ly thuoc tham quyen quyet nh, phe duyet cua
mnh va cua Hoi ong nhan dan cung cap.
7/26/2009
3.3.2.5. PHE DUYET BAO CAO ANH GIA TAC
ONG MOI TRNG
C quan thanh lap hoi ong tham nh bao cao anh gia tac
ong moi trng co trach nhiem xem xet va phe duyet bao
cao anh gia tac ong moi trng sau khi a c tham
nh.
C quan phe duyet bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng co
trach nhiem xem xet khieu nai, kien ngh cua chu d an,
cong ong dan c, to chc, ca nhan lien quan trc khi phe
duyet.
Trong thi han 15 ngay lam viec, ke t ngay nhan c bao
cao anh gia tac ong moi trng a c chnh sa at yeu
cau cua hoi ong tham nh, to chc dch vu tham nh, thu
trng c quan quy nh tai khoan 1 ieu nay phai xem xet,
quyet nh phe duyet bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng;
neu khong phe duyet th phai tra li bang van ban neu ro ly
do cho chu d an biet.
7/26/2009
3.3.2.5. PHE DUYET BAO CAO ANH GIA TAC
ONG MOI TRNG
Cac d an quy nh tai ieu 18 oi tng phai
lap bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng cua luat
nay ch c phe duyet, cap phep au t, xay dng,
khai thac sau khi bao cao anh gia tac ong moi
trng a c phe duyet.
7/26/2009
3.3.2.5. TRACH NHIEM THC HIEN VA KIEM TRA VIEC
THC HIEN CAC NOI DUNG TRONG BAO CAO ANH GIA
TAC ONG MOI TRNG.
Chu d an co trach nhiem sau ay:
a) Bao cao vi Uy ban nhan dan ni thc hien d an ve noi
dung cua quyet nh phe duyet bao cao anh gia tac
ong moi trng;
b) Niem yet cong khai tai a iem thc hien d an ve cac
loai chat thai, cong nghe x ly, thong so tieu chuan ve
chat thai, cac giai phap bao ve moi trng e cong ong
dan c biet, kiem tra, giam sat;
7/26/2009
TAC ONG MOI TRNG.
c) Thc hien ung, ay u cac noi dung bao ve moi trng neu trong
bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng va cac yeu cau cua quyet nh
phe duyet bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng;
d) Thong bao cho c quan phe duyet bao cao anh gia tac ong moi
trng e kiem tra, xac nhan viec a thc hien cac noi dung cua bao
cao va yeu cau cua quyet nh phe duyet bao cao anh gia tac ong
moi trng;
) Ch c a cong trnh vao s dung sau khi a c c quan co tham
quyen kiem tra, xac nhan viec thc hien ay u yeu cau quy nh tai
cac iem a, b va c khoan nay.
7/26/2009
TAC ONG MOI TRNG
C quan phe duyet bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng
co trach nhiem sau ay:
a) Thong bao noi dung quyet nh phe duyet bao cao anh gia
tac ong moi trng do mnh phe duyet cho Uy ban nhan
dan cap tnh ni thc hien d an; Uy ban nhan dan cap tnh
thong bao noi dung quyet nh phe duyet bao cao anh gia
tac ong moi trng do mnh hoac bo hoac c quan ngang
bo, c quan thuoc Chnh phu phe duyet cho Uy ban nhan
dan huyen, quan, th xa, thanh pho thuoc tnh (sau ay goi
la Uy ban nhan dan cap huyen), Uy ban nhan dan cap xa
ni thc hien d an;
b) Ch ao, to chc viec thc hien cac noi dung trong bao cao
anh gia tac ong moi trng a c phe duyet.
7/26/2009
3.3.3. CAM KET BAO VE MOI TRNG
3.3.3.1. oi tng phai co ban cam ket bao ve moi trng.
C s san xuat, kinh doanh, dch vu quy mo ho gia
nh va cac oi tng khong thuoc quy nh phai: lap
ao cao anh gia moi trng chien lc (ieu 14
trong Luat BVMT) va lap bao cao anh gia tac ong
moi trng (ieu 18 trong Luat BVMT), phai co cam
ket bao ve moi trng.
7/26/2009
3.3.3. CAM KET BAO VE MOI TRNG
3.3.3.2. Noi dung cam ket bao ve moi trng
a iem thc hien.
Loai hnh, quy mo san xuat, kinh doanh, dch vu
va nguyen nhien lieu s dung.
Cac loai chat thai phat sinh.
Cam ket thc hien cac bien phap giam thieu, x
ly chat thai va tuan thu cac quy nh cua phap
luat ve bao ve moi trng.
7/26/2009
3.3.3.3 ANG KY CAM KET BAO VE MOI TRNG
Uy ban nhan dan cap huyen co trach nhiem to chc ang ky
ban cam ket bao ve moi trng; trng hp can thiet, co the
uy quyen cho Uy ban nhan dan cap xa to chc ang ky.
Thi han chap nhan ban cam ket bao ve moi trng la
khong qua nam ngay lam viec, ke t ngay nhan c ban
cam ket bao ve moi trng hp le.
oi tng thuoc dien phai co cam ket bao ve moi trng ch
c trien khai hoat ong san xuat, kinh doanh, dch vu sau
khi a ang ky ban cam ket bao ve moi trng.
7/26/2009
3.3.4. TRACH NHIEM THC HIEN VA KIEM TRA
THC HIEN CAM KET BAO VE MOI TRNG.
To chc, ca nhan cam ket bao ve moi trng co trach nhiem
thc hien ung va ay u cac noi dung a ghi trong ban cam
ket bao ve moi trng.
Uy ban nhan dan cap huyen, cap xa ch ao, to chc kiem
tra, thanh tra viec thc hien cac noi dung a ghi trong ban
cam ket bao ve moi trng.
7/26/2009
3.4. QUY TRNH XET DUYET HO S
7/26/2009
3.5. QUY TRNH XIN CAP GIAY CHNG NHAN.
7/26/2009
3.6. MOT SO DANG AC THU VE ANH GIA TAC
ONG TREN THE GII
Cung vi s xuat hien va s dung rong rai TM tren toan the gii, co nhieu
dang anh gia tac ong chi tiet khac cung c xay dng va s dung. Do
nh ngha moi trng bao gom ca thanh phan sinh ly va kinh te xa hoi
nen co nhieu trng hp cac dang anh gia tac ong nay c xem la mot
phan ac biet cua TM.
anh gia tac ong ve cac loai (Species Impact Assessment/SIS):
SIS anh gia tac ong cua mot d an len cac loai ong thc vat va sinh
thai.
anh gia tac ong xa hoi (Social Impact Assessment/SIA): SIA anh gia
tac ong len con ngi va xa hoi
anh gia tac ong ve sc khoe (Health Impact Assessment/HIA): HIA
anh gia tac ong len sc khoe con ngi.
anh gia tac ong cua cac quy nh (Regulatory Impact
Assessment/RIS): RIS la anh gia tac ong cua cac chnh sach, quy nh
len xa hoi
anh gia vong i (Life Cycle Assessment): S dung nguyen ly:
Cradle to grave..
7/26/2009
3.7. QUY TRNH BAN HANH QUYET NH
3.7.1 VAI TRO CUA TM TRONG VIEC XAY DNG VA BAN
HANH CHNH SACH
Muc tieu cua TM la e duy tr va cai thien ( nhng ni co the) chat lng
moi trng va do o lien quan en tai nguyen va cac quyet nh lien quan en
phan phoi va s dung at. Viec phan phoi phoi s dung at va tai nguyen lien
quan en phan phoi li ch gia cac ca nhan va cac doanh nghiep, c quan. V
vay, TM la mot phan cua qua trnh ban hanh quyet nh s dung at va la
mot giai phap chnh tr. Viec giai thch thoa ang trong TM va thanh cong
hay that bai cua TM phu thuoc vao s am hieu cac quy trnh chnh tr cua
ngi thc hien va vai tro cua cac cap chnh quyen trong qua trnh anh gia.
Ngi thc hanh TM, do o, phai hnh dung c quy trnh chnh tr, nam
c vai tro cua mnh trong cong tac duy tr chat lng moi trng nham toi a
hoa hieu qua vai tro cua mnh.
7/26/2009
3.7. QUY TRNH BAN HANH QUYET NH
3.7.2. CAC GIAI PHAP VA VAN E ONG HANH VI CHIEN
LC TH C HIEN.
S o bieu th cac cong cu va ket qua trong BVMT
Cong cu chnh sach
moi trng
Cong cu chnh sach
kinh te xa hoi
Ket qua ve moi
trng
Ket qua ve kinh
te xa hoi
Ket qua trc tiep
Ket qua gian tiep
7/26/2009
3.7.2. CAC GIAI PHAP VA VAN E ONG HANH VI CHIEN
LC THC HIEN
3.7.2.1. CHIEN LC LONG GHEP TM TRONG QUAN LY MOI TRNG
Chien lc long ghep TM nh la mot phan bat buoc trong qua
trnh chuan b va ban hanh quyet nh ve thc hien mot d an,
chng trnh a c nhieu nc tren the gii thc hien t gia thap
ky 1970. Muc tieu cua viec long ghep nay la am bao:
Anh hng ve moi trng khong b bo qua bi cac nha e xuat d an,
chng trnh; va
Cacvan e ve moi trng c xem xet bi nhieu nhanh va cap chnh
quyen khi chuan b ban hanh quyet nh ve mot d an, chng trnh
nao o.
Tuy vay, cho en nay viec long ghep TM vao qua trnh ban hanh
quyet nh van con nhieu van e can c nghien cu them. Cu the
la mot so van e sau:
Dang d an nao oi hoi phai thc hien TM va chuan b bao cao tac
ong moi trng;
7/26/2009
3.7.2.2 MOT SO VAN E XUAT HIEN TRONG QUA TRNH
LONG GHEP TM TRONG QUAN LY MOI TRNG
Nhng thong tin nao can cho viec chuan b bao cao TM va s dung nh the
nao trong qua trnh chuan b va xet duyet;
Ai la ngi chu trach nhiem lam bao cao TM (ngi e xng d an,
chuyen gia t van, ban nganh cua chnh quyen, cac nhom oc lap)
Noi dung va nhng phan can trnh bay trong bao cao TM cung nh phan ro
trach nhiem cac n v xem xet bao cao TM (phan nao c xem xet bi
cac c quan quan ly nha nc, phan nao do cong ong xem xet,va phan nao
thuoc trach nhiem cua toa an).
Vao giai doan nao cua qua trnh quy hoach d an, bao cao TM can c
chuan b va nop cho n v ban hanh quyet nh e xem xet, anh gia.
C quan nao tham nh bao cao TM (c quan nha nc co tham quyen ve
kiem soat phat thai, quy hoach s dung at, c quan quan ly nguon tai
nguyen)
Tham gia cua cong ong mc o va pham vi nao.
7/26/2009
Muc tieu cua anh gia tac ong moi trng la nham cai thien chat lng
moi trng bang cach s dung qua trnh ban hanh quyet nh cua chnh quyen
nh la chien lc thc hien. Tuy vay, TM thc hien ieu nay vi phong thai
phan ng/reactive manner hn laphong thai thuan/proactive manner. Ban
chat phan ng/reactive) cua TM thng b ch trch va co nhieu chien lc
quan ly moi trng a c e xuat thay the. Sau gan mot thap ky ap dung
TM, Holling (1978) a ch trch cach tiep can mang tnh phan ng cua TM
nh sau:
Mac dau trong tam cua quyen sach nay la anh gia moi trng, nhng
quan iem cua toi la quy trnh nen thay oi. Moi ban tam ve moi trng hien
nay thng c giai quyet trong mot nghien cu, xem xet nh san cua mot
chnh sach c thiet ke mot cach oc lap. Chung toi cho rang, cach tiep can co
tnh phan ng nay se can tr cac doanh nghiep hoat ong kinh te co hieu qua va
7/26/2009
vi pham cac chuan mc moi trng thiet yeu. Chung toi e xuat mot quy trnh
thay the trong quan ly va thiet lap chnh sach moi trng, chien lc nay long
ghep cac van e kinh te, moi trng va xa hoi vao giai oan au tien cua d
an / Although the focus of this book is environmental assessment, its central
massage is that the process itself should be replaced. Environmental concerns
now often dealt with in a fixed review of an independently designed policy. We
argue that this reactive approach will inhibit laudable economic enterprises as
well as violate critical environmental constraints. We offer as an alternative the
process of adaptive environmental management and policy design, which
integrates environmental with economic and social understanding at the very
beginning of the design process (Holling 1978)
TM se khong phat huy tac dung neu d oan va anh gia thieu chnh xac.
V vay, thc hien TM chuan xac va co trach nhiem se la motyeu to quan
Trong e nang cao chat lng moi trng.
7/26/2009
3.7.3 KET HP TM VI QUAN LY MOI TRNG
Thc hien anh gia tac ong moi trng khong nen ch ap dung
giai oan tham nh ma phai ni rong t giai oan tham nh d an
en giai oan quan ly d an ngay t khi d an i vao hoat ong.
Thong thng nhng ngi e xng d an phat trien thng xem
TM la mot trong nhng rao can can tr ho at c s chap nhan
cho phep tien hanh d an t nhng cap co tham quyen. V vay, cac
nha de xng nen thay oi thai o va xac nh TM la c s e
vach chien lc quan ly moi trng co hieu qua nham em lai li
ch lau dai cho xa hoi.
7/26/2009
3.7.4. VAI TRO CUA TM TRONG QUY HOACH S DUNG AT
Quy hoach s dung at co the thc hien nhieu cap o. Cac quy nh quy
hoach cac cap o eu tng t nhau nhieu kha canh, mac dau muc ch
quy hoach co khac nhau va yeu cau thong tin va mc o chi tiet cung khac
nhau.
Ba cap o trong quy hoach s dung at c xem thong dung nhat la: Quy
hoach chnh sach; Quy hoach chien lc (cac ieu kien, thu tuc/c che c
xay dng nham thc hien c chnh sach e ra. V du, kiem soat qua
trnh phat trien, c che phap ly) va ke hoach thc hien/operational planning
(lien quan en cong tac quan ly va giai quyet nhng kho khan trong qua trnh
van hanh.).
Muc ch cua TM la cai thien chat lng moi trng va la mot phan
cua quy trnh ban hanh quyet nh s dung at. V vay TM nen la mot phan
cua qua trnh quy hoach s dung at.
Sau nhiem vu cua TM c long vao cac cap o quy hoach s dung at
c bieu th s o sau:
7/26/2009
S O BIEU TH MOI LIEN HE GIA QUY HOACH S
DUNG AT VA CAC NHIEM VU CUA TM
QUY HOACH CHNH
SACH.
(POLICY
PLANNING)
------------------------------
Nhan dang
D bao
Phan tch
anh gia
Quan ly moi
trng
Quan trac va
lam giam tac ong
QUY HOACH CHIEN
LC
(STRATEGIC
PLANNING)
------------------------------
Nhan dang
D bao
Phan tch
anh gia
Quan ly moi
trng
Quan trac va
lam giam tac ong
QUY HOACH VAN
HANH
(OPERATIONAL
PLANNING).
-------------------------------
Nhan dang
D bao
Phan tch
anh gia
Quan ly moi
trng
Quan trac va
lam giam tac ong
Ghi chu: Cac hoat ong c in am va ch xien la nhng hoat
ong can chu trong
7/26/2009
3.7.5. NGUYEN TAC PHONG NGA TRONG TM.
Nguyen tac phong nga e cap en nhng van e lien quan en rui ro
hoac s khong chac chan trong anh gia tac ong moi trng.
Nguyen tac phong nga la s chap nhan cach tiep can than troptong qua
trnh ban hanh quyet nh oi vi nhng trng hp thieu chng c ro. ieu
nay co ngha la nen tranh nhng hanh ong mang lai nhng tac ong cha xac
nh vakhong chac chan.
ieu 15 cua Tuyen bo Rio ve Moi trng & Phat trien vao thang 6/1992:
e bao ve moi trng, cach tiep can theo nguyen tac phong nga nen c ap
dung rong rai, theo kha nang, cac quoc gia. Nhng bien phap cha hieu het
ve mat khoa hoc va nhng bien phap co nguy c gay hai khong c dung
trong Cong tac bao ve moi trng/ In oder to protect the environment, the
precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their
capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of
full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost
effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.
7/26/2009
3.7.6. THAM GIA CUA CONG CHUNG TRONG QUA
TRNH TM.
Tham gia cua cong ong la mot cau phan khong the thieu trong qua trnh
ban hanh quyet nh cua anh gia tac ong moi trng. Mc o va pham vi
tham gia cua cong chung tuy thuoc vao quy nh hanh chnh/ c che chnh tr
cua chnhquyen va mong muon tham gia cua cong ong. Cong chung khong the
tham gia mot cach co hieu qua neu khong c thong tin ay u.
nhng nc (t ban) thng co s chong oi cua cong chung oi vi quyet
nh cuoi cung cuachnh quyen neu cong chung khong c tham gia ngay t
au va trong cac qua trnh ban hanh quyet nh. S cham tre hoac chong oi
cua cong chung co the lam cho d an b that bai.
V vay, chuyen tai thong tin ve tac ong vas tham gia cua cong chung
trong qua trnh TM vaviec xet duyet EIS la mot cong cu quan trong oi vi
nhng nha e xuat d an, cong luan va nha ban hanh quyet nh.
Chien lc tham gia cua cong ong bao gom 2 dang chnh:
7/26/2009
3.7.6. THAM GIA CUA CONG CHUNG TRONG QUA
TRNH TM.
Tham gia theo s ong long t gii len tren (An upward forming
consensus/bottom-up):
Cach tiep can nay da vao s ong y cua moi ngi ve nhng van e moi
trng va phng phap khac phuc.
Cach tiep can nay phu thuoc vao viec cong chung c cung cap cac
thong tin chnh xac, cac nhahoach nh chnh sach va quan tr c xac nh ro
rang.
Cach tiep can tren bao di nghe (a top down approach):
Cach tiep can nay bieu th moi lien he long leo gia cac nha ban hanh
quyet nh va cong chung. Trong cach tiep can nay, cong chung ch co the
c tham gia khi co s phan no va chong oi, tham mu cho cac nha hoach
nh chnh sach la cac nha (administrators - ky s, nha t van, c quan quan
ly)
Trong cach tiep can nay, vai tro cua cong chung thng b quen lang va bo
qua.
7/26/2009
KY THUAT VA PHNG PHAP ANH
GIA TAC ONG MOI TRNG
7/26/2009
CHNG IV: CH TH VA CH SO MOI TRNG
4.1. CH TH MOI TRNG (ENVIRONMENTAL
INDICATOR)Tai lieu giang day\Cau hoi ve moi truong.htm
4.1.1 Khai niem ve ch th moi trng
Ch th moi trng (Environmental indicator) la mot hoac tap hp cac
thong so moi trng (tac nhan hoa hoc, ly hoc va sinh hoc) ch ra ac trng
nao o cuamoi trng.
Da vao ban chat cua he sinh thai ngi ta nhan thay rang s tang hoac
giam ve nong o hoac s bien mat cua mot so thong so hay tac nhan a cho
phep xac nh c ac iem cua moi trng can nghien cu.
Hien nay ch th moi trng ang c s dung rong rai trong quan trac va
anh gia tac ong moi trng tren the gii
Trong thc te mot thanh phan nao o cua moi trng (at, nc, khong kh,
sinh vat) la tap hp vo so cac ch so moi trng. Viec xac inh va quan trac
tat ca cac ch so nay la khong the. Tham ch, ngay ca khi chung ta co tat ca cac
so lieu ve moi trng th viec anh gia chat lng moi trng cung khong the
neu khong da vao mot so thong so chu ao co vai tro ch th.
7/26/2009
V du, oi vi moi trng khong kh hau het cac quoc gia ch chon 6-7 thong
so ch th (mac dau trong khong kh co hang tram tac nhan): Bui, SO
2
; NO
x
,
CO, cac chat oxy hoa - quang hoa (O
3
), ch hoac tong hydrocarbon e xac nh
tieu chuan ve chat lng khong kh xung quanh v cac chat nay ac trng cho
khong kh b tac ong do cac nguon o nhiem chu yeu t cong nghiep, giao
thong, sinh hoat va t nguon t nhien.
Vng quoc Ha Lan, Vng quoc B va nhieu quoc gia ch quy nh 4-5
thong so: SS, DO, NH
4
+
, BOD va E. coli khi thiet lap ban o chat lng nc
tong quat lu vc. ay la cac thong so c ban the hien chat lng nc do anh
hng hoat ong cua con ngi.
Mac dau trong nguon nc va nc thai co hang tram loai vi sinh, nhng
e anh gia chat lng nc song ho, nc uong va xay dng ch tieu chat
lng nc, To chc Y te The gii va hau het cac quoc gia ch chon 2 thong so:
vi khuan coliforms t phan (feacal coliforms) va tong vi khuan coliforms e
lam vi sinh ch th.
e xac nh mc o o nhiem nguon nc do cac yeu to oc hai (kim loai
nang va cac hoa chat oc vi lng) nhieu khi khong xac nh c ham lng
cua chung do ham lng qua thap ma phai thong qua sinh vat ch th (nh ong
vat ay) v kha nang ton lu cau cac hoa chat nay trong chung rat lau dai.
4.1. CH TH MOI TRNG (ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATOR)
7/26/2009
4.1. CH TH MOI TRNG (ENVIRONMENTAL
INDICATOR)
4.1.2 CH TH CHAT LNG MOI TRNG NC
a) Ch th hoa ly
e la chon thong so ch th chat lng nc can phai hieu ban chat nguon gay
o nhiem va cac tac ong chnh. Sau ay la mot so tac ong chnh do cac nguon
gay o nhiem gay ra
Bang 4.1: Nguon o nhiem va cac tac ong chnh
- O nhiem do chat hu c
- Phu dng hoa(Eutrophication)
- O nhiem do vi khuan
- Gay uc.
- O nhiem do chat dinh dng
- Gay uc, chat ran l lng, mui,
mau.
Nc thai va chat ran sinh hoat
Nc thai cong nghiep cac
nganh:
Che bien thc pham va cong
nghiep nc giai khat
Tac ong chnh len chat lng nc Nguon gay o nhiem
7/26/2009
- Gay uc, chat ran mau.
- O nhiem ac biet (cac chat hu c
ben vng, hydrocacbon a vong FAH,
cac kim loai nang).
- Dau, m.
- Gay uc, chat ran l lng.
- O nhiem ac biet (FAH, cac kim loai
nang)
- O nhiem do chat hu c, gay uc,
chat ran, mau va o nhiem ac biet
(phenol, lignin)
Cong nghiep det, nhuom
Cong nghiep c kh, ong tau, sa
cha.
Cong nghe giay, bot giay.
7/26/2009
- Gay uc, chat ran mau, dau, m.
- O nhiem ac biet (cac kim loai
nang).
O nhiem do chat hu c.
- Gay uc, chat ran, mau.
- O nhiem do chat dinh dng
- Kiem hoa
- Cac chat hoat ong be mat.
O nhiem do chat hu c.
- Mui.
- O nhiem ac biet (thuoc tr sau,
hydrocacbon thm a vong PAH)
Cong nghe thuoc da
Cong nghe my pham bao gom SX
chat tay ra.
Cong nghiep san xuat thuoc tr
sau.
7/26/2009
- Gay uc, dau, m.
- O nhiem ac biet (phenol, PAH, cac
kim loai nang).
- Phu dng hoa.
- O nhiem ac biet (thuoc BVTV)
- Chua hoa.
- Gay uc, chat ran.
- O nhiem do vi khuan, o nhiem chat
hu c.
- Gay uc, o nhiem do chat hu c, phu
dng, o nhiem do vi khuan, o nhiem
ac biet.
Cong nghiep hoa dau
Nong nghiep
S dung phan bon
S dung thuoc tr sau.
Khai hoang va ao kenh
Ngot hoa.
Nc ma chay tran
7/26/2009
Ngoai o nhiem gay ra do hoat ong cua con ngi , cac yeu to t nhien nh:
xam nhap man, lan truyen nc chua phen, xoi l cung gay tac ong en chat
lng nc. Tu nhan inh tren ve nguon gay o nhiem ta co the neu ra cac tac
nhan gay o nhiem nc chu yeu trong song, rach Viet nam la:
+ Cac chat hu c;
+ Cac chat dinh dng;
+ o c, chat ran l lng;
+ o chua;
+ o man;
+ Dau m;
+ Cac chat gay o nhiem ac biet chu yeu la kim loai nang, phenol va cac
thuoc tr sau; va
+ Vi khuan.
Sau ay la cac thong so ly, hoa sinh dung e lamthong so ch th e nghien
cu TM va quan trac, anh gia chat lng nc.
7/26/2009
Bang 5.2: Cac thong so ch th e anh gia o nhiem nc
Cu, Zn, Hg, Cr, Cd, As, v.v
Tong cac chat phenol
Cac hoa chat BVTV rieng re.
Cac chat gay o nhiem ac biet:
- Kim loai nang
- Cac phenol.
- Cac hoa chat BVTV
Cac loai dau khoang Dau m
o dan ien (EC), tong ion hoa tan
(TDS), CL
-
o man
pH o chua
o uc (NTU, FTU, JTU)/o trong o uc
Tong so vi khuan coliforms, vi khuan
E.coli
O nhiem do vi khuan
NO
3
-
, tong N, PO
4
3-
, tong P. O nhiem do cac chat dinh dng (Cac
chat gay phu dng hoa)
Oxy hoa tan (DO); Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa
(BOD
20
5
) hay nhu cau oxy hoa hoc
(COD).
O nhiem do chat hu c
Cac thong so ch th Van e o nhiem can anh gia
7/26/2009
Mot so khai niem ve cac thong so moi trng.
Tong cacbon hu c ( TOC): La ty le gia khoi lng cacbon so vi khoi lng
hp chat n v tnh la gam hoac miligam cacbon theo khoi lng.
Nhu cau oxy ly thuyet (TOD): La lng oxy can thiet e oxy hoa mot chat
n v tnh la gam hoac miligam.
Nhu cau oxy hoa hoc (COD): La lng chat oxy hoa the hien bang gam hoac
miligam theo the tch can e oxy hoa chat hu c.
Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa (BOD): La lng oxy the hien bang gam hoac miligam
theo the tch can cho vi sinh vat tieu thu e oxy hoa sinh hoc cac chat hu c
trong bong toi ieu kien tieu chuan ve nhiet o va thi gian:
BOD520 nhiet o tieu chuan 20 oC trong thi gian on nhiet 5 ngay
BOD 330 - nhiet o tieu chuan 30 oC trong thi gian on nhiet 3 ngay
S khac nhau gia cac thong so COD va BOD
Ca 2 thong so eu xac nh lng chat hu c co kha nang b oxy hoa co trong
nc hoac nc thai nhng chung khac nhau ve y ngha.
7/26/2009
b) Ch th sinh hoc
T ac iem sinh hoc cua cac nguon nc t nhien, chung ta nhan thay ro la
mot so loai thuy sinh co the phat trien tot trong moi trng nay nhng lai kem
hoac khong phat trien trong moi trng khac. ay la c s e la chon ch th
sinh hoc (bioindicator) e quan trac chat lng nc va anh gia tac ong moi
trng nc.
Ch th vi sinh: e anh gia mc o o nhiem nc do chat thai sinh hoat,
ngoai cac thong so hoa, ly ta ch can quan trac cac vi sinh ch th: E. coli, tong
coliform va cac vi sinh vat gay benh. Trong o E. coli la ch th thng dung
nhat v no ac trng cho nc b nhiem phan va de xac nh trong ieu kien
thc a.
ong vat ay khong xng song: ong vat ay (oc, hen, ngheu, so)
c s dung lam ch th sinh hoc trong quan trac o nhiem nc v:
- Tng oi pho bien trong song, ho va a dang ve loai. S phat trien cua
chung ac trng cho ieu kien thuy van, cau truc nen ay va chat lng nc.
7/26/2009
- Tng oi co nh tai ay song ho, chu anh hng cua s thay oi
lien tuc cua chat lng nc va che o thuy van trong ngay.
- Thi gian phat trien kha lau.
- De thu mau, de phan loai.
ong vat ay khong xng song c s dung nh ch th sinh hoc
e anh gia o nhiem moi trng nc do cac nguyen nhan:
- O nhiem hu c dan en suy giam oxy hoa tan.
- O nhiem do cac chat dinh dng.
- O nhiem do kim loai nang va hoa chat BVTV.
O nhiem do cac tac nhan nay se lam thay oi quan the ong vat
ay.
O nhiem do kim loai nang, hoa chat BVTV con c phat hien
de dang qua viec xac nh ton lu cac hoa chat nay trong ong
vat ay.
7/26/2009
c) Sinh vat phu du (Sinh vat troi noi).
Mot so sinh vat troi noi (phytoplankton) co kha nang ch th o nhiem nguon
nc do:
- O nhiem hu c (gay kiet oxy hoa tan).
- Phu dng hoa.
- O nhiem do hoa chat oc (kim loai nang, hoa chat BVTV, hydrocacbon
vong)
- O nhiem do dau m.
Tom lai, ch th sinh hoc la cong cu n gian nhng lai co hieu qua
cao trong quan trac chat lng nc va anh gia tac ong en moi
Trng nc tat ca cac a phng. Tuy vay, tng lu vc he thong
ch th sinh hoc ac thu can c nghien cu. Tong ket va ap dung
Tai lieu giang day\EIA\Disease ecology.htm
7/26/2009
4.1.3 CH TH CHAT LNG KHONG KH
Khong kh kho co cac thanh phan hoa hoc chu yeu la: Nit (78% theo
tch), oxy (20,95%), argon (0,93%), CO
2
(0,03%), neon (0,002 %), heli
(0,005%).
Khi b o nhiem, ngoai cac kh tren, trong khong kh con co mot lng
nhat inh cac kh SO
2
, NO
x
, CO, ch, hydrocarbon va bui. Cac kh nay
co moi trng khong kh chu yeu la do hoat ong cua con ngi nh:
ot nhien lieu hoa thach, giao thong, cong nghiep va ay chnh la cac
ch th o nhiem khong kh. V vay, cac tieu chuan khong kh xung quanh
cua hau het cac quoc gia eu la chon cac thong so nay e anh gia.
Cac thong so nay cung c quy nh trong He thong Quan trac moi
trng toan cau (GEMS) va cung la cac ch th c s dung trong
anh gia tac ong moi trng va mo hnh hoa qua trnh phat tan o
Nhiem khong kh.
7/26/2009
4.1.3 CH TH CHAT LNG KHONG KH
Bang 5.3. La chon thong so o nhiem khong kh
Bui, SO
2
, NO
x.
6. O nhiem do cac nguon ot cong
nghiep (SX ximang, nhiet ien chay
than, dau)
Bui, SO
2
, NO
x
, hydrocarbon, ch.
5. O nhiem do kh thai giao thong
Cac chat o nhiem thong thng NO
2
, CO,
SO
2
, O
3
, bui.
4. Khong kh khu dan c
Tai lng SO
2
, NO
2
, pH nc ma.
3. Ma axt
Mc o phong xa trong khong kh, nong o
mot so nguyen to phong xa trong khong
kh.
2. Phong xa, s co phong xa
Tai lng CO
2
, nong o CO
2
trong khong
kh va nhiet o khong kh toan cau
1. Thay oi kh hau
Thong so ch thcan s dung Muc tieu quan trac va TM
7/26/2009
4.1.4. TO HP CAC CH TH DUNG E ANH GIA
TAC ONG EN HE SINH THAI
Mot he sinh thai bao gom cac thanh phan vo sinh (a hnh, at, nc, kh
hau thuy van) va hu sinh (vii sinh vat). Cac thanh phan moi trng trong he
sinh thai co quan he tng ho vi nhau va chnh chat lng moi trng song
quyet nh s ton tai va phat trien cua sinh vat. Do vay bang cach quan sat,
phan tch to hp cac ch th moi trng ta co the xac inh s bo ac iem, nang
suat sinh hoc, trang thai, xu hng dien bien va kha nang s dung cua mot he
sinh thai hoac mot vung sinh thai. V du :
Tai vung BSCL ch can quan sat s hien dien cua cay da nc ta co the
biet ay la vung thap, ngap trieu, nc b nhiem man mot khoang thi gian
trong nam.
S co mat cua cay ban (Sonneratia spp.) cho ta biet ay la vung ven song,
nhiem man nhe.
S co mat cua cay c cho ta biet o la vung bai lay, thap, nhiem man t
trung bnh en cao.
7/26/2009
4.1.5 KHA NANG AP DUNG CH TH MOI TRNG
TRONG TM VIET NAM.
Ch th moi trng co gia tr ln trong TM va quan trac moi trung, cac ch
th nay giup cho viec anh gia dien bien chat lng moi trng chnh xac, nhanh
chong.
Ch th moi trng co the ap dung trong he thong quan trac moi trng quoc
gia hoac he thong quan trac moi trng cua tnh, thanh, trong nghien cu khao
sat moi trng rieng re va trong anh gia tac ong cua hoat ong KT-XH en
moi trng.
nc ta phng phap ch th moi trng a c s dung rong rai, ac biet la
cac ch th vat ly, hoa hoc va sinh hoc trong cac e tai nghien cu va nghien cu
TM trong mot so d an. Tuy vay, e co the a ch th moi trng vao cong
tac nghien cu TM va quan trac moi trng cac viec sau ay can phai c
lam sm:
Can ban hanh quy nh ve la chon cac thong so ch th a c tieu chuan hoa
quoc te (Bo Tai nguyen, Moi trng).
Cung vi cac trung tam nghien cu la chon cac ch th sinh hoc bo sung cho
quan trac moi trng va TM cua tng vung (Bo TN&MT)
7/26/2009
4.2 CH SO MOI TRNG
4.2.1 KHAI NIEM
Ch so moi trng (environmental index) la s phan cap hoa (categorization)
theo so hoc hoac theo kha nang mo ta lng ln cac so lieu, thong tin ve moi
trng nham n gian hoa cac thong tin nay de cung cap cho cac c quan
quan ly va cong chung.
Cac loai ch so moi trng thng dung la:
Cac ch so moi trng t nhien (chat lng khong kh, chat lng nc, o
on, o nhay cam sinh thai, o a dang sinh hoc)
Cac ch so moi trng van hoa xa hoi: khao co, gia tr van hoa, chat lng
cuoc song,
Trong TM, cac ch so moi trng c s dung trong cac muc tieu sau:
Khai quat so lieu moi trng hien co.
Cung cap thong tin ve chat lng cac thanh phan moi trng co the b tac
ong
7/26/2009
4.2 CH SO MOI TRNG
anh gia kha nang chu ng va kha nang chap nhan cua moi trng co the
b tac ong.
Xac nh cac yeu to moi trng then chot can tap trung nghien cu.
The hien cac tac ong khi d bao s khac nhau gia cac ch tieu trong
trng hp co d an va khong d an.
Ch so moi trng co the c the hien dang toan hoc. Thong thng khi
anh gia s thay oi ve moi trng ta co the s dung cac t so gia chat lng
moi trng va mot thanh phan nao o cua moi trng e lap ra ch so moi
trng.
Th du:
Chat lng moi trng hien hu/Tieu chuan chat lng moi trng
Chat lng (hoac khoi lng) phat thai/Tieu chuan thai.
Chat lng moi trng hien hu/Chat lng trung bnh theo t. gian.
Chat lng moi trng hien hu/Chat lng trung bnh theo k. gian
7/26/2009
4.2 CH SO MOI TRNG
4.2.2 CH SO CHAT LNG NC
Nhieu nc tren the gii a xay dng ch so chat lng nc (Water Quality
Index WQI) trong hn 30 nam qua.
Phng phap ma Quy Ve sinh Hoa ky (NSF) dung e xay dng WQI nh
sau:
NSF (da theo phng phap Delphi) a mi 142 chuyen gia co kinh nghiem
trong nhieu lnh vc quan ly chat lng nc My (bao gom ca cac vien chc
quan ly, cac ky s, nha khoa hoc) cung tham gia ong gop y kien. So ngi
nay tra li bang cau hoi (Bang cau hoi so 1) ve 35 loai tac nhan o nhiem moi
trng nc co the c la chon lam ch so chat lng nc va sap xep cac
thong so theo mc o quan trong . Sau o tra li (bang cau hoi so 2) ve mc o
quan trong cua tng thong so trong so 35 tren theo cach cho iem. Da vao ket
qua thu c t viec tra li 2 bang cau hoi tren, NSF a xac nh 9 thong so
quan trong nhat e anh gia chat lng nc sinh hoat: Oxy hoa tan (DO),
coliform phan, pH, nhu cau oxy sinh hoa 5 ngay (BOD
5
20
), cac nitrat (NO
3
-
),
cac phosphat (PO
4
3-
), nhiet o, o uc va tong chat ran (TS)
7/26/2009
Bang 4.4: Thong so dung e xac nh chat lng nc (bang cau hoi so 1)
26. Sulphat
27. Canxi
28. o cng
29. Natri
30. Kali.
31. o axit
32. Bicacbonat
33. Magie.
34. Nhom
35. Silic.
13. Nhu cau oxy hoa hoc (COD)
14. Cac chat chiet bang cloroform
15. Amoniac
16. Tong chat ran.
17. Dau va m.
18. o uc.
19. Clorua
20. o kiem.
21. Sat
22. Mau.
23. Mangan.
24. Florua
25. ong
1. Oxy hoa tan
2. Coliform phan
3. pH.
4. BOD
5
20
5. Hoa chat diet cay
(herbicides)
6. Nhiet o
7. Hoa chat bao ve thc vat
8. Phosphat
9. Nitrat
10. Chat ran hoa tan.
11. Hoat tnh phong xa
12. Cac phenol
7/26/2009
Le Trnh va cong tac vien (1996) a da vao cac ac iem chnh a e xuat
la chon cac thong so DO, BOD, NH
4
+
, PO
4
3- v
a tong coliform e xay dng
bieu
ch so chat lng nc toan lu vc song ong Nai Sai Gon nh sau:
Bang 5.4: Bang phan loai mc o o nhiem nguon ncc mat (Le Trnh)
> 50.000 > 0,20 > 1,0 > 20,0 < 2,5 5
5000 50.000 0,10 - 0,20 0,5 - 1,0 10,1 - 20,0 2,5 - 4,5 4
1000 5000 0,05 - 0,10 0,2 - 0,5 6,1 - 10,0 4,5 - 6,0 3
100 1000 0,02 - 0,05 O,1 - 0,2 4,0 - 6,0 6,1 - 7,0 2
< 100 < 0,02 < 0,1 < 4,0 > 7,0 1
Tong coliform
(MNN/100ml
PO
4
3-
(mg/l)
NH
4
+
(mg/l)
BOD
5
(mg/l)
DO
(mg/l)
iem
7/26/2009
4.2.3 CH SO CHAT LNG KHONG KH
Hoa ky, Ch so tieu chuan o nhiem/Pollutant Standard Index, PSI) a
c xay dng t gan 30 nam qua nham anh gia mc o o nhiem khong kh.
Cac tieu ch trong PSI la:
De hieu oi vi cong chung.
Bao gom c ca cac tac nhan o nhiem chnh va cac tac nhan o nhiem
th cap.
The hien c moi quan he vi cac tieu chuan chat lng khong kh.
De tnh toan.
Co c s khoa hoc hp ly.
Phan anh ung mc o o nhiem khong kh.
Co y ngha ve khong gian.
The hien c s thay oi hang ngay.
Co the d bao cho ngay hom sau
PSI la chon 5 tac nhan gay o nhiem nh: bui (tong hat l lng), sulphua
dioxit, cacbon monoxit, cac chat quang hoa va nit dioxit lam ch so xac nh
mc o o nhiem khong kh.
Phan loai chat lng khong kh theo nong o tac nhan gay o nhiem va anh gia
anh hng en sc khoe con ngi theo PSI bieu th bang 4.5 sau.
7/26/2009
Bang 4.5: Nong o cac tac nhan gay o nhiem va mc o anh hng en sc
khoe con ngi (Theo PSI Hoa ky).
Tot _ 80 5,0 80 75 50% TC
My
50
Bnh thng _ 160 10,0 365 260 Tieu
chuan My
100
Khong tot 1130 400 17,0 800 375 Canh bao 200
Rat khong tot 2260 800 34,0 1600 625 Bao ong 300
Nguy hai 3000 1000 46,0 2100 875 Khan cap 400
Nguy cap 3750 1200 57,5 2620 1000 Tac hai ro 500
NO
2
g/m
3
,
24h
O
3
g/m
3
,
24h
CO
g/m
3
,
24h
SO
2
g/m
3
,
24h
Bui
g/m
3
,
24h
anh gia anh
hng sc khoe
Nong o chat o nhiem Mc o
chat lng
khong kh
Gia tr
ch so
7/26/2009
4.2.3.1. Tac ong cua thong so o amva nhiet o.
Cac vat chat song trong cac thanh phan moi trng (nc, at, khong kh) ch
co the sinh trng va phat trien mot ieu kien ve nhiet o va o am nao o,
nhiet o va o am moi trng qua cao hoac qua thap co the lam nh tre hoac
huy diet s song cua sinh vat. o am anh hng en ty suat mat nhiet trong
qua trnh thoat hi. Trong ieu kien thi tiet nong, o am khong kh cao
thng gay cam giac kho chu do trong ieu kien o kha nang giam nhiet cua
c the b han che. o am ly tng vao mua he la 50% va mua ong la 35%
(Casava 2006). a so cac loai thc vat se ngng hoac cham lai qua trnh trao
oi chat nhiet o khong kh di 100C hoac tren 400C
7/26/2009
Bang 4.6 Gii han nhiet o va o amkhong kh oi vi ong thc vat.
50 60
80
30
20
0
C (68
0
F)
40
0
C (105
0
F)
10
0
C (45
0
F)
1. Ly tng
2. Toi a
3. Toi thieu
o am (%) Nhiet o
Gia tr
Gii han
Nguon: Casavan (2006).
7/26/2009
4.2.3.2. ANH HNG CUA CACBON DIOXIT &
CACBON MONOXIT.
Cacbon dioxit (CO
2
)
ac tnh cua kh CO2 la loai kh khong mau, co v chat, khong chay va de b
hoa long khi nen, ty trong d = 1,53 va soi nhiet o 780C
Lng kh CO2 hien dien trong khong kh co anh hng rat ln en chat lng
moi trng, ham lng CO2 trong khong kh ch tang vai phan tram se lam cho
ham lng oxy trong khong kh giam ang ke. Theo Friedman (2006), ham
lng CO2 trong moi trng khong kh tang en mc tren 6% (tng ng
60.000 ppm) se lam cho oxy trong khong kh giam t 20,96% xuong con 19,9%.
Theo OSHA, gia tr Ngng Gii Han/TVL Threshold Limit Values cua CO2
trong khong kh oi vi bat ky vat chat nao eu vao khoang 5000 ppm.
NIOSHA cho rang, con ngi co the lam viec va phi nhiem lien tuc 10 gi
trong moi trng khong kh co ham lng CO2 la 10.000 ppm (1,0%) va phi
nhiem trong moi trng khong kh co nong o CO2 len en 30.000 ppm (3,0%)
trong khoang thi gian 10 phut, t o, gia tr PELs cho CO2 do NIOSH a ra
la 1,0% (Friedman 2006).
7/26/2009
CACBON MONOXIT.
Bang 4. 7: Nong o CO
2
trong khong kh va mc o gay anh hng.
Tu vong 35 6
Tim ap yeu, suy ho hap ngay 10 30 5
Nhc au, roi loan th giac, ngat th 8 10 4
Nhc au, chong mat 3- 6 3
Kho chu mc khong the lam viec c 1,5 2
Cam thay kho chu 0,5 1
Trieu chng tac hai Nong o CO
2
(%) TT
Nguon: Le Huy Ba (2000)
7/26/2009
4.2.3.2. ANH HNG CUA CACBON
DIOXIT & CACBON MONOXIT.
Cacbon monoxit (CO)
So vi CO2, ham lng CO trong moi trng khong kh t
nhien khong cao nhng oc tnh cua CO lai cao hn nhieu
so vi CO2, monoxit cacbon la mot chat gay o nhiem co
khoi lng ln nhat trong kh quyen cua cac o th hien
nay. Nguon CO trong moi trng khong kh chu yeu do
viec ot khong hoan toan nhien lieu hoac cac vat lieu co
cha cacbon. Monoxit cacbon (CO) la mot chat khong
mau, khong mui va khong v, ty trong d = 0,967 va soi
nhiet o 1920C
7/26/2009
4.2.3.2. ANH HNG CUA CACBON DIOXIT
& CACBON MONOXIT.
Ham lng CO cao trong moi trng khong kh co anh hng rat
ln en s sinh trng va phat trien cua thc vat va ong vat ke ca con
ngi. Vi muc tieu phong nga hn la x ly, OSHA thiet lap gia tr
PELs oi vi monoxyt cacbon la 50 ppm cho 8 gi phi nhiem va ch
so nay cung la gia tr TLV. Trai vi OSHA, vien NIOSH lai quy nh
gia tr PELs cua CO la 35 vi thi gian phi nhiem la 8 tieng trong
ngay, tng ng 40 tieng trong tuan oi vi cong nhan lam viec
Phan ng lay oxy trong mau cua CO co the bieu th bang phng
trnh:
Hb.O2 + CO Hb.CO + O2
7/26/2009
CACBON MONOXIT.
Bang 4.8: Nong o va mc o gay oc cua CO
T vong 0,95 10.000 6
Hon me 0,60 1.000 5
Buon non, tru tim mach 0,45 500 4
Nhiem oc nang va chong mat 0,25 250 3
Nhiem oc va va chong mat 0,12 100 2
Nhiem oc nhe 0,07 50 1
Trieu chng va mc o gay oc Nong o Hb.CO trong
mau
(Phan n v)
Nong o CO
trong khong kh
(ppm)
T
T
Nguon: Le Huy Ba (2000).
7/26/2009
4.2.3.3. CAC THONG SO NO2, SO2 va NH3 TRONG MOI TRNG
Ngoai cac thong so CO2, CO, nhiet o va o am, mot so kh khac nh: sulfur
oxt (SO2), nit oxt (NOx) va amoniac (NH3) sulphur oxt trong khong kh chu
yeu phat sinh t nguon phun trao nham thach do hoat ong cua nui la va cac
qua trnh ot chay khac
Sulphur dioxit la chat co oc tnh kha cao, khong kh co SO2 vi nong o trung
bnh hang nam 25g/m3 (0,025 mg/m3) se lam tang nguy c benh ve ng ho
hap. Da tre em se b rop neu phi nhiem trong moi trng khong kh co nong
o SO2 tng ng 200 g/m3 trong 30 phut, ty le t ngi ln tuoi tang cao
khi hang ngay phi nhiem trong moi trng khong kh co cha SO2 mc 200
g/m3
Thc vat cung kha man cam vi SO2, thc vat bat au co bieu hien b tac ong
neu moi trng khong kh co ham lng SO2 trung bnh nam 20 g/m3. Qua
trnh quang hp cua thc vat se b ngng neu moi trng khong kh b o nhiem
vi nong o SO2 trong khoang 2,7 mg/m3 5,5 mg/m3 va vi ham lng nay
cay se b heo la sau vai gi phi nhiem.
7/26/2009
4.2.3.3. CAC THONG SO NO2, SO2 va NH3 TRONG
MOI TRNG
Amoniac (NH3) la chat kh khong mau nhng lai co mui rat ac
trng, nhiet o soi cua amoniac la -330C. Hon hp khong kh vi
ham lng amoniac t 16-25% theo the tch se rat de b no neu gap
tia la va tao ra kh oc mi la NO va NO2.
Nguon phat sinh ammoniac bao gom t 02 chnh: hoat ong cua con
ngi va nguon t nhien.
Ammoniac phat thai t cac nguon e dang tng tac vi oxyt
sulphur va nit oxyt trong moi trng khong kh tao ra cac chat
nitrat va sulphat gay anh hng tieu cc en sc khoe con ngi,
anh hng en cac he sinh thai va lam giam tam nhn trong khong
kh
7/26/2009
4.2.3.3. CAC THONG SO NO2, SO2 va NH3
TRONG MOI TRNG
Trong so cac hp chat tao thanh t nit trong moi trng khong kh,
cac chat dinitro oxt (N2O), nitric oxt (NO) va nit dioxyt (NO2)
eu co anh hng en chat lng khong kh, v du, dinitro oxt
(N2O) co the pha huy tang ozone lam tang qua trnh nong len cua
trai at
Qua trnh hnh thanh NO va NO2 trong khong kh dien ra theo cac
phan ng hoa hoc sau ay
N2 + O2 2NO
Nitric oxt tao thanh tiep tuc phan ng vi oxy va nc trong khong
kh e hnh thanh NO2 va axt HNO3 theo phng trnh phan ng:
NO + 0,5O2 NO2
3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO .
7/26/2009
4.2.3.3. CAC THONG SO NO2, SO2 va NH3 TRONG MOI
TRNG
Nguon phat t
nhien: ot nhien
lieu hoa thach,
nong nghiep
Nguon t nhien:
sam set, at, nui
la phun trao
Anh hng en
Tam nhn
Anh hng en
sc khoe con
ngi va ong
thc vat
Gay ton hai en
he sinh thai b
NO
x
+SO
2
+NH
3
+VOC
Axit
Phu dng
K
h
p
h
a
t
th
a
i
tr
c
tie
p
v
a
o
m
o
i
tr
n
g
k
h
o
n
g
k
h
: S
O2
,
N
H3
,
N
Ox
, C
O2
,
N2
O
, V
O
C
,
C
H4
,
P
M
,..
Cac PM kch thc nho tao
thanh trong khong kh nh:
ammonia nitrat, sulfate,
ammoniac, bui
Lang ong
axit
Ozone
Cac PM
NO
x
+ VOC
NO
x
+ SO
2
+ NH
3
7/26/2009
4.2.5. CH SO O NHAY CAM SINH THAI VA A
DANG SINH HOC
Cac ch so ve sinh hoc c s dung rong rai trong TM va o nhay cam
sinh thai cua moi vung, moi he sinh thai, theo G.F. Cooper (1980) co the anh
Gia qua cac noi dung sau:
Y ngha cua he sinh thai oi vi khu vc va oi vi toan cau.
Y ngha cua he sinh thai tc la s the hien tam quan trong cua cac loai
sinh vat va cua ca he sinh thai, bao gom:
Vai tro cua he sinh thai a phng trong chc nang sinh thai toan vung
hoac tam quan trong cua cac loai chc nang sinh thai;
O Hp nhat hoac co lap;
O Gia tr tham my;
O Gia tr khoa hoc;
O Gia tr kinh te; Kch thc tng oi hoac o hiem; va
O Kha nang chu ng
7/26/2009
DANG SINH HOC
o khan hiem hoac phong phu cua he sinh thai o so vi cac he sinh thai
khac trong vung. o hiem va o phong phu thng c s dung e xac nh
o
nhay cam sinh thai. Ngi ta thng xac nh o hiem va o phong phu bang
o
ac thc a, khong anh, bang ve tinh.
Kha nang phuc hoi cua he sinh thai. Tc la kha nang chu ng cua he sinh
thai oi vi cac tac ong moi trng ma khong thay oi ac iem sinh thai cua
no. Kha nang phuc hoi cua he sinh thai hoac cac loai c anh gia qua mot so
ch th (indicator) nh: toc o sinh san, toc o tai lap kha nang ap ng cua he
sinh thai oi vi stress moi trng. V du, kha nang phuc hoi c xem xet qua
cac yeu to:
- o chet;
- Thay oi ve o sinh san;
- S di tru (s oi cho);
- Thay oi dien tch, tang trng, sc song.
7/26/2009
DANG SINH HOC
- Thay oi tap tnh;
- Roi loan cac moi tng tac trong he sinh thai.
e anh gia chat lng nc, co the s dung cac ch so sinh hoc. Cac ch so
o nhiem sinh hoc (Saprobic) co the anh gia kha nang t lam sach cua song ho
nhan nc thai. Ba mc o o nhiem c xac nh la:
- Polysaprobic (O nhiem cc ky nghiem trong.
- o - Megasaprobic (O nhiem nghiem trong)
- | - Mesosaprobic (O nhiem trung bnh)
e anh gia o phong phu va a dang ca the va loai trong he , ngi ta co
the s dung Ch so a dang/Diversity index.
Ch so tng ong/similarity index la ch so c xac dnh bang cach so sanh
2 mau, mot mau cac vung o nhiem can nhien cu va mot mau vung nc
oi chng.
7/26/2009
4.2.6. CH SO CHAT LNG CUOC SONG
Thuat ng chat lng cuoc song dung e ch ac iem chung cua moi trng
kinh te xa hoi trong vung nao o e anh gia chat lng cuoc song.
Thc hien phng phap nay gi ta co the la chon cac thong so ac trng cho
cuoc song va tnh iem cho tng thong so. Viec tnh iem phu thuoc vao quan
niem cua tng xa hoi va tng thi iem. Tong so iem cang cao bieu th cho
chat lng cuoc song ang cao. V du sau ay bieu th phng phap tnh chat
lng cuoc song.
Chat lng cac mat trong cuoc song iem
Cac ch so phu ve tinh than: tnh yeu, tnh ban, tnh t
trong, thanh than, s noi tieng, ca tnh 0,10
. Cac ch so phu ve kinh te xa hoi: 0,90
- Kinh te (0,4): tieu chuan song, tai chnh, viec lam, nhu cau vat chat..
-Xa hoi (0,25): Quan he gia nh, thoa man cong viec, sc khoe, giao duc
- Giai tr (0,20), chnh tr (0,15): sinh hoat van hoa, du lich, o nhiem
7/26/2009
CHNG V: KY THUAT VA PHNG PHAP
TM
5.1. M AU.
Cung vi s thanh lap cac c quan bao ve moi trng quoc gia nam 1970
My, tat cac cac d an co anh hng en moi trng eu c yeu cau chuan b
tuyen bo tac ong moi trng. nhieu quoc gia cung co nhng quy nh va luat
tng t ve anh gia tac ong moi trng. Vao thi iem nay, cac tuyen bo tac
ong moi trng con co nhieu han che ve chat lng thong tin cung nh mc o
phan tch cac anh hng. V vay, a co nhieu no lc nham hoan thien dan
phng phap anh gia tac ong moi trng va hau het cac phng phap TM
eu c e xuat vao thap ky 70. Cho en nay, nhieu cach tiep can trong anh
gia tac ong moi trng eu c phat trien tren c s cac phng phap e xuat
vao nhng nam 70 cua the ky 20 theo hng long ghep cac phng phap nham
nang cao chat lng cua TM.
7/26/2009
5.1. M AU.
5.1.1 NHIEM VU VA MUC CH CUA CAC PHONG PHA P TM
Thong thng, trong TM, co 07 nhiem vu chnh nh sau:
Nhan dang tac ong (Impact Assessment).
D oan/d bao tac ong (Impact Prediction).
Phan tch, giai thch tac ong (Impact Interpretation).
anh gia tong quan ( Overall Assessment)
Thong tin tac ong (Impact Communication).
Quan ly moi trng (Environmental Management)
Quan trac va giam thieu tac ong (Impact Monitoring and Mitigation).
Hau het cac phng phap TM c gii thieu eu thc hien mot hoac
vai nhiem vu trong so 07 nhiem vu a liet ke.
Nhng phng phap ket hp c nhieu nhiem vu th tr nen kha phc
tap.
7/26/2009
5.1.1. NHIEM VU VA MUC CH CUA CAC PHNG
PHAP TM
Nhn chung, mot phng phap c xay dng nham thc hien TM
can phai at c cac muc ch sau:
De hieu khi xem xet cac e xuat.
Cho phep s tham gia cua nhieu loai chuyen gia va cac thong tin co
san
Khach quan va co the ap dung trong nhieu d an.
anh gia c pham vi va mc o tam quan trong cua tac ong.
Nhan dang va xac nh c cac vung nhay cam ve moi trng va
xa hoi.
Cho phep anh gia c cac tac ong rieng le cung nh tong tac
ong va cac phng an thay the.
Linh dong e ap dung cho nhieu d an va cac hanh ong
7/26/2009
5.1.2 CAC YEU TO CAN XEM XET KHI CHON KY
THUAT TM
Khi chon la ky thuat anh gia tac ong moi trng, cac yeu to sau ay can
phai xem xet.
Dang va mc o (scale) cua chnh d an.
Lnh vc co kha nang b anh hng (iem xay dng, hanh lang giao thong).
So lng va pham vi cac phng an thay the (phng an thay the a iem
xay dng, thay the ve phng dien ky thuat, giao thong).
Tam quan trong cua cac tac ong co the xay ra ve sinh thai, kinh te xa
hoi
Muc ch cho viec xac nh quan ly moi trng co hieu qua va cac thong so
s dung trong anh gia chat lng moi trng (quy nh, tieu chuan thc
hien/the goals for determining effective environmental management and the
variables used in assessing envirornmental quality regulations, performance
standards etc against which change can be measured) .
Thi gian, nguon nhan vat lc va chuyen gia dung e thc hien TM (EIS)
7/26/2009
5.2. CAC KY THUAT ANH GIA TAC ONG MOI
TRNG.
Cho den nay a co hang tram phng phap va ky thuat anh gia tac ong
moi trng a c xay dng va s dung trong TM nhieu quoc gia. Moi
phng phap eu co nhng iem manh va mat han che. Viec la chon phng
phap can da vao yeu cau va mc o chi tiet cua TM, kien thc cung nh
kinh
nghiem cua ngi thc hien TM. Tat ca cac phng phap nay eu co the
phan
loai thanh cac nhom sau:
Phng phap mo ta (Ad hoc and description methods).
Phng phap liet ke hay bang cau hoi (Checklist).
Phng phap matran (Matrices)
Phng phap s dung thong tin a ly va ban o (Spacial analysis using
geographical information systems/GIS and cartographic methods).
Phng phap mang li va s s o dong (Network and flow diagrams.
Phng phap theo nh lng hoac ch so va phan tch li ch chi ph
(Quantitative or index methods, including benefit cost analysis).
Phng phap mo hnh (Models)
Tai lieu giang day\EIA\Network diagrams.htm
7/26/2009
Bang 5.1: anh gia s bo kha nang cua cac phng phap TM
N L L L L L L 16. Kinh te
N S S S S S L 15. Yeu cau nhan lc
N S S S S N L 14. Yeu cau thi gian
L L L L L L S 13. So sanh cac phng an.
L L S L S S L 12. Ban tom tat
N N S S S N L 11. Yeu cau so lieu.
L S S N N N S 10. o dai thi gian.
S N S N N L N 9. Qui mo khong gian
S N N N N N N 8. Tnh bat thng
L S S S S S N 7. Tnh a chc nang
S S S S S L S 6. Tnh lap lai
N S S N N S N 5. Kha nang lien ket
S L L L S S N 4. Tnh khach quan
L S S L L S L 3. Tnh linh hoat
L L S L S L L 2. Kha nang truyen at
L S S S L N S 1. Tnh toan dien
Mo
hnh
Li ch
chi
ph
Ch so Matran Mang
li
Chong
ban o
Lap bang
kiemtra
Phong phap
Tieu ch
Ghi chu: L Hoan thanh toan bo, hoac yeu cau nhan lc t; S hoan thanh mot phan, hoac yeu cau nhan
vat lc trung bnh; va N Hoan thanh khong ang ke, hoac yeu cau nhan lc, vat lc nhieu
7/26/2009
BANG 5.2: MC O XAC NH TAM QUAN TRONG CUA TAC ONG
QUA 24 PHNG PHAP
Mark A. Thompson 1998
7/26/2009
5.2. CAC KY THUAT ANH GIA TAC ONG MOI
TRNG
6.2.1. PHNG PHAP MO TA (AD-HOC AND DESCRIPTION METHODS)
Nhan xet ve phng phap.
ay la phng phap chung va n gian nhat e anh gia tac ong, phng
phap nay co the c xem la phng phap oan co giao/ duc.educated guessing.
Phng phap nay nhn chung ch mo ta cac tac ong c xac nh.
Cac lnh vc anh hng c xac nh bang cach liet ke cac thong so moi
trng co the b anh hng.
Viec anh gia c xem la ly tng neu: phng phap co he thong, de hieu,
ngan gon va e cap ay u en cac van e lien quan.
Chat lng anh gia theo ky thuat nay phu thuoc vao kinh nghiem va nang lc
xem xet, to chc mot khoi lung ln thong tin cua ngi anh gia.
oi vi cac nha ban hanh quyet nh, thong tin cung cap trong anh gia
phai de hieu, co he thongva do o, phng phap ad-hoc xem ra co the ap ng
c nhng yeu cau nay.
7/26/2009
5.2.2. PHNG PHAP LIET KE HAY BANG KIEM
TRA
Phng phap liet ke la phng phap co he thong hn so vi phng
phap ad-hoc. ay la mot ky thuat thng dung e trong anh gia tac
ong e hng dan ngi e xuat d an va ca ngi xem xet tham
nh loai va pham vi cac thong tin can thiet. ay la mot ky thuat c
Ban nham giup cac nha anh gia thc hien TM.
Phng phap liet ke la phng phap co he thong hn so vi phng
phap ad-hoc. ay la mot ky thuat thng dung e trong anh gia tac
ong e hng dan ngi e xuat d an va ca ngi xem xet tham
nh loai va pham vi cac thong tin can thiet. ay la mot ky thuat c
ban nham giup cac nha anh gia thc hien TM.
7/26/2009
6.2.2. PHNG PHAP LIET KE HAY BANG KIEM TRA
Phng phap liet le (checklist) co 3 dang chnh:
Dang liet ke cac thong so moi trng (thong so sinh
hoc, ly hoc, xa hoi hoc va kinh te) dang nay ch can
neu tat ca cac van e ve moi trng co the b tac ong
do d an ma cha can xem xet mc o tac ong (xem v
du minh hoa bang 5.3);
Liet ke cac dang d an hoac hanh ong co the tac
ong en moi trng dang nay co them phan xac nh
mc o tac ong (bang 5.3 & 5.7);
Dang liet ke cac yeu to hoac cau hoi nham muc ch
xac nh vung va thong so co kha nang anh hng (xem
v du minh hoa bang 5.8).
7/26/2009
U NHC IEM CUA PHNG PHAP LIET KE HAY
BANG KIEM TRA
u iem
Phng phap liet ke co vai tro la mot cong cu nhac nh hu ch ve pham vi cung
nh dang cac tac ong. Chc nang cua phng phap nay la giup xac nh cac tac
ong va co the giup ngi thc hien co c hoi xac nh tam quan rong cua tac
ong.
Nhc iem
Nhc iem ln nhat cua phng phap nay la ch cac tac ong va thong so
liet ke trong bang mi c xem xet, do o, co nhieu tac ong co the b bo qua do
khong c liet ke trong bang. Theo kinh nghiem, v ngi thc hien vi mong
muon giam kch thc ve cac thong so moi trng va hanh ong cua d an a
nhom
chung vao nhng loai tong quat hn, nen nhieu kha canh cua d an co the anh
hng en cac thong so moi trng nhng khong c liet ke trong bang.
Nhc iem th 2 cua phng an liet ke la khong ch ra c moi lien he
gia nguyen nhan va hau qua cua cac tac ong, thieu hng dan cach o ac cac
tac ong va d oan. Ngoai ra, phng phap nay cung khong co cac quy, thu tuc
nham giai thch, truyen tai va quan trac tac ong.
7/26/2009
BANG 5.3: CAC THONG SO MOI TRNG B ANH HNG
at
Hnh dang
o cao.
Tnh on nh trong cau truc.
Tnh xop.
Nhiet o
Hoa tnh.
Nang suat.
Tnh phong xa
Khong kh
Hoa tnh.
ac tnh quang hoa.
Chat l lng.
Mui.
Nhiet o
Chuyen ong cua khong kh
ac tnh phat tan
S phan tang, o am
S dung at
- Chan tha.
- Nong nghiep.
- Dan sinh.
- Cong nghiep
-
Vui chi, giai
tr.
- San ban.
- Cau ca.
- Bi thuyen.
- The thao
Yeu to xa hoi
- Tien nghi.
- Sc khoe
Ha tang
- Nha ca
- Giao thong
He ong vat
Chim
ong vat tren can
Sau b.
Ca va so
To chc thuy sinh.
ong vat vi mo
Nc mat & nc ngam
Hoa tnh.
So lng.
Dong chay.
Mau.
Mui.
Nhiet o
o uc.
Chat dinh dng.
Tnh phat tan.
S phan tang, chat phu sa.
7/26/2009
BANG 5.4: BANG KIEM TRA MO TA TAC ONG MOI TRUNG DO HOAT ONG LOC
DAU GAY RA
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1. Cang chuyen dau
2. ng ong dan dau t cang
en nha may.
3. Nha may loc dau.
4. Kho bao quan dau
5. Cac hoat ong phu tr
-Cap nc t gieng khoan
- Tram phat ien
- Xng c kh.
- Van phong.
6. S co moi trng (chay no,
tran dau)
Sc
khoe
C..
Du
lch
Hoat
ong
ng
ngh.
Hoat
ong
nong
Ngh.
He
sinh
thai
nc
He
sinh
thai
can
Chat
lng
nc
ngam
Chat
lng
at
Chat
lng
nc
mat
Chat
lng
khong
kh
Thong so moi trng
Hoat ong cua d an
Ghi chu: Dau X bieu th cac cac tac ong tieu cc ro ret den moi trng.
Loai bang nay mi xac nh cac tac ong tiem tang nhng cha xac nh c mc o
tac ong.
7/26/2009
BANG 5.5: BANG KIEM TRA ANH GIA KHA NANG TAC ONG TIEU CC
EN MOI TRNG CUA CAC LOAI HNH CONG NGHEP
+
+
+
++
++
+
++
+
+
+
O
O
+
+
+
O
+
O
O
O
O
O
+
+
+
O
+
O
O
++
O
O
+
+
+
O
+
O
+
++
+
++
++
O
+
+
++
+
++
++
++
++
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
++
O
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
O
++
+
++
++
++
++
++
+
++
O
++
++
++
+
++
++
++
++
+
+
1. Cong nghiep ng
2. Cong nghiep ri, bia
3. Cong nghiep bot giay.
4. Cong nghiep xi mang.
5. Cong nghiep phan H.H.
6. Cong nghiep thuoc da.
7. Cong nghiep hoa dau.
8. Cong nghiep det,nhuom
9. Nhiet ien
10. Thuy ien
Sc
Khoe
Cong
ong.
Nong
nghiep
Sinh
vat
hoang
da
He
sinh
thai
can
Thuy
van
He
sinh
thai
nc
O
nhiem
at
Chat
lng
khong
kh
Chat
lng
nc
Thong so moi trng
Loai hnh cong
nghiep
Ghi chu: Cac dau ++ ch tac ong manh; + ch tac ong ro ret; o ch tac ong yeu, khong ro ret.
Bang 6.4 nay tng t nh bang mo ta nhng co them anh gia s bo mc tac ong. Viec
xac nh mc tac ong mi da vao kien thc, kinh nghiem cua ngi anh gia ch cha s dung
cac bien phap tnh toan
7/26/2009
5.6. BANG LIET KE E NHAN DANG TAC ONG TRONG TM
a) Bang liet ke dang cau hoi; b) Bang liet ke TOC Ngng cua cac van e
7/26/2009
BANG 5.7. BANG LIET KE MO TA CUA SCHAENMAN 1976
Nguon: Glasson (1999)
7/26/2009
BANG 5.6 LIET KE DANG CAU HOI
(Bat au giai oan au tien cua d an
)
Ye u to gay ben h Xac nh/tra li
A. Co nhng van e
truyen benh trong
khu vc d an nh
muoi, ruoi,
ran,..hay khon g?
Co Khong Khong xac nh c
B. Cac yeu to nay
li en quan en:
- Thuy sinh?
- Rng?
- Nong nghiep?
Co
Co
Co
Khong
Khong
Khong
Khong xac nh c
Khong xac nh c
Khong xac nh c
----
F. D an co cung
cap cac c hoi kiem
soat cac yeu to nay
thong qua nang cao
chat lng cuoc
song hay khong?
Co Khong Khong xac nh c
c tnh t ac ong cua cac yeu to truyen benh?
Anh hng tieu cc nhieu Khong ln Tac ong tch cc nhieu
7/26/2009
BANG 5.7. LIET KE TOCNGNG TAC ONG/VAN E
2C Co
2:1
Khong
20D Co
2C Co
3.500C Co
1C Khong
4:1 Khong
35D Khong
2C Co
5.000C Khong
2C Co
3:1 Khong
50D Khong
1C Khong
2.800C Co
1
1:1
35
1
5.000
Tieu chuan
phat thai
Li ch: chi ph
So cap Cu
(Theo vet).
Tieu chuan
chat lng
nc.
So lng cho
cam trai
1. Chat lng
khong kh
2. Kinh te
3. Cac loai nguy
c tuyet chung
4. Chat lng
nc.
5. Vui chi, giai
tr
T. ong T.ong > TOC? T. ong T.ong > TOC? T. ong T.ong > TOC?
Phng an Z Phng an Y Phng an X Ngn
g
TOC
Tieu
chuan/nh
mc
Thanh phan moi
trng
Sassaman (1981)
Ghi chu: A Di 1 nam
B T 1-10 nam.
C Trong 10 50 nam.
D Tac ong khong the phuc hoi.
7/26/2009
BANG 5.8: BANG LIET KE CAC CAU HOI NHAM XAC NH
CAC TAC ONG MOI TRNG CUA D AN
I. D AN ANH HNG EN CAC YEU TO VAT LY CUA MOI TRNG NH THE NAO?
1. Anh hng en hnh thai va mat at.
2. Lam tang kha nang xoi mon cua at.
3. Anh hng en cac nguon nc t nhien.
4. S dung nc ngam, nc mat, tch nc trong ho cha, ap.
6. Thay oi c che thuy trieu, khuon mau lut
II. D AN CO PHAT THAI CAC CHAT GAY HAI RA MOI TRNG KHONG?
1. O nhiem khong kh, nc, at.
2. S dung, van chuyen hoac lu gi chat thai nguy hai.
3. Phat sinh hoac thai loai chat kh long.
4. Phat thai bui, song ien t
5. Thai loai hoa chat, lam anh hng en tang ozone.
III. D AN CO ANH HNG EN CAC YEU TO SINH HOC CUA MOI TRNG HAY KHONG?
1. Thuy sinh, rng nguyen sinh,
2. Ni c tru cua ong vat hoang da
3. Ng trng, ni sinh san cua cac loai ca
...
7/26/2009
5.2.3 PHNG PHAP MATRAN
Bang Ma tran moi trng la s phat trien ng dung cua bang kiem tra. Mot bang ma tran
cung la s oi chieu tng hoat ong cua d an vi tng thong so hoac thanh phan moi trng
e anh gia moi quan he nguyen nhan va hau qua.
Khai quat noi dung cua bang ma tran nh sau:
Cac cot ng thng the hien cac hoat ong cua d an.
Cac hang ngang the hien cac ac iem (cac thong so) moi trng co kha nang b tac
ong.
Mc o (cng o) tac ong c anh gia bang cach cho iem (thang iem phu thuoc
vao ngi anh gia: t 1 en 3; t 1 en 10, 100). Tac ong cang manh, iem so cang cao.
Tong so iem cho thay thanh phan hoac thong so moi trng nao b tac ong nang nhat cho
d an.
Nam 1971, Leopold va CTV e xuat mot loai ma tran chi tiet hn nham anh gia c quy
mo cung nh mc o tac ong. Theo ma tran Leopold, co 100 hanh ong va 88 thong so moi
trng va tong so cac o tng tac se la 8.800. Neu co tac ong th moi o c chia oi bang
mot ng cheo. Pha tren ng cheo cho iem t 1 en 10 e anh gia quy mo tac ong
10 la quy mo ln nhat, 1 la nho nhat.; pha di cua o cung cho iem t 1 en 10 anh gia
mc o tam quan trong (10 la quan trong nhat va 1 la t quan trong nhat). Quy mo hay o rong
cua tac ong c tnh toan da tren so lieu o ac, tnh toan, tam quan trong cua tac ong
tc la mc bieu th cua tac ong chu yeu da theo suy luan.
7/26/2009
BANG 5.11(b): MATRAN N GIAN
Bang: Mot phan cua ma tran n gian (Part of a simple matrix)
Hoat ong cua d an
Xay dng Van hanh Thanh phan moi
trng Nha phu
tr
Khu nha va
buon ban
Nha
dan c
Khu buon
ban
Bai au xe
& khu vc
giai tr
1. Tho nhng va
a tang.
2. He ong vat.
3. He thc vat.
4. Chat lng khong
kh.
5. Chat lng nc.
6. Mat o dan so.
7. Cong an viec lam.
8. Giao thong.
9. Nha .
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
7/26/2009
BANG 5.9: BIEU TH TAC ONG DO D AN XAY DNG QUOC
LO
(Do Le Trnh va CTV e xuat)
31 1 3 2 3 1 2 3 4 3 4 1 1 1 2 Tong so iem
9
22
0
1
0
3
1
1
0
3
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
2
Giai oan H.
- Tang mat .xe.
- Tang p.trien
35 2 0 3 0 0 3 3 6 5 6 2 0 2 3 Tong iem
13
15
7
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
2
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
Giai . T. cong
- Khai thac v.l.
- Xay d.cau
- Xay d. ng
40 4 7 2 3 3 3 3 2 0 0 5 2 3 3 Tong iem
17
11
12
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
0
1
3
0
0
3
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
2
0
1
1
0
2
1
0
1
2
Giai oan t.cong
- Di di
- Xam pham at
- Xam p. HST
Tong
so
iem
Tap
quan,
truyen
thong
en
bu,
giai
toa
Sc
khoe
cong
ong
Van
e
tai
nh
c
Van
e
nha
ca
O
nhiem
at
O
nhiem
nc
O
nhiem
khong
kh
O
nhiem
do
rung
O
nhiem
tieng
on
Van
hoa
a
phn
g
Lam
nghiep
Nong
nghiep
thuy
san
Tai
nguye
n sinh
vat
Hoat ong
7/26/2009
BANG 5.10: MA TRAN LEOPOLD TRONG TM XAY DNG AP NC QUAC YAI
(THAI LAN)
8 11 11 42 7
6
20 9 T. C
6 6 Thc vat nc 2
6 6 Giao thong thuy 1
4 2 2 Ng nghiep 9
4 4 Lam nghiep 3
8 8
7
Van e KT-XH 4
16 2 7 7 O nhiem nc
ha lu
5
14 7 7
6
Du lch 6
12 8 4 Gia tr khao co 7
14 5 3 3 3 Di di 8
24 6 4 5 4 5 Sc khoe 10
Di di dan
c
P.T th c
vat nc
Thai kim
loai nang
Xay dng
ho cha
Xay dng
ng day
Anay dng
ap
Tap trung
Cong nhan
Tong
cong
Hoat dong cua d an
Van e moi
trng
Gia
tr
u
tien
14
24
6
47 25 11 7
35
22
14
12
19
7
2
10
5
6
6
8
7
6
4
6
5 7
6 8
6
7
4
2
5
5
5
6
8
6
8
7/26/2009
MATRAN LEOPOLD
M O T P H A N B A N G M A T R A N L E O P O L D
A . T h a y o i c c h e B . X a y d n g v a b i e n o i a t
H N G D A N
1 . X a c i n h t a t c a c a c h o a t o n g c u a d a n .
2 . d i m o i h o a t o n g c u a d a n g a c h m o t n g c h e o t r o n g o t n g t a c
c u a m a t r a n n e u c o t a c o n g .
3 . a t s o t 1 e n 1 0 p h a n a o t r e n e b i e u t h p h a m v i t a c o n g
( M a g n i t u d e ) : 1 0 b i e u t h p h a m v i t a c o n g l n n h a t , 1 b i e u t h p h a m v i t a c
o n g t n h a t ( k h o n g c o z e r o ) . e b i e u t h t a c o n g t c h c c , a t d a u + v a
d a u t r , b i e u t h t a c o n g t i e u c c . P h a n a d i c u a m o i o a t s o t 1 e n
1 0 b i e u t h t a m q u a n t r o n g c u a t a c o n g , M a t r a n L e o p o l d
1 0 l a q u a n t r o n g n h a t , 1 t q u a n t r o n g n h a t
( k h o n g z e r o ) .
4 . N e n c o p h a n d i e n g i a i / g i a i t h c h n h n g
c o t , d o n g c o s o i e m c a o n h k e m b a n g
m a t r a n .
1
.

D
u

n
h
a
p

h
e

o
n
g

v
a
t

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g
o
a
i

l
a
i
2
.

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i
e
m

s
o
a
t

s
i
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h
o
c
3
.

T
h
a
y

o
i

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i

c

t
r
u
4
.

T
h
a
y

t
h
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t
h
a
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p
h
u
5
.

T
h
a
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i

t
h
u
y

v
a
n

n
c

n
g
a
m
1
.

o

t
h

h
o
a
2
.

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a
y

d
n
g

c
a
c

k
h
u

c
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n
g

n
g
h
i
e
p

3
.

S
a
n

b
a
y
4
.

C
a
u

&

n
g

c
a
o

t
o
c
5
.

n
g

b
o

v
a

n
g

x
e

t
a
i
6
.

H
e

t
h
o
n
g

c
a
p

v
a

t
h
a
n
g

m
a
y
7
.

n
g

c
h
a
n

v
a

d
a
i

p
h
a
n

c
a
c
h
.
H o a t o n g c u a d a n
1 . T a i n g u y e n k h o a n g s a n
2 . V a t l i e u x a y d n g
3 . a t t r o n g ( S o i l )
4 . H n h d a n g a t .
a
t

(
E
a
r
t
h
)
5 . T r n g l c v a b c x a n e n . .
1 . N c m a t .
2 . N c b i e n .
3 . N c n g a m .
4 . C h a t l n g n c .
6 . N h i e t o
7 . B o s u n g ( R e c h a r g e ) .

A
.

a
c

t
n
h

h
o
a

l
y
c

(
W
a
t
e
r
)
8 . T u y e t , b a n g v a a t b o n g b a n g v n h c u .
a b c d E
A

4
6
2
5
b 3
2
3
3
7/26/2009
BANG 5.11. MATRAN LEOPOLD
7/26/2009
BANG 5.11. CAC THONG SO VA CAC HOAT ONG TRONG
BANG MATRAN LEOPOLDC:\Documents and
Settings\LongPC01\Desktop\Bang matran Leopold.doc
7/26/2009
DANH MUC CAC HOAT ONG CUA D AN VA CAC THONG
SO MOI TRNG THEO MATRAN LEOPOLD.
Phan 1: Hoat ong cua d an (hang ngang).
A. Thay oi c che/he thong (Modification of regime).
1. Du nhap he ong thc vat ngoai lai.
2. Kiem soat sinh hoc
3. Thay oi ni c tru.
4. Thay oi lp phu.
5. Thay oi che o thuy van cua nc ngam (alteration of ground water
hydrology).
6. Thay oi he thong thoat (drainage).
7. Kiem soat song va thiet lap quy luat dong chay (river control and flow
codification).
8. ao kenh (canalization).
9. Ti tieu (irrigation).
10. Thay oi kh hau (Weather modification).
11. Hoat ong ot chay.
12. Lat mat (Surface or paving).
13. On va rung.
7/26/2009
B. Xay dng va bien oi mat at (Land transformation and
construction).
14. o th hoa (Urbanization)
15. Xay dng va thiet lap cac khu cong nghiep (Industrial sites and
building).
16. San bay
17. ng cao toc va cau.
18. ng va hem (Road and trails).
19. Cap va thang may.
20. ng day lien lac, he thong ong dan va hanh lang.
21. B rao, b chan.
22. Nao vet va nan kenh - mng (Channels dredging and straightening).
23. Xay ke (Channel revetment).
24. ao kenh (canal).
25. Xay ap va ngan dong (Dams and impoundment).
26. Cau tau, e ngan bien, ben tau bien, ben du thuyen (Pier, seawall, sea
terminal, marina).
27. Xay dng cac hang muc ven b (offshore structures).
28. Xay dng cac hang muc vui chi giai tr (Receational structures).
29. Hoat ong no va khoan (blasting and drilling).
30. ao ap (cut and fill).
31. Xay dng ng ong va cac cau truc ngam.
7/26/2009
C. Khai thac tai nguyen (Resource extraction).
32. Khoan va no.
33. Khai quat be mat (surface excavation).
34. Khai quat va tach phan phan di (sub surface excavation and retorting).
35. Khoan gieng va lay bun (Well drilling and fluid removal).
36. Nao vet.
37. Thu don va chat ong (Clear cutting and other lumbering).
38. San bat phuc vu thng mai (Commercial fishing and hunting).
D. Hoat ong san xuat (Processing).
39. Hoat ong nong nghiep (Farming).
40. Chan tha (Ranching and grazing).
41. Chuong trai (Feed lots).
42. San xuat b sa.
43. He thong nang lng (energy generation).
44. Khai thac che bien khoang san (Mineral processing).
45. Cong nghiep luyen kim (metallurgical industry).
46. Cong nghiep hoa chat.
47. Cong nghiep det may.
48. O to, may moc (automobile and aircraft).
49. Tinh che dau (Oil refining).
50. Ca xe go (lumbering).
51. Giay va bot giay (Pulp and paper).
52. Tch tr, lu kho hang hoa (Product storage).
7/26/2009
E. Thay oi at (land alteration).
53. Kiem soat xoi mon va ap b chan (Erosion control and
terracing).
54. Lap mo va kiem soat chat thai (mine sealing and waste control).
55. Khai thac mo lo thien va kiem soat chat thai (strip mining and
waste control).
56. Canh quan (Landscaping).
57. Nao vet cang (Habour dredging).
58. Lap am lay va tieu thoat (Mash fill and drainage).
F. Tai tao/phuc hoi tai nguyen (Resource renewal).
59. Tai sinh rng.
60. Bao ton va quan ly ong vat hoang da (wildlife stocking and
management).
61. Bo sung nuc ngam.
62. S dung phan bon.
63. Tai che chat thai.
7/26/2009
G. Thay oi giao thong ( Change in traffic).
64. ng tau hoa.
65. ng o to.
66. ng xe tai (Trucking).
67. Tau thuy (Shipping).
68. May bay (Aircraft).
69. Giao thong ng thong va kenh ao (River and
canal traffic).
70. Bi thuyen giai tr (pleasure boating).
71. Xe container (trails).
72. ng day cap va thang may (Cable and lift).
73. ng ong (Pipeline).
7/26/2009
H. Cach ly va x ly chat thai (Waste emplacement and treatment).
74. Thai bo ra ai dng (Ocean dumping).
75. Bai chon lap.
76. Co lap nc thai, bn at sau nao vet (Emplacement of tailings,
spoil and overburben).
77. Lu tr di at (Underground storage).
78. Thai bo bao chai (Junk disposal).
79. Co lap cac gieng dau (Oil well emplacement).
80. Cach ly bang cach chon sau (Deep well emplacement).
81. Thai bo nc lam nguoi (Cooling water discharge).
82. Thai bo chat thai o th, bao gom ca bui nc ti tieu (Municipal
waste discharge, including spray irrigation).
83. Thai bo chat thai long.
84. On nh va oxy hoa ao/ho cha (Stabilization and oxidation ponds).
85. Ho t hoai ca gia nh va cong cong (Septic tanks, commercial &
domestic).
86. Khoi lo va kh thai cac phng tien giao thong (Stack and exhaust
emission).
87. Dau nhn phe thai (Spent lubricants).
7/26/2009
I. X ly hoa hoc (Chemical treatment)
88. Phan bon.
89. Pha bang/tuyet tren ng cao toc bang hoa chat
(Chemical deicing of highways).
90. On nh aty bang hoa chat (Chemical stabilization
of soil).
91. Kiem soat co dai (weed control).
92. Kiem soat sau bo (Insect control).
J. S co (Accident).
93. Chay no (Explosion)
94. Ro r (Spills and leaks).
95. Sai pham trong van hanh (Operation failure).
Others
7/26/2009
Phan 2: Thong so moi trng/ac tnh moi trng
(Environmental characteristics/conditions) Hang doc.
ac tnh hoa ly
at (Earth).
1. Khoang san (Mineral resources).
2. Vat lieu xay dng.
3. at trong (soil).
4. Hnh dang at.
5. Trng lc va bc xa nen (Force field & background
radiation).
6. ac tnh vat ly khac thng (unique physical features).
7/26/2009
Nuc (Water)
7. Nc mat.
8. Nc bien.
9. Nc ngam.
10. Chat lng.
11. Nhiet o.
12. Bo sung (recharge).
13. Tuyet, bang & at b ong bang vnh cu (Snow, ice
& permafrost).
Khong kh (Atmosphere).
14. Chat lng (gases, particulates /kh, hat vat chat).
15. Kh hau (micro, macro).
16. Nhiet o.
7/26/2009
Qua trnh (Process)
17. Lu lut (floods).
18. Xoi mon.
19. Boi lang (Deposition, sedimentation, precipitation)
20. Hoa tan (solution).
21. Hut tham be mat / sorption (ion exchange, complexing).
22. Nen va lang (compaction and settling).
23. o ben/stability (slides, sumps).
24. o cang, sc cang/stress- strain (earthquake)
25. Dch chuyen khong kh (Air movement).
7/26/2009
He thc vat (Flora)
26. Cay (trees)
27. Cay bui (Shrubs)
28. Co dai.
29. Hoa mau.
30. Thc vat vi mo (micro flora).
31. Thc vat thuy sinh.
32. Cac loai quy hiem co nguy c tuyet chung.
33. Va san ho (Barriers)
34. Hanh lang (Corridors)
7/26/2009
He ong vat
35. Chim.
36. ong vat at tnh ca bo sat (land animal including reptiles)
37. Ca va ong vat co vo (fish and shellfish).
38. Cac to chc song ay (benthic organisms).
39. Sau bo (insects).
40. ong vat vi mo (micro fauna).
41. Loai ong vat co nguy c tuyet chung).
42. Va san ho.
43. ng hanh lang (Corridors).
S dung at
44. Tnh hoang da va khong gian m (wilderness and open speces).
45. Rng.
46. Chan tha.
47. Nong nghiep (Agriculture).
48. Dan sinh (Residential).
49. Thng mai (Commercial).
50. Cong nghiep (Industrial).
51. Khai thac mo va khai thac a(Mining & quarrying).
7/26/2009
Vui chi giai tr
52. San ban.
53. Cau ca.
54. Bi thuyen.
55. Bi loi (Swimming).
56. Cam trai va hanh quan da ngoai (Camping &Hiking).
57. Vui chi ngoai tri (Picnicking).
58. Ngh ngi giai tr cong ong(resorts).
Tham my va moi quan tam cua con ngi (Aesthetics & humans interests).
59. Canh vat va khung canh (Scenic and vistas).
60. Chat lng nguyen sinh/thuy (wildness quality).
61. Chat lng khong gian m (open space quality).
62. Thiet ke canh quan (landscape design).
63. ac tnh vat ly ac thu (Unique physical features).
64. Cong vien va bao ton (Parks & reserve).
65. ai ky niem (Monument).
66. Loai va he sinh thai ac thu & quy hiem.
67. Vat va khu bao ton lch s & kien truc (historical or archaeological sites and
objects).
7/26/2009
Van hoa (Cultural status).
68. Khuon mau van hoa, phong cach song (cultural paterns/life style).
69. Sc khoe va an toan.
70. Viec lam.
71. Mat o dan so.
Hoat ong va c s ha tang do con ngi tao ra (Man made facilities and
activities).
72. Vat kien truc (structures).
73. Mang li giao thong.
D. Quan he sinh thai/moi lien he sinh thai (Ecological relationship).
74. Man hoa nguon nc (salinization of water resources).
75. Phu dng hoa.
76. Benh do con trung gay ra (disease-insect vectors).
77. Chuoi thc pham.
78. Man hoa be mat vat chat (salinization of superficial material).
79. Xam thc cay bui (Brush encroachment).
Others

7/26/2009
MAT TCH CC & HAN CHE CUA PHNG PHAP
MATRAN
Mat tch cc va han che cua phng phap ma tran
Tch cc:
Phng phap ma tran rat co gia tr cho viec xac nh tac ong cua d
an va a ra c hnh thc thong tin tom tat anh gia tac ong.
Han che:
Khong giai thch c cac anh hng th cap va cac anh hng tiep
theo.
Ngi oc phai t giai thch moi lien quan gia nguyen nhan va hau
qua
Khong giai thch c s khong chac chan cua cac so lieu.
Khong a ra c nguyen ly/nguyen tac xac nh cac so lieu ve
chat lng va so lng.
Khong co tieu chuan e xac nh pham vi va tam quan trong cua
tac ong.
Mot so dang ma tran.doc
7/26/2009
1. MATRAN TAC ONG THEO THI GIAN
(The Time Independent Matrix).
Ma tran anh hng theo thi gian bao gom mot chuoi cac
so hang noi tiep nhau the hien khoang thi gian tac ong
(mot so cho mot nam/one figure per year). Pham vi anh
hng c xac nh bang so t 0 (khong co anh hng)
en 4 (anh hng manh) trong khoang thi gian 7 nam.
7/26/2009
Ma tran anh hng theo thi gian bao gom mot chuoi cac
so hang noi tiep nhau the hien khoang thi gian tac ong
(mot so cho mot nam/one figure per year). Pham vi anh
hng c xac nh bang so t 0 (khong co anh hng)
en 4 (anh hng manh) trong khoang thi gian 7 nam
M o t p h a n m a t r a n t a c o n g t h e o t h i g i a n
H o a t o n g c u a d a n
X a y d n g ( 0 3 n a m ) V a n h a n h ( 0 4 n a m ) T h a n h p h a n m o i t r n g
H a
t a n g
N h a & n h a
t h n g m a i
N h a N h a h n g
m a i
C o n g v i e n &
k h o n g g i a n m
1 . a t v a a c h a t h o c
2 . H e t h c v a t
3 . H e o n g v a t
4 . C h a t l n g k h o n g k h
5 . C h a t l n g n c .
6 . M a t o d a n s o .
7 . V i e c l a m .
8 . G i a o t h o n g
9 . N i a n c h o n / h o u s i n g
1 0 . C a u t r u c c o n g o n g
2 1 1
2 2 1
2 2 1
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 2 0
2 2 0
0 1 0
0 1 0
3 2 1
4 2 2
3 1 1
0 0 0
0 2 2
1 1 2
3 4 2
3 3 2
1 2 1
2 3 2
0 0 0 0
1 2 2 3
1 1 0 0
0 1 2 3
1 2 2 3
2 3 4 4
1 1 1 1
2 3 3 3
2 3 4 4
2 3 4 4
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0
0 0 3 4
0 1 1 1
0 2 2 2
1 1 3 4
2 3 3 3
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1
1 1 2 3
1 1 2 2
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
1 2 3 3
N g u o n : P a r k e r & H o w a r d ( 1 9 7 7 ) .
7/26/2009
2. MA TRAN TAC ONG THEO TRONG SO
(weighted matrices).
Ma tran tac ong theo trong so c xay dng nham khac phuc nhng kiem
khuyet cua cac dang ma tran anh gia tac ong moi trng c s dung va
xay dng trc ay. Mc o tam quan trong cua cac thong so moi trng
hoac cac hoat ong cua d an c xac nh bang cach cho iem. Tac ong
cua cac hoat ong cua d an len moi trng cung c cho iem va tong
tac ong cua d an la tong so cac tch so gia gia tr tam quan trong va gia
tr tac ong cua tng thong so.
Bang sau bieu th mot phan ma tran tac ong theo trong so trong viec so
sanh ba phng an chon v tr khac nhau. Theo bang ma tran nay, cac thanh
phan moi trng c cho iem theo mc o tam quan trong (a), v du:
chat lng khong kh c xac nh 21 iem trong tong so 100 iem cua tat
ca cac thanh phan moi trng. Mc o tac ong (c) cua moi hoat ong (d
an) c xac nh trong khoang iem t 0 en 10, tong tac ong cua d an
la tong tch so cua (axc). V du, v tr A co mc o tac ong la 3 trong thang
iem 10 oi vi thong so chat lng khong kh nhan cho 21 se cho tong so
iem la 63. Tong tac ong cua d an la 63+ 252 + 45 + 140 = 500 iem.
7/26/2009
Ma tran tac ong theo trong so e xac nh cac phng an thay the.
Phng an thay the
Phng an A Phng an B Phng an C Thanh phan moi trng
iem so
tam q.t.
(a)
(c) (axc) (c) (axc) (c) (axc)
1. Chat lng khong kh
2. Chat lng nc.
3. Tieng on.
4. He sinh thai.
Tong cong
21
42
9
28
100
3
6
5
5
63
252
45
140
500
5
2
7
4
105
84
63
112
364
3
5
9
3
63
210
81
84
438
Ghi chu: (a) = iem so cua tng thanh phan moi trng.
(c) = Tac ong cua d an en cac thanh phan moi trng theo cac phng an.
Nguon: Wenger va Rhyner (1972)
7/26/2009
5.2.4 PHNG PHAP CHO NG BAN O
Phng phap chong ban o nham muc ch xem xet s bo cac tac ong co
the co cua d an en tng thanh phan moi trng trong vung, t o nh hng
nghien cu nh lng bang cac phng phap khac bc tiep theo.
e thc hien c phng phap nay, TM can co u so lieu ve cac thanh
phan moi trng trong vung co d an.
Tng thanh phan moi trng c the hien tren cac ban o n tnh, co
cung ty le va c in tren giay bong (Th du, ban o a hnh, ban o thuy vc,
ban o s dung at, ban o tham thc vat).
Ban o d an (v tr, cac hoat ong) cung c ve tren giay bong va co
cung ty le vi cac ban o n tnh (a e cap).
Xac nh s bo v tr va cac hoat ong cua d an co anh hng nh the nao
en vung co d an ta ch can chong ban o d an len tng ban o n tnh.
S dung phng phap chong ban o giup viec xem xet ro rang hn cac tac
ong moi trng cua d an en khu vc trien khai d an.
7/26/2009
HNH 5.12. S O BIEU THI NGUYEN LY PHNG PHAP
CHONG BAN
Thong so sinh ly
Thong so KT-XH
Tong gia tr
Dang rng
o doc Viec lam Gia tr vui chi,gt
7/26/2009
5.2.5 PHNG PHAP MANG LI
Phng phap mang li la phng phap ket hp cac nguyen nhan va hau
qua cua tac ong bang cach xac nh moi quan he tng ho gia nguon tac
ong va cac yeu to moi trng b tac ong mc s cap va th cap.
Phng phap mang li au tien c e xuat bi Sorensen nam 1971 nham
muc ch xac nh s suy thoai cac tai nguyen va s xung ot cac vung duyen
hai thuoc bang Califonia. S dung phng phap mang li yeu cau ngi thc
hien phai hieu rat ro moi lien he sinh thai cua he thong.
Hau hat cac ky thuat anh gia s dung phng phap mang li eu gii han
cac tac ong sinh thai, cac tac ong xa hoi va tham my eu khong c xem
xet.
Nam 1984, Couillard e xuat mot phng phap mang li cho phep xem xet
moi lien he gia cac thanh phan cua d an cung nh hau qua cua cac hoat
ong cua d an.
Mac dau phng phap mang li bieu th rat ro rang moi lien he trong moi
trng nhng khong o trc tiep cung nh khong giai thch ro cac tac ong.
7/26/2009
HNH 5.13: S O BIEU TH PHNG PHAP MANG LI
7/26/2009
5.2.5 PHNG PHAP MANG LI
Hnh 5.14: Cac nguon tac ong tiem tang va hau qua moi trng d an nhiet ien (Le Trnh 1997)
D
an
nhiet
ien
Giai
oan
thiet ke
Giai
oan xay
dng
Giai
oan
hoat
ong
V tr d an
Thay oi s dung
at
Di di nha ca,
cong trnh.
Xay dng ben tiep
nhien lieu, ca hut..
Xay dng nha may
Hoat ong nha may
Cac phat trie n khac
nh d an.
Mau thuan vi cac nganh khac. Can tr thc hien d an
Mat at nong nghiep Kho khan oi vi nhng gia .
Mat rng ngap man & at
Anh hng truyen thong a p.
O nhiem nc, thay oi ay s.
Cac van e sc khoe, ca y trong
O nhiem khong kh (tieng on..)
Lay lan benh truiyen nhiem
O nhiem at, nc
O nhiem khong kh
Anh hng sc khoe cong
ong, my quan, ta i nguyen sinh
vat vung vnh
Cac van e KT-XK
Mat nha, ca, cong trnh C.C
kh
Kem ve sinh moi trng
O nhiem nc.
Anh hng i song hoang da
Thuc ay phat trie n KT-XH
vung
Suy giam he sinh thai nc
Nguon tac ong
Tac ong trc tiep Tac ong th cap (hau qua0
7/26/2009
5.2.6: PHNG PHAP NH LNG
He thong EES do Vien Nghien Cu Battelle cua
My e xuat va s dung trong anh gia tac ong moi trng
cua cac d an quy hoach vung va d an ve nguon nc. Cho
en nay, ay la phng phap TM da vao nh lng
nhieu nhat.
EES la mot phng phap mang tnh khach quan va:
De hieu va e cap hau het cac thanh phan/thong so moi
trng b tac ong bi viec tien hanh d an;
Co he thong viec anh gia co the thc hien bi cac nha
chuyen mon khac nhau;
Co tnh khach quan da vao nh lng; va
a lnh vc .
Cau truc cua he thong EES rat co th t, chat che va
c phan ra bon cap o/level (t tong quan cho en chi tiet)
Nhom moi trng: Sinh thai/ecology; o nhiem moi trng
/environmental pollution;tham my/aesthetics; va s thch cua
con ngi/human interest.
Thanh phan moi trng: 04 nhom moi trng c chia
thanh 18 thanh phan moi trng.
Thong so moi trng: xca nh 78 thong so moi trng
trong
tong so 18 thanh phan moi trng. Chnh cac thong so moi
trng nay la oi tng chnh s dung EES.
Cac buoc xac dinh theo EES.doc
TONG CAC TAC ONG MOI TRNG
Mc 1: Nhom
moi trng
Mc 2: Thanh
phan moi trng
Mc 3: Thong
so moi trng
Mc 4: So o moi trng
5.2.6.1. PH 5.2.6.1. PH NG PHA NG PHA P BATTELLE P BATTELLE
HNH 5.15: S O CAU TRUC THEO HE ANH GIA MOI TRNG EES
7/26/2009
TNH TOAN GIA TR TAC ONG MOI TRNG
THEO PHNG PHAP EES.
Phng phap tnh tong tac ong moi trng cua d an theo he thong
EES c Thc hien nh sau:
Tnh gia tr chat lng mo i trng (EQ) - Gia tr o cua cac thong so
moi Trng c chuyen thanh gia tr chat lng moi tr ng tng ng
trong khung gia tr t 0 en 1. Trong o, gia tr 0 the hien mc o b tac
ong manh nhat va 1,0 la gia tr the hien chat lng moi trng tot nhat
(khong b tac ong).
Xac nh/nh lng gia tr tam quan trong cua thong so moi trng
(PIU). Gia tr nay c xac nh theo phng phap DElPHI.
Tnh gia tr tac ong (EIU) cua tng thong so.
Tnh tong gia tr tac ong moi trng cua d an (T).
Han che cua phng phap
Han che ln nhat cua phng phap EES la khong phan tch c cac mat
manh cung nh cac mat han che cua tng phng an thay the. Viec chuyen
cac tac ong thanh gia tr (final score) trong phng phap EES a tc oat
tnh hp phap tham gia cua cong chung va nhng ngi ban hanh quyet
nh oi vi viec thc hien TM. Ngoai ra, phng phap EES oi hoi phai
xem xet mo t loat van e nh: gii han Phan tch (boundaries of the
analysis), n v/gia tr tac ong moi tr ng (environmental Impact units)
va gii han o (red flags). Khi xem xet van e gii han phan tch oi hoi
phai hieu ro tac ong theo khong gian (tai cho vaben ngoai) va thi gian.
Gii han o cung can phai e cap v gii han o xac nh cac thanh phan
de b ton thng trong he sinh thai va cac lnh vc thieu thong tin va do o
nhac nh ngi thc hien va ngi ra quye t nh can phai khao sat
them. Mac dau gia tr chat lng moi tr ng c xac nh da tren viec
nh lng cac thong so moi trng o c nhng viec nh lng gia tr
tam quan trong cua thong so moi tr ng chu yeu la da vao y kien chu
quan cua ngi thc hien va ay chnh la han che ln cua phng phap
Nay.
EIU
i
= EQ
i
x PIU
i
m m
EIU = EIUi(w)- EIUi(n)
i=1 i= 1
Trong o: w = Co d an va n = khong d an
Gia tr EIU < 0 cho thay d an co tac
ong tieu cc len moi trng.
Gia tr EIU > 0 cho thay d an co tac
ong tch cc en moi trng (Chat
lng moi trng giam khi tac ong co
hai len moi trng va do o EIU se t
hn oi vi thong so moi trng o).
7/26/2009
HNH 5.16: S O BIEU TH CHAT LNG MOI
TRNG THEO HAM LNG NIT KHI TM THEO EES
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Gia tr o thong so/Parameter Measure

(Ham lng N ppm/ N. Concentration)
Cac buoc xac dinh theo EES.doc
C
h
a
t
l
n
g
m
o
i
t
r
n
g
(
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l

Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
)
7/26/2009
O TH GIA TR CUA CAC THONG SO MOI TRNG.
Mc o khuon mau canh quan (Scale of landscape pattern)
0.5
1.0
Nho Ln
Lohani et al, 1983.
7/26/2009

Dien tch cay phu %(Tree cover %)
Lohani et al, 1983.
0.5
1.0
0
50 100

C
h

s
o

c
h
a
t

l
n
g

m
o
i

t
r
n
g
7/26/2009
0 2 4 6 8 10
Ham lng oxy hoa tan trong nc (mg/l)

C
h
a
t

l
n
g

m
o
i

t
r
n
g

0

0
.
2

0
.
4

0
.
6

0
.
8

1
.
0
Nguon: Dee et al, 1973.
7/26/2009
HNH 5.17: THONG SO VA NHOM CAC THONG SO MOI TRNG
AP DUNG TRONG EES
Tac ong moi trng
Sinh thai
(Ecology)S
Tham my
(Esthetics)
Nhan sinh quan
(Human interest)
O nhiem moi trng
(Environmental impacts)
Loai va so lng
Tren can/Terrestrial
(14). Gia suc
(14). Mua mang.
(14). Loai sau bo
(14). Chim can
Thuy sinh.
(14) anh bat ca T.M.
(14) Thc vat T.S. t nhien.
(14). Cac loai sau bo.
(14). anh ca giai tr
(14). Chim nc.
O nhiemnc
(20). Anh hng thuy lc
(25). BOD
(31). Oxy hoa tan.
(18). Vi khuan t phan.
(22). Cac bon vo c.
(25). Nit vo c.
(28). Phot pho vo c.
(16). Thuoc diet sau bo
(18). pH.
(28). Thay oi dong chay.
(28). Nhiet o.
(25). Tong chat ran hoat.
(14). Cac chat oc hai.
(20). o uc
318
140
Ni c tru va quan xa
Tren can.
(12). Ch so mang
t.pham.
(12). S dung at.
(12). Loai quy, hiem.
(14). a dang ve loai.
Thuy sinh.
(12). Ch so mang
t.pham.
(12). Loai quy, hiem.
(12). ac tnh song, ngoi.
(14). a dang ve loai.
100
Cac he sinh thai
Ch mo ta
O nhiemtieng on.
(4). Tieng on
O nhiemkhong kh
(5) Carbon oxyt.
(5). Hydrocarbons
(10). Nit oxyt.
(12). Hat bui.
(5). Photpho oxyt.
(10). Oxyt Sulphur.
(5). Chat khac
52
32
24
10
5
52
28
55
48
37
37
4
O nhiemat
(14). S dung at.
(14). Xoi mon at.
Tai nguyen at.
(6). Vat lieu be mat.
(16). ac tnh a hnh, a
vat
(10). Mat bang va ket cau.
Khong kh
(3). Mui v va tam nhn.
(2). Am thanh.
Nguon nc
(10). Bieu hien n. n c.
(16). Giao dien gia at n.
(6). Mui v va vat phu du.
(10). Dien tch mat nc.
(10). ng ranh gii.
Sinh vat/biota
(5). Vat nuoi (animal domes.
(5). Thu rng (animals wild)
(9). a dang thc vat ve
loai.
(6). a dang trong loai T.V.
Vat chat nhan tao
(10). Vat chat nhan tao
Hon hp
(15). Anh hng hon hp.
(15). Hon hp ac thu. 10
Khoa hoc
Khoa hoc/giao duc.
(13). Khao co
(13). Sinh thai.
(11). a ly.
(11). Thuy lc/hydrological.
( ) n v tam quan trong cua thong so
Tong so iiem.
Gia tr lch s
(11)Kien truc & phong cach
(11). S kien.
(11). Con ngi.
(11). Ton giao & van hoa.
(11). Gia tr tay phng.
Van hoa
(14). Ngi goc An.
(7). Cac nhom dan toc khac
(7). Cac nhom ton giao
Khong kh
(11). Cam giac kho chu.
(11). on oc/ca ch ly
(4). Than b/b hiem.
(11).Te nhat
Khuon mau cuoc song
(13). C hoi viec lam.
(13). Nha ca.
(13). Quan he xa hoi.
7/26/2009
2. CAC BC XAC NH O TH GIA TR CUA
CAC THONG SO.
Cac bc sau ay co the dung e xac nh o th gia tr cua cac thong so
moi trng.
Bc 1: Xac nh moi lien he gia cac thong so va chat lng moi trng.
Bc 2: Sap xep cac thong so theo mc o gia tr sao cho gia tr thap nhat
la khong (zero).
Bc 3: Chia mc o chat lng moi trng thanh cac khoang bang nhau
trong gia tr t 0 en 1 va xac nh gia tr cho moi thong so moi trng cho
moi khoang, tiep tuc thc hien quy trnh en luc co the ve c ng cong
cho o th.
Bc 4: Yeu cau cac chuyen gia khac nhau lap lai cac bc t 1 en 3 (lam
oc lap). o th ve c theo gia tr trung bnh la o th chung cua nhom.
Bc 5: Trng bay o th ve c cho tat ca cac thanh vien tham gia va
thao luan e sa oi neu co s khac biet ln.
Bc 6: e ngh cac nhom chuyen gia rieng biet lap lai cac bc 1 en 5
e tang mc o chnh xac va khach quan.
Bc 7: Lap lai cac bc t 1 en 6 cho tat ca cac thong so a chon.
7/26/2009
XAC NH TRONG SO CUA CAC THONG SO MOI
TRNG THEO PHNG PHAP EES.
Moi thong so s dung trong he thong EES ch ai dien cho mot phan cua
tong the moi trng. Ket hp tat ca cac thong so se tao thanh he thong moi
trng. Tuy vay, mot vai thong so lai co vai tro hn cac thong so khac trong
tong the moi trng. e phan anh tam quan trong cua cac thong so trong he
thong anh gia moi trng, tong gia tr 1000 iem hoac gia tr tam quan
trong cua cac thong so (PIU) c phan bo cho tat ca cac thong so. Ch so
gia tr tam quan trong phan bo cho mot thong so la ch so the hien mc o
tac ong oi vi moi trng cua thong so o.
Cac bc sau ay c EES dung de xac nh trong so cua tng thong so
moi trng.
Tat ca cac tac ong cua d an c chia thanh nhom, cac nhom
(catergories) c chia thanh cac thanh phan (components), trong cac thanh
phan co cac thong so moi trng, tong cac ch so tac ong cua cac thong so
la tong tac ong.
He thong dung e nh lng gia tr tam quan trong cua tac ong s dung
trong EES bao gom 9 bc sau:
7/26/2009
Bc 1: Chon mot nhom cac chuyen gia, giai thch chi tiet cho
nhom nay ve c s nh lng cung nh muc ch s dung ket qua
sap xep va nh lng gia tr tam quan trong cua cac thong so moi
trng do nhom a ra.
Bc 2: Liet ke cac nhom, thanh phan, ch so tac ong va yeu cau
cac chuyen gia sap xep chung theo mc o tam quan trong theo th
t giam dan.
Bc 3: Moi ca nhan xac t nh gia tr cho nhom th nhat va sau
o tren c s gia tr cua nhom th nhat e xac nh gia tr cho nhom
th 2,, bieu th c tnh cua mnh bang so thap phan trong khoang
t 0 en 1. (Each individual assigns a value of 1 to the first category
on his list, anh then decides how much the second is worth compared
to the first, expresing his estimation as a decimal between 0 and 1).
Bc 4: Moi ca nhan thc hien viec so sanh vi tat ca cac cap nhom
lien nhau.
Bc 5: Lap lai cac bc 3 va 4 trong viec thiet lap he thong gia tr
cho thanh phan va ch so tac ong (Components and impact
indicators).
7/26/2009
Bc 6: Dung may tnh e tnh gia tr trung bnh cac so
lieu thu c t cac ca nhan tham gia oi vi nhom,
thanh phan va ch so tac ong. Gia tr thu c ve gia tr
cua thanh phan, ch so tac ong co the ieu chnh khi
thc nghiem nhom chuyen gia co so lng nhieu hn.
Bc 7: Ket qua thu c cua nhom lam viec se c
pho bien cho tng ca nhan trong nhom.
Bc 8: Th nghiem co the c lap lai vi nhom lam
viec.
Bc 9: Th nghiem c thc hien vi cac nhom khac
nhau e tang o chnh xac va khach quan.
Nguon: Dee et al. 1972.
7/26/2009
GII HAN O (RED FLAGS)
Mot ieu rat quan trong oi vi c quan phat trien d an la
phai xac nh c yeu to moi trng nao co the b xao tron
bi d an. Cach tiep can dung e xac nh van e nay la s
dung gii han o oi vi cac thong so moi trng b anh
hng tieu cc nhieu nhat. Gii han o c xac
nh/measure bang phan tram thay oi chat lng moi
trng oi vi thong so o trong trng hp co va khong co
d an. Sau khi gii han o c xac nh, c quan phat trien
d an phai kiem tra chi tiet nham xac nh co van e hay
khong. Tat ca gii han o eu c xem co tam quan trong
nh nhau. e phan biet pham vi, mc o/magnitude cua mot
van e, gii han o th yeu/minor va chu yeu/major c s
dung. Trong trng hp khong co d lieu hoac ch co d lieu
ve chat lng, gii han o cung c s dung e ch cac d
lieu can dung.
7/26/2009
Cong thc tnh gii han o nhsau:
EIU khong d an - EIU co d an
% thay oi =
EIU khong d an
- oi vi cac thong so ve sinh thai:
-
Gii han o th yeu la co gia tr thay oi trong khoang 5% en 10%.
-
Gii han o chu yeu la thay oi tren 10%.
- oi vi cac thong so khac
-
Gii han o th yeu la gia tr thay oi di 30%.
-
Gii han o chu yeu la thay oi tren 30%.
7/26/2009
Nc thi sinh hot
10 10-50 28-140 0,8 4,0 T. Phtpho
10 30-60 84-168 2,4 4,8 Amoni
50 75-150 210-420 6 - 12 Tng Nit
20 125-375 350-1050 10-30 Du m
100 875-1812,5 2450-5070 70-145 SS
- 900-1275 2520-3570 72-102 COD
50 562,5-675 1575- 1890 45-54 BOD
QCVN
14:2008
gi tr C ct
B
Nng
Mg/L
T.ti lng
cht nhim
g/ngy
H.s. nhim
g/ngi -
ngy
Thng s
Ghi ch: * Tnh cho 35 ngi
7/26/2009
TNH LNG NC MA CHY TRN
Cng Thc tnh nc ma chy trn.
Q = S x I x (1-k)/1000 (m
3
)
Trong : - S din tch b mt c ma (m)
- I cng ma (m)
- k h s thm v bc hi.
V d: Din tch b mt l 123,54 ha; cng ma l 2.702,9
mm/nm v h s thm v bc hi l 30%.
Q = 1.235.400 x 2.702,9 x 0,7/1000 = 2.337.413,86 m
3
/nm
7/26/2009
NH GI KH NNG TIP NHN NC THI CA
NGUN NC(TT 02/2009/TT-BTNMT-19/3/2009
1. Kh nngtip nhn nc thi ca ngun tip nhn.
K = Tt Tsc
Trong :
K Kh nng tip nhn ca ngun nc i vi cht nhim.
Tt Ti lng nhim ti a ca cht nhim.
Tsc Ti lng cht nhim sn c trong ngun nc.
2. Cng thc tnh ti lng nhim ti a ca cht nhim
L(t) = (Qs + Qt) x Ctc x 86,4
Trong : Lt (kg/ngy) l ti lng nhim ti a ca ngun nc
i vi cht nhim ang xt.
Qs (m3/s) l lu lng dng chy tc thi nh nht on
cn nh gi trc khi tip nhn c xc inh theo hng dn ti
im 3.1 ph 3(*)
Qt (m3/s) l lu lng nc thi ln nht c xc nh theo
hng dn ti im 3.2 ph lc 3 (**)
7/26/2009
Ctc (mg/l) l gi tr gii hn nng cht nhim ang xem
xt c quy nh ti cc Quy chun hoc tiu chun.
86,4 l chuyn i n v th nguyn t (m3/s * mg/l)
sang kg/ngy.
3. Cng thc tnh ta lng nhim sn c trong ngun tip nhn.
Ln = Qs * Cs * 86,4
Trong : Ln (kg/ngy) l ti lng nhim c sn trong
ngun nc tip nhn.
Qs (m3/s) l lu lng dng chy tc thi nh nht on
sng cn nh gi trc khi tip nhn nc thi. Xc nh
theo (*).
Cs (mg/l) l gi tr nng cc i ca cht nhim.
trong ngun nc trc khi tip nhn nc thi (*).
7/26/2009
4. Ti lng nhim ca cht nhim a vo ngun nc tip nhn.
Lt = Qt * Ct * 86,4
Trong : - Lt (kg/ngy) l ti lng cht nhim trong ngun thi
- Qt (m3/s) l lu lng nc thi ln nht, c xc nh
ti im 3.2 ph lc 3 (**).
- Ct (m3/s) l gi tr nng cc i ca cht nhim
trong nc thi (**)
5. Kh nng tip nhn nc thi
Ltn = (Lt Ln Lt) * Fs
Trong : - Ltn (kg/ngy) l kh nng tip nhn ti lng cht
nhim ca ngun nc.
7/26/2009
- Lt l ti lng ti a cht nhim m ngun nc c th tip
nhn.
- Ln l ti lng nhim c sn trong ngun nc tip nhn.
- Lt l ti lng cht nhim trong ngun thi.
- Fs l h s anh ton, gi tr ny c xc nh theo(***)
Nu gi tr Ltn > 0 th ngun nc vn cn kh nng tip nhn i
vi cht nhim. Ngc li, nu gi tr Ltn nh hn hoc bng
khng c ngha l ngun nc khng cn kh nng tip nhn i
vi cht nhim.
7/26/2009
Ghi ch:
* Mc 3.1 ph lc 3 (TT02/2009): - S dng chui s liu v dng chy
quan trc ti on sng ang c nh gi.
- Nu khng c s liu quan trc th c th s dng s liu ca cc
sng tng t.
- V th lu lng theo thi gian v chn lu lng tc thi nh nht
tnh ton kh nng tip nhn nc thi ca ngun nc.
** Mc 3.2 ph luc 3: - S liu v ngun nc thi phi l gi tr lu lng ln
nht vi gi tr nng co nht ca cht nhim c trong nc thi.
- i vi ngun thi ang thi th s liu phi l s o c, quan trc thc t.
- i vi ngun tng lai th s liu phi c cn c tnh ton v cn c khoa
hc.
7/26/2009
*** Mc 4 TT 02/2009:
- H s an ton Fs trong xc nh kh nng tip nhn cht nhim l do c
nhiu yu t khng th nh lng v khng chc chn trong qu trnh tnh
ton kh nng tip nhn nc thi khi khi buc phi chp nhn cc gi thit
nu trn; hoc do thiu thng tin y v tnh hnh x nc thi v khai
thc, s dng nc h lu; v nhm bo m kh nng tip nhn nc thi
ca ngun nc trn thc t s khng b s dng ht ch cho mt ngun x
nc thi v dnh kh nng tip nhn nc thi ca ngun nc cho cc
ngun thi h lu.
- H s an ton Fs c gi tr trong khong 0,3<Fs<0,7. H s an ton c th
khc nhau i vi cc cht nhim khc nhau. Gi tr Fs nh c ngha l ch
dnh mt phn nh kh nng tip nhn nc thi i vi cht nhim c
a vo ngun nc do cc yu t khng chc chn ln v nguy c ri ro cao.
- Cn nu r cc lun c khi xc nh gi tr h s an ton trong qu trnh
nh kh nng tip nhn nc thi ca ngun nc.
7/26/2009
7/26/2009
7/26/2009
7/26/2009
XC NH BI PHT SINH & TING N
Bi pht sinh do san gt, o p.
Theo Worldbank, h s nhim c xc nh theo cng thc:
1.4
(U/2,2)
E = k x 0,0016 x
1.3
(M/2)
Trong : E H s nhim, kg/tn.
k Cu trc ht, ly gi tr trung bnh k = 0,35
U Tc gi trung bnh, U = 3,2 m/s (S liu vo ma kh).
M m trung bnh ca vt liu M = 30%
Kt qu E = 0,011 kg/tn.
7/26/2009
BI PHT SINH T VN CHUYN
NGUYN VT LIU
Bi pht sinh trong qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn vt liu (k c g) c th
xc nh theo cng thc sau:
L = 1,7k [s/12] x [S/48] x [W/2,7]0,7 x [w/4]0,5 x [(365 p)/365]
Trong : L Ti lng bi (kg/lt xe/nm).
k kch thc ht (k = 0,2)
s Lng t trn ng (s = 8,9%).
S Tc trung bnh ca xe ( S = 20 km/h).
W Trng lng c ti ca xe (W = 8 tn)
w s bnh xe (w= 6 bnh).
p ngy lm vic trong nm.
7/26/2009
TNH NNG CHT NHIM IM BT
K TRONG KHNG KH
Nng cht nhim trung bnh mt im bt k trong khng kh
do ngun pht thi lin tc c th xc nh theo m hnh ci bin ca
Sutton nh sau:
2 2 2 2
0,8 E x [ exp {- (z + h) / 2 Sz} + exp {- (z - h) / 2 Sz}]
C =
Sz x U
Trong : C Nng cc cht nhim, mg/m3
E - ngun thi, mg/m/s.
Z cao ca im tnh bin thin mi khong 0,5 m.
Sz H s khuych tn theo phng z theo chiu gi
0,73
Sz = 0,53 x X , X l khong cch ca cc im tnh
theo chiu gi so vi ngun thi.
U Tc gi, U = 3,2 m/s.
h cao so vi mt t, m
7/26/2009
TNH NNG KH THI MY PHT IN
- 20,49 0,004 0,791 THC 5
1.400 56,74 0,012 2,19 CO 4
812 431,80 0,053 9,62 NO
2
3
700 259,07 0,55 20S SO
2
2
280 18,39 0,004 0,71 Bi 1
TCVN
5939:2005
Nng
mg/m
3
Ti lng
Kg/h
H s ca
WHO (kg/tn)
Cht
nhim
STT
S dng my pht in cng sut 10kw, chy bng du DO. nh mc tiu hao 5,5
kg du DO/h. Thng thng qu trnh t nhin liu lng kh d l 30%. Khi nhit
kh thi l 200 C th lng kh thi t chy 1kg du l 38,6 mt khi. Vi nh
mc tiu th 5,5 kg du DO/h, th lng kh thi tng ng l 212,m
3
/h. Da trn
WHO c th tnh nng cht nhim khi chy my pht in nh sau:
7/26/2009
NH GI MC N
1. S DNG CNG THC Mackermine (1985) TNH TING n.
Lp (X2) = Lp (X1) + 20 lg (X1/X2).
Trong :
Lp(X2) - Mc n v tr cn tnh (dBA)
Lp(X1) - Mc n cch ngun n 1m (dBA).
X1 - Khong cch cch ngun n = 1m
X2 - Khong cch cn tnh.
V d:
Lp(5m) ca xe ti = 108 + 20 lg(1/5) = 94 dBA
Lp (25m) ca my o t = 118 + 20 lg(1/25) = 90 dBA
7/26/2009
NH GI MC N
7
88 102 116 My i 6
77 91 105 My ca 5
88 102 116 My xc 4
90 104 118 My o t 3
70 84 98 My trn b tng 2
80 94 108 Xe ti 1
Mc n cch 25
m
*
Mc n cch 5
m
*
Mc n cch 01
m (dBA)
My mc, thit b STT
7/26/2009
MT S NH MC CN LU
1.270 x 10
-3
511 x 10
-3
THC 5
1.780 x 10
-3
913 x 10
-3
CO 4
2.960 x 10
-3
1.620 x 10
-3
NO
2
3
786 x 10
-3
582 x 10
-3
SO
2
2
1.190 x 10
-3
611x10
-3
Bi 1
Chy c ti Chy khng ti
Mc tiu th nhin liu Thng s STT
Theo Theo s s li li u u b b o o c c o o, , trn trn a a b b n n Tp.HCM Tp.HCM, , m m c c tiu tiu th th n n c c v v
b b nh nh qun qun nhn nhn l l c c/ha /ha trong trong c c c c KCN. KCN.
40 40 m m t t kh kh i i n n c c/ha /ha ng ng y y m m i i v v i i KCN KCN
70 70 ng ng i i/ha. /ha.
nh nh m m c c ph ph t t th th i i c c a a xe xe ( (C C c c Lin Lin Bang Bang Hoa Hoa K K , 2000). , 2000).
H H s s nhi nhi m m c c a a c c c c phng phng ti ti n n s s d d ng ng DO ( DO (g/km. g/km.l l t t xe xe) )
7/26/2009
5.2.6.2 PHNG PHAP ANH GIA NHANH
C S THC HIEN PHNG PHAP ANH GIA NHANH
Lu lng va thanh phan chat thai phu thuoc vao mot loat cac thong so. oi
vi kh thai cung nh nc thai, thai lng E cua chat gay o nhiem j co the bieu
th bang phng trnh toan hoc nh sau:
E
j
= f (z)
Trong o, z la cac thong so:
- Dang nguon phat thai (Nha may san xuat xi mang, phng tien van tai)
- ac tnh hoat ong cua nguon (cat ha canh, tieu thu nguyen nhien lieu).
- Quy mo nguon.
- Quy trnh va thiet ke cua nguon.
- Tuoi nguon va ac tnh chnh xac cong nghe.
- Che o van hanh va bao dng.
- Dang va chat lung nguyen nhien lieu s dung.
- Hieu qua cua he thong x ly.
- ieu kien moi trng xung quanh.
7/26/2009
e xac nh c lu lng chat thai E
j
thai ra moi trng, trc het ta can
phai xac nh c he so tai lng e
j
oi vi chat o nhiem j qua phng trnh:
E
j
(kg/nam)
e
j
=
San lng (n v san pham/nam)
T cac phng trnh neu tren, suy ra: e
j
= f (x.).
Trong o, x la cac thong so:
- Dang nguon.
- Quy trnh cong nghe va ac iem thiet ke tuoi nguon.
- Trnh do cong nghe.
- Dang va chat lng nguyen lieu.
- Lng nguyen lieu.
- Loai hnh va hieu qua cua he thong x ly.
- ieu kien moi trng xung quanh.
C S THC HIEN PHNG PHAP ANH GIA NHANH
7/26/2009
TAI LNG CHAT O NHIEM DUNG
TRONG PHNG PHAP ANH GIA NHANH
e co the thc hien tng oi chnh xac viec tnh tai lng va nong o o
nhiem trung bnh cho tng nganh cong nghiep ma khong can en thiet b o
ac, phan tch, To chc Y te The gii (WHO) a e ngh s dung phng phap
anh gia nhanh (Rapid Assessment). Phng phap nay kha thuan li va c s
dung nhieu quoc gia. Viet Nam, phng phap nay a c gii thieu va
ng dung trong nhieu nghien cu TM.
Phng phap anh gia nhanh co hieu qua cao trong viec xac nh tai
lng, nong o o nhiem oi vi cac d an cong nghiep, o th, giao thong. T
o co the d bao kha nang tac ong moi trng cua cac nguon gay o nhiem.
Bang cach thong ke tai lng va thanh phan nc thai, kh thai cua
nhieu nha may trong tng nganh cong nghiep tren khap the gii, cac chuyen
gia WHO a xay dng bang hng dan anh gia nhanh, xac nh e
j
kg chat o
nhiem/n v san pham, t o xac nh c tai lng tng tac nhan o nhiem
E
j
trong nganh cong nghiep.
Bang 6.9 va bang 6.10 minh hoa mot so tai lng cac chat gay o nhiem trong
mot so nganh san xuat.
7/26/2009
TAI LNG CHAT O NHIEM DUNG TRONG
PHNG PHAP ANH GIA NHANH
BANG 5.18: TAI LNG O NHIEM TRONG NC THAI MOT SO NGANH CONG NGHIEP
25/12
35
60/54
30
50/14
42
Cong nghiep det
-Det vai bong: nhuom (t.bong)/in hoa.t.b
- Det vai si tong hp (ta n si)
Dau 8,3, phenol 0,034
Sulphua0,054,Cr
0,007
.
1,2
28,3
34,3
11,7
18,2
48,6
3,4
72,9
172
484
605
726
Cong nghiep loc dau
- Loc dau topping (1000m
3
dau tho)
- Loc dau cracking (1000m
3
dau tho)
- Loc hoa dau (1000m
3
dau tho)
Flo 17,5
Flo 0,06
0,65
0,4
10
1,25
0,4
0,24
Cong nghiep phan bon
- Phan Ure (Tan san pham)
- Phan super lan (Ta n P
2
O
5
)
- Phan NPK (Tan san pham)
Dau 57,8, phenol
0,11,
Sulphua 3,35
12 104 635 57 Cong nghiep thuoc da
0,3
3,9/7,3
1,6
10,5/18,8
2
5,4/11,0
Cong nghiep ru, bia
- San xuat ri vang (tan nho)
- San xuat bia: mi /cu
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Kg/n v san pham
Tac nhan
khac
Tong P Tong N TSS BOD
5
The tch
nc
thai
M
3
/n
v
Cong nghiep
7/26/2009
TAI LNG CHAT O NHIEM DUNG
TRONG PHNG PHAP ANH GIA NHANH
BANG 5.19: TAI LNG O NHIEM TRONG KH THAI MOT SO NGANH CONG NGHIEP
Pb:0,11P
Pb:0,09P
2,84
1,37
23,40
13,54
2,57
2,84
2,13S
1,35 S
0,07
0,05
1000 km
1000 km
7. Xe tai > 2000cc
- i trong thanh pho
-- i ngoai o
Pb: 0,32
0,17/0,01
73
73/73
0,65
0,35/0,65
6,9
1,6/0,3
Tan
Tan
6. San xuat gang:
-Khong x ly
-Co x ly: thap ti/loc bui
NH
3
:9,12 0,0105 Tan 5. San xuat phan URE
22,0 Tan 4. San xuat HNO
3
SO
3
: 0,29 7(100-e)
*
Tan 3. San xuat H
2
SO
4
157 172 12 133 tan 2. San xuat than cui
9,0 26,0 5,0 1000m
2
1. ot rm ra tren ruong
Chat
khac
(kg/U)
VOC
(kg/U)
CO
(kg/U)
NO
x
(kg/U) SO
2
(kg/U)
Bui
(kg/U)
n v (U) Hoat ong
Ghi chu: e la he so chuyen hoa SO
2
thanh SO
3
7/26/2009
MOT SO V DU VE PHNG PHAP ANH GIA NHANH
NC THAI
Mot nha may loc dau theo cong nghe cracking co cong suat 5.000.000 m
3
dau
tho mot nam th khoi lng nc thai hang ngay a vao moi trng la:
- Cong suat loc dau: 5 trieu m
3
/nam = 13.698 m
3
/ngay, do o lng nc thai
13.698 / 1000 * 605 = 8.287 m
3
/ngay.
- Tai lng BOD a vao moi trng moi ngay la:
13.698 / 1000 * 72,9 = 998,6 kg/ngay.
- Tai lng ctat ran l lng (TSS) la:
13.698 / 1000 * 18,2 = 249,3 kg/ngay.
- Tai lng dau m a vao moi trng moi ngay:
13.698 / 1000 * 31,2 = 427,4 kg/ngay.
- Tai lng phenol hang ngay a vao moi trng:
13.698 / 1000 * 4,0 = 54,8 kg/ngay.
Neu ta biet lu long (m
3
/giay) dong song nhan chat thai t nha may nay th ta
co the xac nh c nong o trung bnh BOD, TSS, dau m.. Trong dong song. T o
doi chieu vi cac tieu chuan chat lng nc cap, sinh hoatta co the anh gia s bo ve
tac ong cua cac nguon thai t nha may en moi trng dong song nay.
7/26/2009
MOT SO V DU VE PHNG PHAP ANH GIA NHANH
KH THAI
Mot nhamay san xuat gang cong suat 500.000 tan/nam, neu khong co he thong
x ly kh thai, hang ngay nha may a vao moi trng khong kh mot lng ln
chat o nhiem moi trng:
- Bui : 6,9 x 500.000 / 365 = 9.452,0 kg/ngay.
- SO
2
: 0,65 x 500.000 / 365 = 890,4 kg/ngay.
- Ch (Pb): 0,32 x 500.000 / 365 = 438,3 kg/ngay.
Neu biet c lu lng kh thai (m
3
/ngay hoac m
3
/giay) ta co the tnh
c nong o cac tac nhan o nhiem nay trong kh thai (mg/m
3
) va neu so sanh
vi tieu chuan kh thai cua Viet nam ta co the anh gia lieu d an co the tao ra
nong o cac chat o nhiem vt qua tieu chuan hay khong.
So lieu nong o chat o nhiem (Bui, SO
2
, NO
x
, CO) trong kh thai cung
la c s e a vao mo hnh phat tan o nhiem khong kh e d bao lan truyen o
nhiem trong khong kh.
7/26/2009
QUY NH VA THU
TUC ANH GIA TAC
ONG MOI TRNG
7/26/2009
CHNG VI: YEU CAU VA HNG DAN LAP
BAO CAO TM CUA VIET NAM
Trc ngay 01/7/2006
6.1. YEU CAU
D an loai I (phai lap bao cao TM) bao gom tat cac d an co tiem
nang gay o nhiem moi trng tren dien rong, de gay ra s co, kho
khong che(xem them danh muc tai bang 4.1).
Cac d an loai I nhng au t vao cac KCN hoac KCX a c cap
quyet nh phe chuan TM th ch ang ky at chat lng moi
trng.
D an loai II (ang ky at tieu chuan moi trng): T xac lap va
phan tch tac ong moi trng cua mnh
Nghi_dinh_80_2006_huong_dan_thi_hanh_luat_BVMT.pdf
nghi dinh 21.pdf
05_2008_TT-BTNMT_08206753.pdf
7/26/2009
DANH MUC CAC D AN PHAI CO BAO CAO TM
(Theo Thong t 490/1998 cua VN & ao luat ve moi trng va quy hoach cua Uc 1979)
VIETNAM
1. Cac cong trnh nam trong hoac ke can
Cac khu vc nhay cam ve moi trng, cac khu
BTTN,du lch van hoa
2. Quy hoach:
- Phat trien vung
- Phat trien nganh.
- o th.
3. Ve dau kh:
- Khai thac.
- Van chuyen.
- Che bien.
- Kho xang dau dung tch t 20000 m3 r len.
4. Nha may luyen gang thep, kim loai mau
cong suat t 10000 tan sp/nam t. len.
5. Nha may thuoc da t 10000tan sp/n. tr len.
6. Nha may et nhuom t 20 trieu met vai/n t.l
7. Nha may sn t 1000 tan sp.n t.l va che bien
cao su cong suat t 10000tan sp/n t.l.
8. Nha may ng t 100.000 tan ma/nam t.l
9. Nha may che bien thc pham cong sua t t 1000tan sp/n t.l.
10. Nha may ong lanh cong suat t 1000 tan sp/n t.l.
11. Nha may nhiet ien cong suat 200 MW tr len.
UC
1. Che bien nong san
- Che bien hn 30.000 tan/nam.
- Phat thai chat thai long hoac bun trong pham vi
100 met cach cac nguon nc hoac at t
(wetlands).
2. C s hang khong
- Co dien tch mat bang tren 20 ha hoac nam trong
pham vi 40 met cach nguon nc hoac khu bao ton.
- Tren 7 chuyen cat ha canh bang trc thang hoac
nam trong pham vi 1 km en khu dan c.
3. Ve au kh:
- San xuat dau tho hoac dau a phien.
- Tinh luyen dau hoac kh tren 100 tan.
- Lu tr tren 2000 tan dau ran hoac ac hoac 200
tan kh.
4. San xuat xi mang
- San xuat klinke.
- Nghien (crushing) tren 30.000 tan/nam.
- Trong pham vi 100 met cach nguon nc hoac 500
met gan khu dan c hoac 250 met khu nha .
5. Che bien thuy tinh
- San xuat tren 30.000 tan/nam.
- Nam trong pham vi 40 m cach nguon nc hoac
250 met cach khu dan c.
7/26/2009
DANH MUC CAC D AN PHAI CO BAO CAO TM
12. San bay
13. Ben cang (cho tau trong tai t 10.000 DWT tr len).
14. ng sat, ng cao toc, ng o tto cap 1, cap 2
theo TCVN 4054-85 co chieu dai tren 50 km.
15. Nha may thuy ien co ho cha tren 100 trieu m3
16. Cac cong trnh thuy li, ti tieu, ngan man t
10.000ha tr len.
17. Bai chon lap chat thai ran, x ly nc thai co cong
suat tren 100.000m3 ngay.
18. Tat ca cac lam trng khai thac go.
19. Khu nuoi trong thuy san co dien tch 200 ha tr len.
20. Tat ca cac lo phan ng hat nhan.
21. Tat ca cac d an san xuat, kho cha va s dung hoa
chat oc hai.
22. Khai thac khoang san, vat lieu xay dng (tong khoi
23. lng khoang san ran va at a t 100.000m3 tr
len).
24. Nha may giay va bot giay cong suat 40.000 tan bot
giay tr len.
25. Khu du lch giai tr co dien tch ln hn 100ha.
26. Nha may xi mang cong suat tren 01 trieu tan /nam.
6. Nuoi trong thuy san
- Be va ho cha nam trong vung mc nc cao (high
watertable) hoac at co ham lng acid sulphate.
- Ln hn 2 ha hoac 40 ML nc va nam trong khu
vc bang phang hoac thai chat thai ra moi trng t
nhien.
- Ln hn 10 ha hoac cha en 400 ML nc.
7. Cac cong trnh thuy li (kenh, ho va ap nc).
- Dien tch ln hn 0,5 ha va nam trong vong 40 met
cach nguon nc t nhien; nam trong vung co mc nc
cao hoac at co acid sulphate hoac at nhiem man.
- Dien tch ln hn 20 ha hoac sc cha hn 800 ML
nc.
- Lay ra hn 30.000 m3 san pham hang nam.
8. Giay va bot giay.
- San xuat hn 30,000 tan/nam.
- San xuat hn 70,000 tan/nam neu s dung nguyen
lieu tai che va khong co cong oan tay va de-
inking.
- Thai chat thai ra moi trng trong pham vi 100 met
cach nguon nc.
7/26/2009
6.2: HNG DAN LAP BAO CAO TM
V DU: D AN CONG TRNH GIAO THONG
M AU
D an cong trnh giao thong ng sat, ng bo va cau (goi chung la cong
trnh giao thong) thg c thc hien di dang xay dng mi, nang cap hoac
cai tao nham ap ng nhu cau giao thong ngay cang tang. Cac u an thuoc loai
nay thng co nhng ac iem sau:
- Cong trnh nam trai tren mot chieu dai rat ln, qua nhieu a phng, a
hnh, canh quan khac nhau.
- Cong trnh chiem at s dung ln, chu yeu la at nong nghiep va at tho
c.
- Cong trnh khai thac, s dung mot lng rat ln tai nguyen at, a, cat xi
mang va vat lieu xay dng khac.
Vi nhng ac iem neu tren cong vi cac hoat ong thi cong cong trnh va
hoat ong cua tuyen ng sau nay, d an cong trnh giao thong se lam nay
sinh nhieu loai tac ong tiem tang gay o nhiem, suy thoai moi trng tren mot
quy mo ln.
7/26/2009
D AN CONG TRNH GIAO THONG
Theo quy nh tai ieu 18 Luat Bao ve Moi trng a c Quoc hoi nc
CHXHCN Viet Nam thong qua ngay 27 thang 12 nam 1993 va Ngh nh
175/CP ngay 18/10/1994 cua Chnh phu ve Hng dan thi hanh luat Bao ve
Moi trng th cac d an la cac cong trnh giao thong neu tren phai lap Bao
cao anh gia tac ong moi trng trnh nop cho cac c quan quan ly Nha nc
ve bao ve moi trng e tham nh.
CAU TRUC CUA BAO CAO ANH GIA TAC ONG MOI TRNG
I. M AU
(Trong phan nay trnh bay nhng noi dung chnh sau)
1.1. Muc ch thanh lap bao bao cao TM.
1.2. Cac van ban phap quy va c s d lieu, tai lieu ky thuat e lap bao cao.
Cac van ban phap quy bao gom:
- Luat Bao ve Moi trng c Quoc hoi nc CHXHCN Viet Nam thong qua
ngay 27/12/1993.
- Ngh nh so 175/CP cua Chnh phu ngay 18/10/1994 ve hng dan thi hanh
Luat Bao ve Moi trng.
7/26/2009
D AN CONG TRNH GIAO THONG
- Cac van ban phap quy hien hanh lien quan en viec anh gia tac ong moi
trng do Bo Khoa hoc, Cong nghe & Moi trng (MOSTE/MONRE) ban
hanh.
- Cac tieu chuan Viet nam ve moi trng.
C s tai lieu ky thuat e lap bao cao TM.
- Cac tai lieu lu tr.
- Cac tai lieu ieu tra, khao sat.
- Cac tai lieu khac.
1.3. Phng phap TM
- Phan nay liet ke cac phng phap chnh c s dung trong qua trnh TM
(liet ke, mo ta, ma tran)
1.4. To chc va tien o thc hien.
- Danh sach n v, ca nhan tham gia xay dng bao cao TM.
- Tien o thc hien.
7/26/2009
II. MO TA S LC D AN
2.1. Gii thieu d an.
- Ten d an.
- Chu au t (ten c quan chu quan, c quan thc hien xay dng luan chng
kinh te ky thuat hoac van ban co gia tr tng ng)
- a iem thc hien d an.
- Muc tieu kinh te, xa hoi, y ngha chnh tr cua d an.
- Li ch kinh te xa hoi ma d an kha nang mang lai.
- Hnh thc au t va nguon von cua d an.
- Tien o cua d an va d kien qua trnh khai thac d an.
- Chi ph cho d an va qua trnh chi ph.
2.2. Mo ta s lc ve cong nghe va thiet b s dung cho d an.
- Cong nghe va thiet b khai thac.
- Cong nghe va thiet b che bien.
2.3. Mo ta s lc ve cong nghe va thiet b x ly moi trng d kien thc hien
trong d an.
7/26/2009
III. HIEN TRANG MOI TRNG TAI KHU VC
THC HIEN D AN
3.1 Mo ta hien trang moi trng.
Trong phan nay phai mo ta khai quat ve ieu kien a ly t nhien, kinh te xa
hoi co lien quan tai a iem thc hien d an va d bao dien bien trong ieu
kien khong thc hien d an. Cac thong so moi trng nen - Co the trnh bay
di dang bang).
ieu kien t nhien
- V tr a ly
- ac iem a hnh, a mao (Mo ta nui oi, ong bang)
- ac iem khi hau, kh tng thuy van (Nhiet o, lng ma, che o gio)
- Van hoa lch s (Cac cong trnh van hoa, lch s, thuan phong my tuc va
phong tuc tap quan)
Tai nguyen thien nhien
- Tai nguyen at (tong dien tch t nhien, chat lng, hien tang s dung at)
- Tai nguyen nc mat (ac iem he thong thuy van, he thong song ho)
- Tai nguyen nc ngam va nc khoang (ac iem a chat thuy van)
7/26/2009
III. HIEN TRANG MOI TRNG TAI KHU VC
THC HIEN D AN
- Tai nguyen ong thc vat (Cac so lieu ve tham thc vat va he ong vat
trong khu vc thc hien d an).
Ha tang c s va dch vu.
- Giao thong (ac iem cua cac tuyen ng giao thong co lien quan en hoat
ong van chuyen cua d an).
- Dch vu, thng mai (Hien trang va kha nang cung cap dch vu, thng
mai).
Hien trang moi trng vat ly
- Chat lng at (Ham lng chat hu c, nit tong so)
- Chat long nc mat, nc ngam (Nhiet o, o Ph, ham lng can l
lng).
- Tieng on
- Chan ong
Cac so lieu ve hien trang thu c trong qua trnh thc hien phai c x
ly va anh gia that cu the va trnh bay trong phan nay.
7/26/2009
IV. D BAO, ANH GIA TAC ONG CUA D AN
LEN MOI TRNG
4.1. Mo ta tac ong cua d an en moi trng khu vc thc hien d an.
Trnh bay tnh chat, pham vi, mc o, dien bien theo thi gian cua tng tac
ong moi trng trong cac giai oan thc hien d an nh:
- Giai oan chon tuyen va chuan b mat bang.
- Giai oan thi cong xay ung cong trnh.
- Van hanh cong trnh (a cong trnh vao hoat ong)
4.2. anh gia dien bien tong hp ve moi trng ki thc hien d an.
- Phan tch dien bien tong hp theo tng phng an thc hien d an.
- Nhng ton that ve tai nguyen va moi trng theo tng phng an. nh
hng cac kha nang khac phuc.
- So sanh c / mat va li / ha ve kinh te xa hoi va tai nguyen moi trng
theo tng phng an.
7/26/2009
IV. D BAO, ANH GIA TAC ONG CUA D AN
LEN MOI TRNG
4.3. anh gia chung.
anh gia chung ve mc o tin cay cua cac d bao anh gia tac ong moi
trng. Cac cong tac nghien cu, ieu tra, khao sat, o ac can c tiep tuc
ieu chnh d bao anh gia tac ong moi trng trong tng lai.
4.4. Nhng kien ngh ve la chon phng an thc hien d an.
- Kien ngh ve la chon phng an thc hien tren quan iem bao ve moi
trng.
- Kien ngh ve cac bien phap bao ve moi trng kem theo phng an c
e ngh chap thuan.
(Noi dung cua phan nay c bien soan da tren cac d lieu mo ta
trong chng D bao, anh gia tac ong moi trng cua d an)
7/26/2009
V. CAC BIEN PHAP KHAC PHUC, GIAM THIEU TAC
ONG TIEU CC CUA D AN LEN MOI TRNG.
5.1. Cac bien phap giam thieu trong giai oan chuan b mat bang
- La chon tuyen dng sao cho khong lam thay oi dong chay nc be mat,
bien oi he thong thuy van
- La chon tuyen ng tranh khu vc co mat o xay dng ln, khu tap trung
dan c va khu dch vu, thng mai
- Bo tr tuyen ng sao cho koi lng ao ap t nhat.
- Co ke hoach tai nh c, am bao dan di chuyen phai c cung cap cho
- Cac bien phap s dung e giam thieu tac ong en tai nguyen sinh vat:
khong bo tr tuyen ng i qua cac khu rng noi chung va cac khu bao ton,
khong khai thac vat lieu lam ng cac vung at t, am lay hay khu vc
rng co o nhay cam cao oi vi moi trng. Neu tuyen ng bat buoc phai i
qua rng hay sat rng th phai co cac bien phap bao ve rng kem theo nh: tao
em cach ly gia rng va ng giao thong, xay dng rao chan hay hang rao,
duy tr cac ng mon i lai cua thu rng
7/26/2009
ONG TIEU CC CUA D AN LEN MOI TRNG.
5.2. Cac bien phap giam thieu tac ong tieu cc trong giai oan thi cong.
- Cac bien phap giam thieu tac ong vi moi trng at: Khong khai thac
at, cat t at nong nghiep va at rng; Khong khai thac at, cat vung gan
e, b song; Trc khi khai thac phai boc lp at phu be mat dung e lam at
phu, hoan nguyen be mat sau khi khai thac xong, trng hp khai thac vat lieu
ao sau di mat at th co the tao thanh ho nuoi thuy san; Cac bien phap
chong xoi l, boi lang
- Cac bien phap giam thieu tac ong vi moi trng nc: Khong lam thu
hep dong chay, thay oi dong chay cua song ngoi, an bao chieu cao thong
Thuy cua cau tau, thuyen i lai; Ap dung cac bien phap chong xoi l at; Quy
hoach, thiet ke he thong ranh thoat ncc trong qua trnh thi cong, ranh thoat
nc thai sinh hoat; Bo tr khong e vat lieu oc hai gan nguon nc; Quan
ly ngan chan ro r xang dau va vat lieu oc hai do xe van chuyen gay ra.
- Cac bien phap giam thieu tac ong t cac lan trai cong nhan: Tang cng
s dung nhan lc a phng va bo tr cong nhan ngh tai nha tro hoac nha ngh
gan cong trng nham giam bt lan trai; Bao am ay u cac cong trnh ve
7/26/2009
ONG TIEU CC CUA D AN LEN MOI TRNG
Sinh, nha tam ho rac; cung cap ay u chat ot cho cong nhan; Xay dng noi
quy sinh hoat ay u, ro rang va to chc quan ly cong nhan tot
5.3. Cac bien phap giam thieu tac ong tieu cc trong giai oan s dung cong
trnh.
- Bien phap giam tieng on, tieng ong: Khong e cong trnh kien truc lan
chiem at lu khong cua ng giao thong; Tien hanh giam sat, kiem tra tieng
on cua cac xe chay tren ng theo TCVN; Giam toc o va khong bop coi khi
xe chay qua cac ni co tnh nhay cam vi tieng on va chan ong; Xay tng
chan tieng on 2 ben ng khi can thiet; Trong cac dai cay xanh hai ben
ng; Bao am khang cach phu hp gia cong trnh giao thong va cac cong
trnh kien truc co tnh nhay cam oi vi moi trng; Lam ve sinh mat ng va
ti nc ng giao thong.
- Cac bien phap giam thieu tac ong moi trng nc, at: Dung xang khong
pha ch; e phong cac s co ro r xang dau; Khi van chuyen vat lieu ri hay
chat long oc hai phai bao am an toan theo tieu chuan quy nh e e phong
cac chat oc ri vai tren ng.
7/26/2009
ONG TIEU CC CUA D AN LEN MOI TRNG
- Cac bien phap quan ly chat thai ran:
Bao am ay u cac cong trnh ve sinh sach se cac nha ga, tram xe, tram
dng xe;
Bo tr cac thung ng rac tren cac xe o to ng dai va tren cac toa tau
hoa;
Thng xuyen tien hanh to chc thu gom rac tai cac nha ga, tram dng xe
va tren tau, xe
- Cac bien phap khac phuc s co giao thong:
Kiem tra ky cac giai phap thiet ke bao am an toan moi a hnh, oan
ng de xay ra tai nan;
To chc phan luong giao thong va co ngan cach cac luong;
To chc giao thong tot, khong e gay tac nghen giao thong, lam ng vt
hoac ng ngam xuyen qua ng, e phong tai nan giao thong;
Xay dng cac bien bao, ky hieu
7/26/2009
VI. CHNG TRNH QUAN LY, QUAN TRAC VA
GIAM SAT MOI TRNG
Noi cua phan nay la phai e xuat c cac bien phap quan ly, giam sat va quan
moi trng nham am bao thc hien co hieu qua cac bien phap bao ve moi
Trng a neu cac chng trc va phat hien kp thi nhng kiem khuyet
trong qua trnh thc hien cung nh bieu hien suy thoai, o nhiem moi trng do
d an gay ra nham ngan chan va ieu chnh, giam tac ong.
6.1. Chng trnh quan ly moi trng
- Mo hnh to chc, c cau nhan s cho cong tac quan ly moi trng.
- Lap ke hoach quan ly, trien khai cac cong tac bao ve moi trng tng ng
cho cac giai oan, chuan b mat bang, thi cong cong trnh va van hanh cong
trnh.
- Ke hoach ao tao, giao duc nang cao nhan thc moi trng.
6.2. Chng trnh quan trac, giam sat moi trng.
- oi tng, ch tieu quan trac moi trng.
- Thi gian va tan suat quan trac.
7/26/2009
GIAM SAT MOI TRNG
- Nhu cau thiet b quan trac.
- Nhan lc phuc vu cho quan trac.
- D tru kinh ph cho quan trac moi trng.
Noi dung va oi tng can quan trac va giam sat:
Trong giai oan thi cong: Bao ve va duy tr dong chay trong he thong thuy
nong va he thong cap, thoat nc; Cac bien phap chong trt, xoi l va boi
lang at trong qua trnh thi cong; Bao ve toi a cay coi va tham thc vat
trong vung giai toa; Bao ve cac cong trnh van hoa, lch s, mo mathang
canh 2 ben ng; Kiem soat v tr va chat thai cua cac tram tron be tong
cac loai; Kiem soat o nhiem moi trng khong kh tai cong trng nh:
bui, CO, NO
2
, SO
2
, hi xang dau, bui va hi ch; Kiem soat cong tac hoan
nguyen moi trng oi vi vung giai toa hai ben ng, hai ben b song,
au cau va khu vc khai thac mo cat, at, a; kiem tra viec trong co hai
ben sn ng va trong cay canh 2 ben sn ng.
7/26/2009
GIAM SAT MOI TRNG
Quan trac moi trng trong giai oan van hanh.
- Trong thi gian van hanh, ac biet la thi gian au da cong trnh vao hoat
ong, can phai nh ky tien hanh quan trac moi trng.
- Noi dung quan trac moi trng trong thi gian van hanh cong trnh giao
thong chu yeu la quan trac moi trng vat ly, e anh gia trang thai moi trng
xung quanh co b o nhiem qua mc tieu chuan cho phep hay khong va cac giai
phap bao ve moi trng cua d an co at hieu qua mong muon nh bao cao
TM a trnh bay hay khong. Cu the cac thanh phan moi trng vat ly can
phai kiem soat la: Tieng on va chan ong; O nhiem nc mat cac song ngoi
co cau pha i qua; O nhiem khong kh (bui, kh CO, NO
2
, SO
2
, hi xang dau va
ch); Tnh hnh ung ngap trong mua ma; Tnh hnh xoi l va boi lang trong
mua ma
Thi gian va tan stat giam sat, quan trac.
D tru kinh ph cho hoat ong quan trac giam sat.
7/26/2009
VII. KET LUAN VA KIEN NGH
Trnh bay tom tat nhng tac ong moi trng do thc
hien d an.
Phan tch, nhan nh mc o phu hp ve mat moi trng
cua d an.
Kien ngh vi c quan quan ly Nhanc ve bao ve moi
trng nham thc hien nhng bien phap bao ve moi
trng c e xuat.
Cam ket cua chu d an ve thc hien cac giai phap bao
ve moi trng khi thc hien d an
7/26/2009
III. DANH MUC CAC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Cac danh muc tai lieu c liet ke theo th t ABC.
IX. CAC PHU LUC KEM THEO BAO CAO
9.1. Cac so lieu, tai lieu o ac tai hien trng, ket qua phan tch va tnh toan.
9.2. Cac van ban phap ly lien quan en d an (Quyet nh phe duyet Luan
chng kinh te ky thuat hoac bao cao nghien cu kha th, quyet nh phe duyet
thiet ke ky thuat va tong d toan kinh ph thc hien d an, giay phep au t,
cac
giay t lien quan en quyen s dung at, cac giay t lien quan en khai thac
mo va quan ly tai nguyen
9.3. T lieu anh ve khu vc d an: Hnh anh ve khu vc d an, hnh anh ve
hoat ong nghien cu tai nguyen va moi trng

7/26/2009
CU TRC CA MT BO CO NH
GI TC NG MI TRNG (Theo thng t 05/2008)
M U
1. XUT X CA D N
2. CN C PHP LUT V K THUT CA VIC THC HIN TM
2.1. C s php l nh gi tc ng mi trng
2.2. Cc tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam
- TCVN 5937 - 2005: Cht lng khng kh - Tiu chun cht lng
khng kh xung quanh;
2.3. Ngun cung cp ti liu, d liu nh gi tc ng mi trng
- Quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng, 2008.
- ADB. Environmental Guidelines for Selected Industrial and Power
Development Projects, 1990
3. PHNG PHP P DNG TRONG QU TRNH TM
4. T CHC THC HIN TM
7/26/2009
GI TC NG MI TRNG
CHNG 1: M T TM TT D N
1.1. TN D N
D N U T XY DNG TRI CHN NUI HEO HU B QUY M
4.000 CON TI P TH HA, X XUN TH, HUYN XUN LC, TNH
NG NAI
1.2. CH D N
1.3. V TR A L CA D N
1.4. NI DUNG CH YU CA D N
1.4.1. Mc tiu ca d n
1.4.2. Ngun cung cp con ging v nguyn liu
1.4.3. Phng n s dng t
1.4.4. My mc, thit b s dng trong d n
1.4.5. Cc hng mc cng trnh ph tr khc
1.4.5.1. H thng cp nc
- Hin trng cp nc
7/26/2009
GI TC NG MI TRNG
1.4.6. Nhu cu nguyn nhin vt liu v nhn cng ca tri.
1.4.6.1. Nhu cu nguyn liu
1.5. CHI PH V NGUN VN U T D N
1.6. K HOCH V TIN THC HIN D N
- D kin thi gian thc hin d n (t khi khi cng xy dng n
khi hot ng chnh thc) khong l 5 thng, c th:
Khi cng cc hng mc cng trnh : thng 10/2009
- Lp t my mc, thit b : thng 02/2010
- Vn hnh th v hot ng chnh thc : thng 03/2010.
1.7. LI CH KINH T - X HI CA D N
1.7.1. Hiu qu kinh t
1.7.2. Hiu qu x hi
7/26/2009
CU TRC CA MT BO CO NH GI TC NG
MI TRNG
CHNG 2: IU KIN T NHIN, MI TRNG V KINH T - X HI
2.1. IU KIN T NHIN V MI TRNG
2.1.1. c im a hnh, a cht ti khu vc d n
2.1.1.1. c im a hnh
- Khu t d kin xy dng d n c a hnh kh cao, vi dc t
........................
2.1.1.2. c im a cht
........................
2.1.2. iu kin kh tng thy vn ti khu vc d n
2.1.2.1. iu kin kh tng
...........................
2.1.3. Hin trng cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin
2.1.3.1. Cht lng khng kh
2.1.3.2. Cht lng nc
- Nc mt
7/26/2009
GI TC NG MI TRNG
2.2. IU KIN KINH T - X HI
- Theo bo co ca phng Thng k huyn Xun Lc thng 12/2008, th tnh hnh kinh t huyn Xun
Lc c mt s im chnh di y.
2.2.1. iu kin v kinh t
2.2.1.1. Sn xut nng lm nghip v thy hi sn
2.2.1.2. Thng mi, dch v v du lch
- Gi tr sn xut thng mi, dch v 6 thng u nm 2008 l 206,4 t ng,
tng 16,11% so vi cng k. Hng ha phong ph v a dng, p ng nhu cu
trong sn xut v tiu dng.
2.2.1.3. Sn xut cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip v
khoa hc cng ngh
2.2.2. iu kin v vn ha x hi
2.2.2.1. V gio dc
2.2.2.2. V y t
2.2.2.3. V chnh sch x hi
7/26/2009
CU TRC CA MT BO CO NH GI
TC NG MI TRNG
CHNG CHNG 3 3
NH GI NH GI C C C T C T C C NG MI TR NG MI TR NG NG
3.1. 3.1. NH GI NH GI T T C C NG NG
3.1.1. 3.1.1. Trong giai o Trong giai o n xy d n xy d ng d ng d n n
3.1.1.1. Ngu 3.1.1.1. Ngu n gy t n gy t c c ng ng
- - Ngu Ngu n gy t n gy t c c ng lin quan ng lin quan n ch n ch t th t th i i
3.1.1.2. 3.1.1.2. i t i t ng b ng b t t c c ng ng
V d:
Bng 3.1. i tng, quy m b tc ng trong giai on thi cng xy dng.
Khu vc d n v vng ln cn Pht trin kinh t - x hi 05
Cng nhn xy dng v cng ng dn c vng ln cn Sc kho cng nhn, li xe, cng ng
dn c
04
Khu d n v vng ln cn Khng kh 03
nh hng ti cht lng nc sui Ngun nc 02
Trn ton b din tch 27.644 m
2
ca khu t d n t 01
Quy m b tc ng i tng b tc ng
Stt
7/26/2009
TC NG MI TRNG
3.1.1.3. nh gi tc ng trong giai on thi cng xy dng d n
- Tc ng ti cht lng mi trng khng kh
0,013 0,8
1,00
0,8 THC 05
0,097 2,9
1,00
2,9 CO 04
0,240 14,4
1,00
14,4 NO
x
03
0,035 2,075
1,00
4,15S SO
2
02
0,015 0,9 1,00
0,9 Bi 01
Ti lng trung bnh
ngy (kg/ngy)
Tng ti lng
(kg/thi gian
thi cng)
Tng chiu di
tnh ton
(1.000 km)
H s nhim
(kg/1.000 km)
Cht
nhim
Stt
Bng 3.2. Ti lng cc cht nhim trong kh thi sinh ra t cc phng tin vn
chuyn nguyn, vt liu thi cng.
7/26/2009
TC NG MI TRNG
3.1.1.5. nh gi tng hp tc ng mi trng trong giai on thi cng xy dng d
n
Bng 3.3. Ma trn tc ng v cc thnh phn mi trng b nh hng trong qu trnh
xy dng d n.
** * * ** *
Sinh hot ca cng nhn ti cng trng. 05
** ** *** ** *
Xy dng tri, h thng c s h tng:
ng giao thng ni b, h thng thot
nc ma, h thng cung cp in, nc,
thng tin lin lc,v.v
04
* * ** ** *
Xy dng nh nui heo, nh vn phng v
lp t thit b
03
** * *** * *
Vn chuyn, tp kt, lu gi nguyn vt
liu
02
* * ** * ** San lp mt bng 01
Kinh t -
x hi
Ti nguyn
sinh hc
Khng
kh
Nc t Hot ng nh gi Stt
Ghi ch: * : Tc ng c hi mc nh; ** Tc ng c hi mc trung bnh; v *** : Tc ng c
hi mc mnh.
7/26/2009
TC NG MI TRNG
3.1.2. Trong giai on vn hnh
3.1.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng
Bng 3.4. Cc hot ng v ngun gy tc ng c lin quan n cht thi trong giai on hot ng ca d n.
Mi trng khng kh.
Mi trng nc.
Cnh quan.
Sinh hot ca cng ng dn c
trong khu vc.
- Mi t qu trnh phn
hy thc n, thc n
tha,
- Nc tiu v phn
heo.
- Bao b.
- Kho cha thc n cho
heo.
- Kho cha thuc v dng
c.
- Chung tri nui heo.
Hot ng lu tr, cung
cp thc n cho heo.
03
Mi trng khng kh
Mi trng t.
Mi trng nc.
Mi trng sinh vt.
Sinh hot ca cng ng dn
c.
-Kh thi: Bi, CO,
SO
2
, Hydrocacbon,
- Ting n, rung v cht
thi rn.
My mc, thit b, Vn hnh cc thit b
my mc (my pht
in, my trn cm,... ).
02
Mi trng khng kh
Mi trng t.
Mi trng nc.
Mi trng sinh vt.
Sinh hot ca cng ng dn
c.
-Kh thi: Bi, CO,
SO
2
, Hydrocacbon,
-Ting n, rung.
-Cht thi rn.
Xe ti vn chuyn nguyn
vt liu,
Vn chuyn nguyn
nhin liu v sn phm
ra vo tri
01
Thnh phn mi trng b tc
ng
Cht thi Ngun pht sinh cht
thi
Hot ng TT
7/26/2009
TC NG MI TRNG
3.2. NH GI V PHNG PHP S DNG
3.2.1. Cc phng php s dng nh gi tc ng mi trng
Bng 3.5. tin cy ca cc phng php TM
Cao
Phng php tham vn cng ng 06
Trung bnh
Phng php lp bng lit k v phng php ma trn 05
Cao
Phng php so snh 04
Trung bnh
Phng php nh gi nhanh theo h s nhim do T chc Y t Th gii thit
lp
03
Cao
Phng php ly mu ngoi hin trng v phn tch trong phng th nghim 02
Cao
Phng php thng k 01
Mc tin cy Phng php TM Stt
7/26/2009
GI TC NG MI TRNG
CHNG 4: BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG XU, PHNG
NGA V NG PH S C MI TRNG
4.1. BIN PHP KHNG CH V GIM THIU NHIM
4.1.1. Giai on quy hoch, thit k
4.1.1.1. Cc bin php quy hoch mt bng tng th
4.1.2. Giai on xy dng tri chn nui heo
4.1.2.1. Cc phng n v sinh, an ton trong giai on xy dng
tri
7/26/2009
4.1.2.2. Cc bin php khng ch v gim thiu
nhim mi trng nc
(1). Nc thi sinh hot
Nc
thi
B lng
ct
B Biogas
X ra rch i vo Sui
TCVN 5945-2005 (ct A)
M y t h i k h
B UASB
B lng 1
B lc sinh
hc cp 1
Ngn
cha
B lc sinh
hc cp 2
B lc sinh
hc cp 3
B tip xc
Chlorine
C l 2
B lc ct dng
h
B n l n g
N c r a l c
Tn dng cho
nng nghip
7/26/2009
TC NG MI TRNG
CHNG 5: CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI
TRNG
5.1. CHNG TRNH QUN L MI TRNG
Bng 5.1. Tng hp chng trnh qun l mi trng
UBND
x Xun
Th
-
- iu phi cc phng tin ra vo d n
mt cch hp l;
- Phun nc chng bi, dng bt che kn
thng xe khi vn chuyn nguyn liu;
- S dng xe chuyn dng vn chuyn
nhin liu.
- Mi trng khng
kh nh: Bi, n,
SO
2
; NO
x
; CO; CO
2
;
THC.
- Sc khe ca cc
h dn sng hai bn
ng.
Cc phng
tin vn
chuyn nhin,
nguyn vt liu
1.2
UBND
x Xun
Th
Ch
u t
v n
v thi
cng
cng
trnh
2 tun
- Phun nc chng bi;
- Cc phng tin pht sinh n cao
khng hot ng vo ban m, phn lp
khu vc san lp vi khu khc;
- X bn c thu gom v ti x dng vo
cng tc san nn
- Mi trng khng
kh nh: Bi, n,
SO
2
; NO
x
; CO; CO
2
- Mi trng t
- Pht sinh cht thi
rn
o p 1.1
04 thng Trong giai on xy dng 01
C quan
gim st
C
quan
thc
hin
Thi
gian thc
hin
Bin php gim thiu Tc ng
Cc hot ng
v s c mi
trng
Stt
7/26/2009
GI TC NG MI TRNG
Bng 5.2. Tng kinh ph dnh cho gim st mi trng
30.770.000
Tng cng
1.250.000 2 1 Gim st cht lng t 07
2.400.000 2 1 Gim st nc ngm 06
2.880.000 2 1 Gim st nc mt 05
8.960.000 4 2
Gim st cht lng khng kh
mi trng lao ng
04
1.840.000 2 2 Gim st khng kh xung quanh 03
4.480.000 4 1 Gim st kh thi t chung tri 02
8.960.000 4 2 Gim st nc thi 01
Thnh tin
(VN)
Tn s gim
st (ln/nm)
S mu
gimst
Thnh phn Stt
5.2. CHNG TRNH GIM ST MI TRNG
7/26/2009
GI TC NG MI TRNG
CHNG 6
THAM VN CNG NG
6.1. KIN CA Y BAN MT TRN T QUC X XUN TH - HUYN XUN LC
- TNH NG NAI
6.2. KIN CA Y BAN NHN DN X XUN TH - HUYN XUN LC - TNH
NG NAI
6.3. KIN PHN HI V CAM KT CA CH D N TRC
CC KIN CA UBND V UBMTTQ X XUN TH - HUYN
XUN LC - TNH NG NAI
Ti, Nguyn Vn X xin ghi nhn kin ca UBMTTQ v UBND x
....... Chng ti cam kt s tun th nghim ngt cc bin php
bo v mi trng, phng nga ng ph s c trong qu trnh
xy dng d n cng nh khi d n i vo giai on hot
ng.
7/26/2009
GI TC NG MI TRNG
KT LUN, KIN NGH V CAM KT
1. KT LUN
2. CAM KT
2.1. Cam kt thc hin cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng xu
2.2. Cam kt thc hin tt c cc bin php, quy nh chung v bo v
mi trng c lin quan n d n
7/26/2009
6.3. YEU CAU CUA MOT SO TO CHC/QUOC GIA
VE TM.
7.4.1 QUY TRNH TM CUA UNEP (CHNG TRNH MOI TRNG LIEN HIEP
QUOC)
To chc UNEP quy nh quy trnh thc hien TM bao gom cac bc sau ay:
_ Sang loc/screening):
- So sanh d an vi danh muc quy nh ve TM e xem d an co can
thc hien TM hay khong.
- o ac, thu thap cac thong so n gian nh: quy mo, v tr
- c lng va d oan cac tac ong chnh.
- Tren c s tai lieu co san, phan tch cac van e phc tap
7/26/2009
6.3.1 QUY TRNH TM CUA UNEP (CHNG TRNH
MOI TRNG LIEN HIEP QUOC)
. Trong trng hp cong oan sang loc van cha lam ro cac van e moi
trng th co the to chc anh gia s bo (co the tham khao y kien cua cac
chuyen gia e xac nh cac tac ong chnh). Trng hp can phai thc hien
TM th chuyen qua bc 3.
c To chc nghien cu TM: Bc nay bao gom cac nhiem vu sau:
- Lap va phan cong trach nhiem chu the thc hien TM - 01 ieu phoi
vien/trng nhom va thanh vien la cac chuyen gia cua cac chuyen nganh lien
quan.
- Xac nh ro chc nang cua c quan ra quyet nh, c quan lap quy hoach, c
quan cho phep cung nh kiem soat d an va c quan nao se tiep nhan bao cao
TM.
- Xac nh phng thc cong bo ket qua cua TM
7/26/2009
6.3. YEU CAU CUA MOT SO TO CHC/QUOC GIA VE
TM . (Tiep)
_ Xac nh pham vi (scoping).
Xac nh pham vi TM nham muc ch am bao viec nghien cu TM
se e cap en tat ca cac van e moi trng quan trong cua d an.
e Nghien cu TM: Nghien cu TM can giai quyet 5 sau:
- ieu g se xay ra do d an;
- Pham vi cac bien oi se la g?
- Cac bien oi co nghiem trong khong?
- Co the lam gi e giai quyet chung?
- Cach chuyen tai thong tin en cac c quan ban hanh quyet nh.
7/26/2009
6.3. YEU CAU CUA MOT SO TO CHC/QUOC GIA VE
TM (tiep)
6.3.2 YEU CAU VE TM CUA NGAN HANG PHAT TRIEN CHAU A (ADB)
6.3.2.1 oi vi cac d an vay von.
Phan hang cac d an e thc hien TM.
Da vao loai, v tr d an, o nhay cam, quy mo , ban chat cua cac tac ong moi trng tiem tang va kha
nang giamthieu tac ong, Ngan hang ADB phan chia cac dang d an thanh cac loai: A, B, C.
Hang A: D an co tac ong xau va ro ret en moi trng Loai d an nay can phai anh gia
tac ong moi trng chi tiet.
Hang B: La loai d an co tac ong xau en moi trng nhng mc o nhe hn hang A. oi
Vi loai nay th trc het ch can anh gia s bo (Initial Environmental Examination, IEE) e
xac nh cac tac ong o co can nghien cu TM hay khong. Neu khong th IEE c xem la
bao cao TM chnh thc.
Hang C: Cac d an dng nh khong gay tac ong tieu cc en moi trng. oi vi cac d
an nay khong can TM chi tiet cung nh TM s bo dau rang cac van e ve moi trng cung
can c iem qua.
7/26/2009
6.3. YEU CAU CUA MOT SO TO CHC/QUOC
GIA VE TM (tiep)
6.3.2.2 Tien o thc hien TM
* TM can thc hien ong thi trong nghien cu kha thi cua d an. Cac van ban tom tat
TM s bo (SIEE) va tom tat TM chi tiet (SEIA) can c chuan b nham neu ro cac
van e moi trng c ban nhat.
* Cac d an hang A va B can c cac to chc hoac ca nhan ben ngoai xem xet (external
review). Do vay SIEE hoac SEIA do ngi can vay von soan thao va nop cho Hoi ong
cua ADB toi thieu la 120 ngay trc khi c xem xet. Cac bao cao TM s bo (IEE)
hoac chi tiet (IEA) nguyen goc cung phai c hoan tat theo yeu cau cua Hoi ong.
6.3.2.3 anh gia moi trng cho cac chng trnh can vay von.
oi vi cac chng trnh nay th khong can co TM s bo (SIEE) hoac chi tiet (SEIA)
nhng can phai giai trnh ve chnh sach, the che to chc e thc hien chng trnh.
6.3.2.4 TM cho cac nganh can vay von
* Nganh vay von can lam bao cao neu ro: vung a ly, thi gian thc hien, thiet lap cac thong so moi
trng cho cac tieu d an can tai tr.
* oi vi cac tieu d an can phai thc hien TM s bo hoac chi tiet theo phan hang
* Bao cao SIEE hoac SEIA cung can phai nop cho Hoi ong toi thieu la 120 ngay trc
khi to chc xem xet.
7/26/2009
CHNG VII. KHAO SAT VA QUAN TRAC
TRONG ANH GIA TAC ONG MOI TRNG
7.1 VAI TRO CUA CONG TAC KHAO SAT VA QUAN TRAC MOI TRNG TRONG
TM.
8.1.1 CAC KHAI NIEM
7.1.1.1 Khao sat moi trng:
La cong tac ieu tra c ban nhammo ta ieu kien t nhien va KT-XH cua vung nghien
cu. Khao sat moi trng bao gom cac cong viec nh o ac thc a, phan tch mau, x
ly va he thong hoa so lieu
* Cong tac khao sat co the thc hien mot hoac nhieu lan nhng khong nhat thiet phai theo
tan suat nhat nh.
7.1.1.2 Quan trac moi trng (monitoring)
La cong tac o ac thc a, thu mau, phan tch mau, x ly so lieu ve ieu kien moi
trng t nhien hoac KT_XH cua vung nghien cu theo tan suat nhat nh.
7.1.2 YEU CAU CUA KHAO SAT VA QUAN TRAC MOI TRNG
+ Do khac nhau ve muc ch nen co s khac nhau gia quan trac va khao sat.
- Khao sat moi trng phai c tien hanh trc hoac trong khi thc hien viec la chon v tr d an.
7/26/2009
7.1 VAI TRO CUA CONG TAC KHAO SAT VA QUAN TRAC MOI
TRNG TRONG TM
- Quan trac moi trng c tien hanh trong thi gian xay dng va thc hien
d an
+ Yeu cau chung cho ca khao sat va quan trac moi trng
- Tnh khach quan va khoa hoc
- So lieu cap nhat co tnh he thong, tnh thong ke o tin cay cao.
- Ky thuat thc hien can theo yeu quy nh va tieu chuan quoc gia hoac quoc
te.
- Ket qua khao sat va quan trac phai at cac yeu cau khoa hoc: cung cap u
c s d lieu tin cay ve moi trng trong vung d an; ch ra c cac vung sinh
thai, vung sinh thai nhay cam, cac ieu kien thuan li va han che ve moi
trng oi vi d an va hoat ong cua d an; cung cap c bang chng ve tac
ong cua d an en moi trng t nhien cung nh KT-XH trong vung co d an;
va cung cap so lieu u de d bao kha nang lan truyen, tac ong, kha nang gay
S co moi trng va kha nang giam thieu tac ong cua d an .
7/26/2009
7.2 NOI DUNG CUA KHAO SAT VA QUAN TRAC MOI TRNG
TRONG TM
Mac dau tuy theo d an ma noi dung cua cong tac khao sat va quan trac co
pham vi rong hoac hep khac nhau, nhng oi vi cac d an ln cac so lieu sau
ay can phai c KS-QT.
1. Moi trng vat ly:
- a hnh.
- a chat.
- Xoi mon, tho nhng.
- Kh hau.
- Kh tng.
- Chat lng khong kh.
- Thuy van.
- Chat lng nc.
- Cac yeu to ve b bien, ai dng.
2. Moi trng sinh hoc.
- ac iem, dien tch vung sinh thai.
- Vung sinh thai nhay cam.
- Cac moi quan he trong sinh thai.
7/26/2009
7.2 NOI DUNG CUA KHAO SAT VA QUAN TRAC
MOI TRNG TRONG TM
- Phan bo va mat o ong thc vat tren can, di nc.
- Sinh vat quy va b e doa diet chung, ni c tru nhay cam.
- Vung bao ve.
- Cac vect (con trung) gay benh.
3) Moi trng kinh te xa hoi
- Hien trang va d bao ve dan c, dan toc.
- Hien tng va d bao ve s dung at.
- Quy hoach phat trien kinh te xa hoi trong vung.
- Cau truc cong ong.
- Nghe nghiep.
- Phan bo thu nhap/li tc.
- Sc khoe,
- ton giao.
- Y te.
- Van hoa.
- Tap quan
-
7/26/2009
CO CAN KHAO SAT & QUAN TRAC TAT CA CAC THONG SO
KHI TIEN HANH XAY DNG D AN HOAC TM KHONG?
+ Thc te, e xay dng d an hoac nghien cu TM ch can tien
hanh khao sat bo sung tren c s thu thap tat ca cac so lieu hien
a co ve cac noi dung tren. Cac so lieu ve moi trng vat ly can
phai co trong nhieu nam, ac biet la cac thong so ve kh tng
thuy van.
+ +Vie Vie c c quan quan tra tra c c moi moi tr tr ng ng e e a a nh nh gia gia ta ta c c o o ng ng moi moi tr tr ng ng
khong khong
the the va va khong khong nen nen th th c c hie hie n n v v i i ta ta t t ca ca ca ca c c thong thong so so ma ma pha pha i i d d a a
va va o o thong thong so so cho cho n n lo lo c c va va ch ch th th. . Ca Ca ch ch la la m m na na y y se se giu giu p p chu chu ng ng ta ta
a a nh nh gia gia nhanh nhanh, , ch ch nh nh xa xa c c va va tie tie t t kie kie m m chi chi ph ph . .
7/26/2009
7.3 CAC PHNG PHAP QUAN TRAC MOI TRNG
TRONG TM
Do moi chuyen nganh eu co phng phap luan va ky thuat tieu chuan trong khao sat.
Do o ngi hoac n v chu tr nghien cu TM co vai tro rat quan trong trong viec
nh hng thong so, noi dung cung nh phng phap va tieu chuan quoc gia- quoc te
nao e khao sat.
7.3.1 QUAN TRA 7.3.1 QUAN TRA C CHA C CHA T L T L NG N NG N C VA C VA O NHIEM NGUO O NHIEM NGUO N N N N C T C T
NHIEN NHIEN
7.3.1.1 7.3.1.1 Kha Kha o o sa sa t t va va a a nh nh gia gia kha kha n n ca ca p p ta ta c c o o ng ng cu cu a a ca ca c c s s co co gay gay o o nhiem nhiem nguo nguo n n n n c c. .
To To ch ch c c o o i i kha kha o o sa sa t t phan phan cong cong tra tra ch ch nhie nhie m m: :
* * e e a a nh nh gia gia nhanh nhanh m m c c o o o o nhiem nhiem do do s s co co gay gay o o nhiem nhiem (do (do ca ca c c nha nha ma ma y y xa xa n n c c
tha tha i i, do , do ph ph ng ng tie tie n n i i la la i i cha cha ng ng ha ha n n) ) ca ca n n pha pha i i la la p p mo mo t t o o i i kha kha o o sa sa t t. . Ca Ca c c yeu yeu ca ca u u khi khi
tha tha nh nh la la p p o o i i kha kha o o sa sa t t: :
- - Pha Pha i i co co t t nha nha t t 2 2 nha nha chuyen chuyen mon mon a a c c a a o o ta ta o o hoa hoa c c co co kinh kinh nghiem nghiem ve ve quan quan tra tra c c
moi moi tr tr ng ng. .
- - Co Co 2 2- -3 3 ky ky thua thua t t vien vien co co kha kha nang nang th th c c hie hie n n ca ca c c vie vie c c nh nh thu thu mau mau, , o o a a c c, , phan phan t t ch ch
th th c c a a
* * o o i i kha kha o o sa sa t t ca ca n n c c giao giao tra tra ch ch nhie nhie m m va va tha tha m m quye quye n n gia gia i i quye quye t t ca ca c c cong cong vie vie c c cu cu
the the , , du du ng ng cu cu , , thie thie t t b b cung cung s s pho pho i i h h p p gi gi a a ca ca c c ca ca p p ca ca c c tha tha m m quye quye n n trong trong vu vu ng ng
kha kha o o sa sa t t, , quan quan
tra tra c c. .
7/26/2009
TRONG TM
b) Xac nh vung nghien cu: oi khao sat can xac nh ranh gii khao sat mot cach linh
hoat tren c s xem xet en tnh chat, kha nang phat tan o nhiem
- Ranh gii ve a ly: lu vc, song suoi, ng, nui, rng
- Ranh gii ve hanh chnh: gii han cua thanh pho, th xa, huyen
- Ranh gii ve kinh te: khu cong nghiep, khu du lch
- Ranh gii vung b tac ong do s co.
7.3.1.2 7.3.1.2 Quan Quan tra tra c c th th ng ng ky ky cha cha t t l l ng ng va va o o nhiem nhiem theo theo he he tho tho ng ng tra tra m m
a) a) Mu Mu c c ch ch cu cu a a ca ca c c tra tra m m quan quan tra tra c c cha cha t t l l ng ng n n c c. .
Bo Bo n n mu mu c c tieu tieu c c ba ba n n cu cu a a he he tho tho ng ng quan quan tra tra c c cha cha t t l l ng ng n n c c trong trong khuon khuon kho kho cu cu a a He He
tho tho ng ng Quan Quan tra tra c c Moi Moi tr tr ng ng toa toa n n ca ca u u (GEMS) (GEMS) nh nh sau sau: :
- - a a nh nh gia gia ta ta c c o o ng ng do do hoa hoa t t o o ng ng cu cu a a con con ng ng i i o o i i v v i i cha cha t t l l ng ng n n c c va va kha kha nang nang s s
du du ng ng nu nu c c cho cho ca ca c c mu mu c c ich ich kha kha c c nhau nhau. .
- - To To ch ch c c thu thu mau mau va va ba ba o o qua qua n n x x ly ly mau mau (Theo (Theo quy quy tr tr nh nh tieu tieu chua chua n n cu cu a a Cu Cu c c Moi Moi
tr tr ng ng, , co co the the tham tham kha kha o o quy quy tr tr nh nh quo quo c c te te ) )
- - To To ch ch c c phan phan t t ch ch mau mau (Theo (Theo tieu tieu chua chua n n cu cu a a Cu Cu c c Moi Moi tr tr ng ng Vie Vie t t nam nam va va co co s s
tham tham kha kha o o quy quy tr tr nh nh quo quo c c te te ) )
- - X X ly ly so so lie lie u u va va la la p p ba ba o o ca ca o o. .
7/26/2009
TRONG TM
b) ac iem va v tr cac tram quan trac: Tram c s, tram tac ong va tram xu
hng
* Cac tramc s
Cac tram loai nay thng c at cac khu vc khong b anh hng trc tiep cua cac
nguon o nhiem. Cac tram nay thng c s dung e xay dng so lieu c s cua cac
thong so t nhien va e kiem soat cac tac nhan gay o nhiem nhan tao va e anh gia xu
hng lau dai cua nc be mat do tac ong t o nhiem khong kh toan cau.
* Cac tram tac ong
Cac tram loai nay c at tai cac khu vc b tac ong. Thng co 4 loai tram tac ong
phuc vu cho cac nhu cau s dung nc.
- oi vi nc uong Tram c at tai iem thu nc tho vao nha may nc.
- oi vi thuy li Tram c at tai iem lay nc cho thuy li.
- oi vi nc thuy san Tram c at gia vung nuoi hoac bao ve thuy san.
- oi vi nguon nc a muc ch s dung Tram c at tai ni lay nc s dung
* Tramxu hng
Tram loai nay c dat v tr ac biet e danh gia xu hng thay oi chat lng nc quy mo khu
vc. Do o vay cac tram nay can ai dien cho mot khu vc rong ln. V du tram at ca song va
bien e anh gia chieu hng xam nhap man
7/26/2009
7.3.2 V DU V TR CUA CAC LOAI TRAM QUAN TRAC
o o th th l l n n
V
u
V
u
n
g
n
g
n
o
n
g
n
o
n
g
n
g
h
i
e
n
g
h
i
e
p p
2 2 2 2
3 3
4 4
Bien Bien gi gi i i
Vu Vu ng ng nuoi nuoi tro tro ng ng thuy thuy sa sa n n
5 5
6 6
Bie Bie n n ong ong
1 1
Ghi Ghi chu chu : 1. : 1. Tra Tra m m c c s s Quan Quan tra tra c c cha cha t t l l ng ng n n c c va va o o Q.G Q.G
2. 3, 4 2. 3, 4 va va 5 : 5 : Tra Tra m m ta ta c c o o ng ng
6. 6. Tra Tra m m xu xu h h ng ng Dien Dien bie bie n n xam xam nha nha p p ma ma n n. .
I LISTEN I FORGET
YOUTELLME...
... AND
I FORGET...
I SEE I
REMEMBER
YOUTEACHME
AND
I REMEMBER
I DO I KNOW
YOU INVOLVE ME
AND
I LEARN
7/26/2009
XIN CAM N!

DTM Nguyen Vinh Quy

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DTM Nguyen Vinh Quy

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7/26/2009 Ths.

Nguyen Vinh Quy 1

Ths. Nguyen Vinh Quy 162

Gia tr o thong so/Parameter Measure

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