May/June 2007 CS1354 answer key B.E / B.

Tech Degree Examination May/June 2007 C 3160 CS1354 Computer Graphics and Multimedia
Class : III CSE Staff Name : Ms.V.Pushparani

Part A
1. Explain the Disadvantages of DDA line drawing algorithm Round-off error in successive additions of the floating-point increment can cause the calculated pixel positions to drift away from the true line path for long line segments. Rounding operations and floating-point arithmetic in procedure are still timeconsuming. 2. Define Vanishing point with an example The point at which a set of projected parallel lines appears to converge

3. Define Morphing Transformation of object shapes from one form to another is called morphing. 4. Define View port with an example An area on a display device to which a window is mapped is called a view port.

5. Define Multimedia
Multimedia is defined as a Computer based Interactive Communication process that incorporates text, numeric data, record based data, graphic art, video and audio elements, animation etc. It is used for describing sophisticated systems that support moving images and audio. Eg.Personal Computer.

6. List the Component of multimedia

Facsimile Document Images

May/June 2007 CS1354 answer key

Photographic Images Geographic Information System Maps(GIS) Voice Commands and Voice Synthesis Audio Messages Video Messages Full motion stored and Live Video Holographic Images Fractals

7. List any four Hardware requirements of multimedia Scanners, video cameras, sound equipment, software device driver, VCRs etc. 8. What is MIDI? This is the interface standard for file transfer between a computer and a musical instrument such as a digital piano. 9. List 3 Multimedia authoring tools Dedicated Authoring system, Timeline-Based Authoring, Structured Multimedia Authoring, Programmable Authoring Systems, Multisource Multi-User Authoring systems, Telephone Authoring Systems. 10. What is meant by Media communication Many multimedia application are developed in workgroups, comprising instructional designers, writer, graphic artists, programmers and musicians located in the same office space or building. The clients computer may be thousands of miles distant, requiring methods of good communication. Communication can be made by cables, AIR, satellite among the work group members. Part B 11. a. Explain the basic concepts of Midpoint ellipse algorithm. Derive the decision parameter for the algorithm and write down the algorithm steps. (16)

May/June 2007 CS1354 answer key

Condition for dy/dx = -1 : at (x0,y0) where x0*(ry) 2 = y0*(rx) 2 At this point we switch from incrementing x to decrementing y! Algorithm: while ( x*(ry) 2 < y*(rx) 2 ) Dx = 1; Dy = -1; FE(x,y) = (ry) 2*x2 + (rx) 2*y2 (rx) 2*(ry) 2 inside the ellipse FE(x,y) < 0 on the boundary FE(x,y) = 0 outside the ellipse FE(x,y) > 0 We apply the midpoint algorithm in two regions: Region 1: Dx = 1 Region 2: Dy = -1 Start with Region 1, then continue in Region 2. For Region 1, draw the very first pixel at (0,ry) Suppose (xk,yk) has just been drawn Decision parameter for (xk+1,yk+1): p1k = FE(xk+1,yk 0.5)= (ry) 2*(xk+1) 2 + (rx) 2*(yk-0.5) 2-(rx) 2*(ry) 2 if p1k < 0 then the midpoint for the next x is inside the ellipse implying that yk is closer to the boundary than yk-1 -> choose yk+1 = yk if p1k > 0 then the midpoint for the next x is outside the ellipse implying that yk -1 is closer to the boundary than yk -> choose yk+1 = yk -1

In region 2, Dy = -1 and we check for the midpoint in the x-direction: p2k = FE(xk+0.5,yk 1)= (ry) 2*(xk+0.5) 2 + (rx) 2*(yk-1) 2-(rx) 2*(ry) 2 if p2k > 0 then the midpoint for the next y is outside the ellipse implying that xk is closer to the boundary than xk+1 -> choose xk+1 = xk if p2k < 0 then the midpoint for the next y is inside the ellipse implying that xk +1 is closer to the boundary than xk -> choose xk+1 = xk +1 Again calculate p2k+1 from p2k: p2k+1 = FE(xk+1+0.5,yk+1-1) 3

May/June 2007 CS1354 answer key

= p2k 2(rx) 2*(yk-1) + (rx) 2 +(ry) 2*[(xk+1+0.5) 2 (xk+0.5) 2] Initial value: last accepted point (x0,y0) in Region 1 11. b. i. Explain Two dimensional scaling and translation with an example. Translation Assume objects are constructed from points (x,y) An point is translated in the 2D plane if the coordinates change according to x = x + tx , y = y + ty T = (tx, ty) is the translation vector (8)

Translations are rigid body motions Linear equations stay linear, hence straight lines remain straight: a*x + b*y +c = 0 -> a*x + b*y + c = 0 Reposition objects according to T and redraw the object (points, equations etc. have changed) Scaling Scaling changes the size of an object Achieved by applying scaling factors sx and sy Scaling factors are applied to the X and Y co-ordinates of points defining an objects If the point (xf,yf) is to be the fixed point, the transformation is: x' = xf + (x - xf) Sx y' = yf + (y - yf) Sy This can be rearranged to give: x' = x Sx + (1 - Sx) xf y' = y Sy + (1 - Sy) yf which is a combination of a scaling about the origin and a translation.

11.b.ii. Obtain a Transformation matrix for rotating an object about a specified pivot point (8) 2D Rotation A rotation R repositions points in the plane by moving them along a circular arc centered at the rotation point (xr,yr) by a given positive rotation angle q: Using polar coodinates we easily obtain x = R*cos(f + q) = R*cos(f)*cos(q) R*sin(f)*sin(q)

May/June 2007 CS1354 answer key

y = R*sin(f + q) = R*cos(f)*sin(q) + R*sin(f)*cos(q) But x = R*cos(f) and y = R*sin(f), hence x = x*cos(q) y*sin(q) y = x*sin(q) + y*cos(q) For a rotation with rotation point (xr,yr) x = xr + (x-xr)*cos(q) (y-yr)*sin(q) y = yr + (x-xr)*sin(q) + (y-yr)*cos(q)

12. a. Explain 3D transformation with an example Translation Scale 1 0 0 t x Rotation 0 1 0 t Shear y TP = (x + tx, y + ty, z + tz) 0 0 1 t z SP = (sxx, syy, szz) 0 0 0 1 s x 0 0 0 x 0 s 0 0 y y 0 0 s z 0 z 0 0 0 1 1 5

(16) x y z 1

May/June 2007 CS1354 answer key

Positive Rotations are defined as follows: Axis of rotation is Direction of positive rotation is x y to z y z to x z x to y
Z

Rotation about x-axis Rx()P x 0 0 0 1 0 cos sin 0 y z 0 sin cos 0 1 0 0 1 0 Rotation about y-axis Ry()P cos 0 sin 0 x 0 1 0 0 y sin 0 cos 0 z 0 0 1 1 0 Rotation about z-axis Rz()P cos sin sin cos 0 0 0 0 xy Shear: SHxyP 1 0 0 0 0 shx 1 shy 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 x y z 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 x y z 1

12.b.i. Design a Storyboard layout and accompanying key frame for an animation of a single polyhedron. (9) A conventional animation is created in a fairly fixed sequence. The story for the animation is written, then a story board is laid out. A story board is an animation in outline form a high level sequence of sketches showing the structure and ideas of the animation. The sound track is recorded, a detailed layout is produced and the sound track is read that is the instants at which significant sounds occurs are recorded in order. The detailed layout and the sound track are then correlated. Certain key frames of the animation are drawn these are the frames in which the entities being animated are at

May/June 2007 CS1354 answer key

extreme or characteristic positions, from which their intermediate positions can be inferred. Key frame animation Route sheet Exposure sheet 12.b.ii. How to specify Object motion in an animation system? (7) Direct motion specification Specifying the geometric transformation parameters (ex. the rotation angles and translation vectors)

Goal-directed systems Abstractly describing the actions in terms of the final results (the final state of the motions) Kinematics and dynamics Kinematics: motion parameters (position, velocity, and acceleration) without reference to causes or goals of the motion Inverse kinematics: specify the initial and final positions of object at specified times system computes motion parameters Dynamics: specifying forces that produce the velocities and accelerations 13.a.i List the Multimedia application> Explain them briefly. Document Imaging o Document Image Hardware requirements Image Processing and Image Recognition o Image Enhancement o Image Calibration o Real time alignment o Gray-Scale normalization o RGB hue intensity adjustment o Color Separation o Frame averaging Image Animation Image Annotation Optical Character Recognition Handwriting Recognition Non-Textual Image Recognition Full-Motion Digital Video Applications o Electronic Messaging 7 (12)

May/June 2007 CS1354 answer key

A universal Multimedia Application Full-Motion Video Messages o Viewer Interactive Live Video Audio and Video Indexing

13.a.ii. Briefly discuss the History and future of multimedia (4) Integrate different media, especially the audio and video in computers Interactive multimedia will be delivered to many homes throughout the world. Entertainment companies that own content early converted to multimedia projects are teaming up with cable TV companies such as QVC or via com. Film studios such as Disney and warner brothers are creating new divisions to produce interactive multimedia. 13.b.i Explain the Characteristics of MDBMs RDBMS Extensions for Multimedia Object-Oriented Databases for Multimedia Extensibility o Encapsulation o Association o Classification Encapsulation inheritance 13.b.ii. Write short note on Multimedia system architecture High Resolution Graphics Display o VGA mixing o VGA mixing with scaling o Dual-buffered VGA/Mixing/Scaling (10)

(6)

14.a. List the type of Fixed and removable storage devices available for multimedia and discuss the strengths and weakness of each one. (16) o Magnetic media technologies o Physical constructions of CDROMs o Magnetic Disk organization o CDROM standards CD-DA(DD-Digital audio) Red book CD-ROM Mode 1 Yellow book CD-ROM Mode 2 Yellow book CD-I Green book CD-ROM XA CD-MO orange book Part I CD-R Orange Book Part II o Mini disk o WORM optical drives Recording of information Reading information from disk Worm drive applications o Rewritable optical disk technologies

May/June 2007 CS1354 answer key

Magnetic optical Phase change

14.b. Explain the Data compression used in multimedia. (16) CCITT Group 3 1-D Compression o Huffman encoding The principle of Huffman coding is to assign shorter code for symbol that has higher probability of occurring in the data stream. The length of the Huffman code is optimal. For example, a data stream has only five symbols ABCDE with the following probabilities: A Huffman code tree is created using the following procedures: _ two characters with the lowest probabilities are combined to form a binary tree. The two entries in the probability table is replaced by a new entry whose value is the sum of the probabilities of the two characters. Repeat the two steps above until there is only one entry and a binary tree containing all characters is formed. Assign 0 to the left branches and 1 to the right branches of the binary tree. The Huffman code of each character can be read from the tree starting from the root. A 011 B1 C 000 D 010 E 001 CCITT Group 3 2-D Compression o Necessity of k factor o Data formatting for CCITT group 3 2D CCITT Group 4 2-D Compression 15.a.i Distinguish between Multimedia and hypermedia system (4) Multimedia- The combination of text graphic and audio elements into a single collection of presentation becomes interactive multimedia when you give the user some control over what information is viewed and when it is viewed. Hypermedia Interactive multimedia becomes hypermedia when its designer provides a structure of linked elements through which a user can navigate and interact. 15.a.ii. List the main attributes, benefits and drawbacks of 3 Types of authoring system (12) Dedicated authoring system Structured media authoring system o Construction of structure of a presentation o Assignment of detailed timing constraint Programmable authoring system 15.b.i. Write short notes on Mobile messaging (8) Represents the major new dimensions into users interaction with the managing system. With the power to handle email and manage calendars, reminders and schedules these devices will require increasingly complex multimedia solutions. UMA covers voice mail, email, EDI, telex and enclosures which can be images, voice, video or other binaries.

May/June 2007 CS1354 answer key

15.b.ii. Write short notes on Document management Primary document storage Linked object storage Linked object management Image and still video store Audio and full motion video store (8)

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